Reefer Analysis Market Structure, Conventional, Containers November 2012

Transcription

1 Dynamar Reefer Analysis Market Structure, Conventional, Containers November 2012 Dynamar B.V. Noorderkade 1G 1823 CJ ALKMAAR The Netherlands Phone: Fax: Web:

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3 Dynamar (2012) Reefer Analysis Market Structure, Conventional, Containers November 2012 Dynamar B.V. Noorderkade 1G 1823 CJ ALKMAAR Phone Fax Frans Waals Author Senior Shipping Consultant Dirk Visser Managing Editor All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without explicit permission of the publisher. While the information contained in this report is presented in good faith, it frequently involves estimates where no current published data is available. This information, believed to be accurate, can therefore not be guaranteed. The publishers cannot accept liability of any errors or omission.

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5 Table of Contents Table of Contents... 5 List of Tables... 9 List of Figures Introduction History and background The development of reefer shipping Deterioration Reefer container technology World perishable trades Introduction and methodological issues Overall trade volumes Dairy Fishery Products Fruit Bananas Citrus fruit Deciduous fruit Tropical fruit Meat Vegetables Seaborne trade Introduction Seaborne perishables volumes Conventional reefer ships versus container vessels Geographical coverage Conventional reefer shipping South America Central America and Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa and Morocco Mediterranean Australasia Major reefer ports Introduction South America Chile Peru Bolivia Ecuador Brazil Uruguay Paraguay Argentina Central America and Caribbean Colombia Venezuela Guyana Suriname... 86

6 5.3.5 French Guiana Panama Costa Rica Nicaragua Honduras El Salvador Guatemala Belize Caribbean Islands Sub-Saharan Africa and Morocco Kenya Mozambique Zimbabwe Swaziland South Africa Namibia Cameroon Ghana Côte d'ivoire Senegal Mauritania Morocco Mediterranean Tunisia Algeria Libya Egypt Israel Lebanon Syria Turkey Australia and New Zealand Australia New Zealand Pacific Ocean Islands Development of the (conventional) reefer shipping market Introduction The 2012 reefer market The 2011 reefer market The 2010 reefer market The conventional reefer ship fleet Fleet overview Delivery Newbuilding Demolition Future fleet development Major conventional reefer ship operators Introduction Africa Express Line Baltic Reefers Cosiarma Dole Ocean Cargo Express Ecuadorian Line Fresh Carriers

7 8.8 Frigoship Chartering Fyffes Great White Fleet GreenSea Pool Maestro Reefer Shipping Network Shipping NYKCool Seatrade Star Reefers Container ship fleet Container ship fleet developments Container ship fleet by operator Reefer container box fleet Reefer container trades Introduction West Coast South America WCSA - Far East WCSA/WCCA - United States WCSA - Europe East Coast South America ECSA - Far East ECSA - US East Coast ECSA - Europe Central America, North Coast of South America and the Caribbean East Coast Central America/Caribbean - Far East East Coast Central America/Caribbean - US East Coast East Coast Central America/Caribbean - Europe Southern Africa Southern Africa - Far East Southern Africa - United States Southern Africa - Europe Australia/New Zealand Australia/New Zealand - Far East Australia/New Zealand - US Australia/New Zealand - Europe Summary Container ship operators Introduction China Shipping CMA CGM Coscon CSAV Evergreen Line Hamburg Süd Hanjin Hapag-Lloyd Hyundai K Line Maersk Line MOL

8 11.14 MSC NYK PIL Refrigeration Container and Machinery Manufacturers Introduction Container box manufacturers CIMC MCI Singamas Reefer machinery manufacturers Carrier Transicold Daikin Star Cool Thermo King Container leasing companies Introduction Beacon SeaCo SeaCube TAL Triton Bibliography

9 List of Tables Table 1: Classification of storage temperature Table 2: Optimal transport temperatures for a selection of perishable products Table 3: Common cooling methods Table 4: Incompatibility of perishable cargoes Table 5: Preferred 0 2 and CO 2 concentration for a selection of perishable products Table 6: Reefer container dimensions Table 7: Production figures for reefer container and refrigeration machinery units Table 8: Overall worldwide perishables trade Table 9: Worldwide dairy trade Table 10: Worldwide fishery products trade Table 11: Worldwide fruit trade Table 12: Characteristic differences between plantains and bananas Table 13: Main banana exporting countries Table 14: Citrus trade volumes Table 15: Deciduous fruit trade volumes Table 16: Tropical fruit trade volumes Table 17: Shelf life of chilled meat Table 18: Worldwide meat trade Table 19: Worldwide vegetable trade Table 20: Seaborne perishables trade by commodity Table 21: Conventional reefer ship calls Table 22: Perishables exports (tons) from selected countries in South America, Table 23: Summary of reefer ports in South America Table 24: Perishables exports (tons) from selected countries in Central America and the Caribbean, Table 25: Summary of reefer ports in Central America, the Caribbean and the north coast of South America Table 26: Perishables exports (tons) from selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Morocco, Table 27: Summary of reefer ports in Sub-Saharan Africa and Morocco Table 28: Perishables exports (tons) from selected countries in the Mediterranean, Table 29: Summary of reefer ports in the Mediterranean Table 30: Perishables exports (tons) from Australasia, Table 31: Summary of reefer ports in Australia and New Zealand Table 32: Chilean perishable exports (tons) Table 33: Port activity in Chile Table 34: Peruvian perishable exports (tons) Table 35: Port activity in Peru Table 36: Bolivian perishable exports (tons) Table 37: Ecuadorian perishable exports (tons) Table 38: Port activity in Ecuador Table 39: Brazilian perishable exports (tons) Table 40: Port activity in Brazil Table 41: Brazil reefer box exports (TEU) Table 42: Uruguayan perishable exports (tons) Table 43: Port activity in Uruguay Table 44: Uruguayan perishable exports (tons) Table 45: Argentinean perishable exports (tons) Table 46: Port activity in Argentina Table 47: Colombian perishable exports (tons) Table 48: Port activity in Colombia Table 49: Venezuelan perishable exports (tons) Table 50: Port activity in Venezuela Table 51: Guyana s perishable exports (tons) Table 52: Suriname perishable exports (tons) Table 53: Port activity in Suriname Table 54: Port activity in French Guiana Table 55: Panamanian perishable exports (tons) Table 56: Port activity in Panama Table 57: Costa Rican perishable exports (tons) Table 58: Port activity in Costa Rica Table 59: Nicaraguan perishable exports (tons) Table 60: Port activity in Nicaragua... 91

10 Table 61: Honduran perishable exports (tons) Table 62: Port activity in Honduras Table 63: El Salvador s perishable exports (tons) Table 64: Port activity in El Salvador Table 65: Guatemalan perishable exports (tons) Table 66: Port activity in Guatemala Table 67: Belizean perishable exports (tons) Table 68: Port activity in Belize Table 69: Banana exports from Caribbean Islands (tons) Table 70: Port activity of Caribbean Islands Table 71: Kenyan perishable exports (tons) Table 72: Port activity in Kenya Table 73: Mozambique perishable exports (tons) Table 74: Port activity in Mozambique Table 75: Zimbabwean perishable exports (tons) Table 76: South African perishable exports (tons) Table 77: Port activity in South Africa Table 78: Namibian perishable exports (tons) Table 79: Port activity in Namibia Table 80: Cameroons perishable exports (tons) Table 81: Port activity in Cameroon Table 82: Ghanaian perishable exports (tons) Table 83: Port activity in Ghana Table 84: Côte d Ivoire s perishable exports (tons) Table 85: Port activity in Cote d Ivoire port Table 86: Senegalese perishable exports (tons) Table 87: Port activity in Senegal Table 88: Mauritanian perishable exports (tons) Table 89: Port activity of ports in Mauretania Table 90: Moroccan perishable exports (tons) Table 91: Port activity in Morocco Table 92: Tunisian perishable exports (tons) Table 93: Port activity in Tunisia Table 94: Algerian perishable exports (tons) Table 95: Egyptian perishable exports (tons) Table 96: Port activity in Egypt Table 97: Israeli perishable exports (tons) Table 98: Port activity in Israel Table 99: Lebanese perishable exports (tons) Table 100: Port activity in Lebanon Table 101: Syrian perishable exports (tons) Table 102: Port activity in Syria Table 103: Turkish perishable exports (tons) Table 104: Port activity in Turkey Table 105: Australian perishable exports (tons) Table 106: Port activity in Australia Table 107: New Zealand perishable exports (tons) Table 108: Port activity in New Zealand Table 109: Fish exports from Pacific Ocean Islands (tons) Table 110: Port activity on Pacific Ocean Islands Table 111: Annual average time charter equivalent (USD per cu.ft./30 days), for two ships types Table 112: Conventional reefer ship capacity by size class, 1 July Table 113: TEU capacity of conventional reefer ships by size class, 1 July Table 114: Age by size class Table 115: Demolition Table 116: Conventional reefer ship operator ranking Table 117: Conventional reefer ship fleet of Africa Express Line Table 118: Conventional reefer ship fleet of Baltic Reefers Table 119: Conventional reefer ship fleet of Cosiarma Table 120: Conventional reefer ship fleet of Dole Ocean Cargo Express Table 121: Conventional reefer ship fleet of Ecuadorian Line Table 122: Conventional reefer ship fleet of Ecuadorian Line Table 123: Conventional reefer ship fleet of Frigoship

11 Table 124: Conventional reefer ship fleet of Fyffes Table 125: Conventional reefer ship fleet of Great White Fleet Table 126: Conventional reefer ship fleet operated by the GreenSea Pool Table 127: Conventional reefer ship fleet of Maestro Reefer Shipping Table 128: Conventional reefer ship fleet of Del Monte Table 129: Conventional reefer ship fleet of NYKCool Table 130: Conventional reefer ship fleet of Seatrade Table 131: Conventional reefer ship fleet of Star Reefers Table 132: Cellular container ship fleet by size category (as at 1 July 2011) Table 133: Scrapping of container ships Table 134: Top-25 container operators fleet and orderbook (as at 1 July 2012) Table 135: An overview of reefer-heavy container ships by carrier Table 136: Reefer container production, by year and type Table 137: Box fleet operated by Top-15 container ship operators (at the end of 2011) Table 138: Services between the West Coast South and Central America and the Far East Table 139: Carriers involved in the West Coast South America - Far East trade Table 140: Services between the West Coast Central America and the US West Coast Table 141: Carriers involved in the West Coast South and Central America - US West Coast trade Table 142: Services between the West Coast of South America and the US East Coast Table 143: Carriers involved in the West Coast South America - US East Coast trade Table 144: Services between the West Coast of South America and Europe Table 145: Carriers involved in the West Coast South America - Europe trade Table 146: Services between the East Coast South America and the Far East Table 147: Carriers involved in the East Coast South America - Far East trade Table 148: Services between the East Coast of South America and the US East Coast Table 149: Carriers involved in the East Coast South America - US East Coast trade Table 150: Services between the East Coast South America and Europe Table 151: Carriers involved in the East Coast South America - Europe trade Table 152: Services between the East Coast Central America/Caribbean and the Far East Table 153: Carriers involved in the East Coast Central America/Caribbean - Far East trade Table 154: Carriers involved in the East Coast Central America/Caribbean - Europe trade Table 155: Services between the East Coast Central America/Caribbean and Europe Table 156: Services between Southern Africa and the Far East Table 157: Carriers involved in the Southern Africa - Far East trade Table 158: Services between Southern Africa and the US East Coast Table 159: Carriers involved in the Southern Africa - US East Coast trade Table 160: Services between Southern Africa and Europe Table 161: Carriers involved in the Southern Africa - Europe trade Table 162: Services between Australia/New Zealand and North East Asia Table 163: Carriers involved in the Australia/New Zealand - North East Asia trade Table 164: Services between Australia/New Zealand and South East Asia Table 165: Carriers involved in the Australia/New Zealand-South East Asia trade Table 166: Services between Australia/New Zealand and the United States Table 167: Carriers involved in the Australia/New Zealand-United States trade Table 168: Services between Australia/New Zealand and Europe Table 169: Carriers involved in the Australia/New Zealand-Europe trade Table 170: Overview of services by trade lane Table 171: Carrier s reefer capacity employed on North-South trades Table 172: Trade lanes covered by container ship operators Table 173: Trade lanes covered by China Shipping Table 174: Liner fleet composition of China Shipping, at 1 July Table 175: Trade lanes covered by CMA CGM Table 176: Liner fleet composition of CMA CGM, at 1 July Table 177: Trade lanes covered by Coscon Table 178: Liner fleet composition of Coscon, at 1 July Table 179: Trade lanes covered by CSAV Table 180: Liner fleet composition of CSAV, at 1 July Table 181: Trade lanes covered by Evergreen Table 182: Liner fleet composition of Evergreen, at 1 July Table 183: Trade lanes covered by Hamburg Süd Table 184: Liner fleet composition of Hamburg Süd, at 1 July Table 185: Trade lanes covered by Hanjin Table 186: Liner fleet composition of Hanjin, at 1 July

12 Table 187: Trade lanes covered by Hapag-Lloyd Table 188: Liner fleet composition of Hapag-Lloyd, at 1 July Table 189: Trade lanes covered by Hyundai Table 190: Liner fleet composition of Hyundai, at 1 July Table 191: Trade lanes covered by K Line Table 192: Liner fleet composition of K Line, at 1 July Table 193: Trade lanes covered by Maersk Line Table 194: Liner fleet composition of Maersk Line, at 1 July Table 195: Trade lanes covered by MOL Table 196: Liner fleet composition of MOL, at 1 July Table 197: Trade lanes covered by MSC Table 198: Liner fleet composition of MSC, at 1 July Table 199: Trade lanes covered by NYK Table 200: Liner fleet composition of NYK, at 1 July Table 201: Trade lanes covered by PIL Table 202: Liner fleet composition of PIL, at 1 July Table 203: Reefer container production, by year and type Table 204: Reefer container production capacity and annual production by manufacturer Table 205: Four reefer machinery manufacturers production development, Table 206: Container fleet owned by Top-10 reefer box leasing companies (at the end of each year)

13 List of Figures Figure 1: Integral reefer container Figure 2: Decay Figure 3: Stowage of pallets Figure 4: Stuffing of containers Figure 5: Main dairy exporting countries Figure 6: Fish exporting countries Figure 7: Crustaceans and molluscs exporting countries Figure 8: Banana exporting countries Figure 9: Citrus fruit exporting countries Figure 10: Deciduous fruit exporting countries Figure 11: Tropical fruit exporting countries Figure 12: Main meat exporting countries Figure 13: Vegetables exporting countries Figure 14: Seaborne perishables trade Figure 15: The share of conventional shipping in the reefer segment Figure 16: Conventional reefer ship destinations Figure 17: Map of Chile Figure 18: Map of Peru Figure 19: Map of Ecuador Figure 20: Map of Brazil Figure 21: Map of Uruguay Figure 22: Map of Argentina Figure 23: Map of Colombia Figure 24: Map of Colombia Figure 25: Map of Guyana Figure 26: Map of Suriname Figure 27: Map of French Guiana Figure 28: Map of Panama Figure 29: Map of Costa Rica Figure 30: Map of Nicaragua Figure 31: Map of Honduras Figure 32: Map of El Salvador Figure 33: Map of Guatemala Figure 34: Map of Belize Figure 35: Map of Kenya Figure 36: Map of Mozambique Figure 37: Map of South Africa Figure 38: Map of Namibia Figure 39: Map of Cameroon Figure 40: Map of Ghana Figure 41: Map of Côte d'ivoire Figure 42: Map of Senegal Figure 43: Map of Mauretania Figure 44: Map of Morocco Figure 45: Map of Tunisia Figure 46: Map of Egypt Figure 47: Map of Israel Figure 48: Map of Lebanon Figure 49: Map of Syria Figure 50: Map of Turkey Figure 51: Map of Australia Figure 52: Map of New Zealand Figure 53: Time Charter Equivalent for reefer ships ( ) Figure 54: Time Charter Equivalent for reefer ships (2012) Figure 55: Time Charter Equivalent for reefer ships (2011) Figure 56: Time Charter Equivalent for reefer ships (2010) Figure 57: Number of ships delivered versus number of ships currently in service, by year of build Figure 58: Total capacity of ships delivered, by year of build Figure 59: Average capacity of ships delivered, by year of build Figure 60: Number of ships demolished, by year of demolition

14 Figure 61: Conventional reefer fleet development Figure 62: Number of cellular container ships currently in operation, by year-of-built Figure 63: Average size of container ships in operation, by year of build and order book (*) Figure 64: Capacity of the container ship fleet, by year of build and order book (*) Figure 65: Average number of reefer plugs per ship, by year of build Figure 66: Relation between the number of reefer plugs and ship size, by year of build Figure 67: (Projected) development of the cellular container ship fleet Figure 68: Reefer container fleet (TEU), by year Figure 69: Reefer container fleet versus total number of reefer plugs of the fleet (TEU/Plug), by year Figure 70: Actual reefer carrying capacity Figure 71: Actual reefer carrying capacity: container versus conventional Figure 72: Star Cool refrigeration machinery units a) integrated, b) integral/picture frame

15 1 Introduction The cultivation of vegetables and fruit, the catching of fish, and the farming and production of meat products of all kinds is the bread and butter, if not one of the necessities of people across the world. The seaborne transport of farmed, caught and processed produce in specialised conventional refrigerated ships and reefer boxes covers only a small percentage of all those human efforts. Yet, worldwide perishable trade now covers over 90 million tons but that again makes it a modest shipping segment, accounting for barely 1% of the worldwide seaborne trade of all kinds or 2.6% if considering all dry cargo (excluding bulk) only. At the same time, reefer shipping represents, beyond doubt, one of the liveliest shipping trades. Why? More than any other cargo (perhaps except for specific project cargoes), fresh products require constant and very special(ised) care involving numerous individuals, organisations and the most advanced techniques, at sea and on shore to ensure that the product arrives fresh on the local market stall or the supermarket shelf. If you, at least your mind, want a virtual trip around the world then read the fruit and vegetables labels in your local supermarket! Dynamar did so upon publication of this report and saw, amongst others: - Apples from Argentina - Aubergines and tomatoes from Morocco - Bananas from Colombia - Blueberries from Chile - Grapes from India - Kaki fruit from Israel - Kiwis from New Zealand - Mangoes from Brazil - Pineapples from Costa Rica - Prunes from Israel Go for another label reading session to the same supermarket in a few months time and you are likely to see the same fruit and vegetables from different far away origins. What is more, all the fresh fruit, as an example, was looking and feeling as if it was picked an hour ago from the tree in the supermarket s own orchard next door. Is there any better demonstration of the capability of the companies operating (deep) seaborne reefer services? Our third consecutive, annual specialist report Dynamar (2012) REEFER Analysis - Market Structure, Conventional, Containers comes at an interesting point of time in the battle between the conventional reefer sector and the refrigerated container, which has continued unabated over the years. The reefer box operators have no doubt been successful in obtaining a higher share of the business every year, especially since also started, in 2007, dedicated and in part seasonal reefer-heavy container services between specific supply and demand areas. Undoubtedly they have also offered (sometimes much) lower rates than the conventional operators had always done or were able to. Therewith they managed to remove the appetite to invest in this specialist conventional sector with the result of a shrinking fleet. In the July 2011/2012 period, 94 conventional reefer ships (including dedicated fish carriers) have been demolished of a total capacity of nearly 35.8 million cubic feet (including the lost on-deck container space). Scrapping has only accelerated during the 2 nd half of In the same period, the container segment increased by: - 26 ships (after scrapping) - 99,600 reefer plugs (theoretically capable of accommodating more than 199,000 reefer TEU)

16 - by more than 230,000 TEU of (predominantly 40 high cube) reefer containers. As is well known, it is the size of the reefer box fleet that determines the actual reefer carrying capacity of the container segment. Plugs are obviously a requirement, but there is an overall substantial overhang of them, amongst others to ensure a flexible stowage configuration. At the present pace and age of scrapping, and assuming no substantial new orders, the number of conventional reefer ships will, by 2020, have reduced to only some 370 units, less than 60% of the present complement So, the end of the conventional reefer segment is in sight??? That remains to be seen, as the segment appears to have been caught by a refreshing optimism! - Seatrade, the world s largest operator controlling a capacity share of over 20%, expects the conventional reefer trade to be close to reaching a new equilibrium in terms of supply and demand, predicting healthy 2013 peak season rates helped by this year s abundant scrapping - News has emerged on (most probably) Star Reefers Pool placing an order for three around 300,000 cu.ft. conventional reefer ships with considerably container space - This new found optimism may have been fed by the individual announcements of Maersk Line, CMA CGM and MSC that they will increase their (40ft) reefer box rates by USD 1,500 across the board, effective 1 January - other container carriers will no doubt follow suit as they adhere to the argument that the current costs and required investments are not covered by freight revenues The general opinion among refrigerated produce shippers seems to be that the container operators think that they can cash in now after having successfully marginalised the conventional sector Read all about it in the next annual editions of the Dynamar Reefer Analysis as with this one, their reading will always be worth your small investment in a continuous insight in the reefer sector This Dynamar (2012) Reefer Analysis - Market Structure, Conventional, Containers builds upon the analysis of the previous year, but goes further. It offers in-depth profiles on manufacturers of reefer boxes and reefer machinery equipment as well as of the main leasing companies and their refrigerated involvement. Again, this publication comprises three parts: two separate sections on the different conventional and container reefer trades, these being based on an extensive write up of the structure of the market. Part I - Reefer market structure(s) After a historical overview on the background and development of reefer shipping, this chapter provides extensive overviews, statistics and concise descriptions of: The world perishable trades: volumes by main produce and export regions - transport modes and characteristics - temperature settings - modern techniques Trading patterns: conventional ships versus container vessels - main export areas - exports by product and individual country Major reefer ports: perishable exports by country - description of relevant reefer handling facilities by mode of transportation - port throughput statistics Part 2 - Conventional reefer shipping This section opens with a review of recent developments in the conventional reefer sector, covering three seasons (2012/2011/2010), including statistics and graphs of relevant time charter equivalents, as well as: Extensive conventional reefer ship overviews and statistics (existing IMO-registered fleet, orderbook, age profile, demolition, future development) Structured profiles of the world s 15 largest conventional reefer ship operators, including markets/trade lanes served and their operated fleet (whether owned or chartered)

17 Part 3 - Container reefer shipping The introduction clarifies the main containerized reefer routes, invariably part of the South-North structure. Furthermore, this section provides: Extensive overviews and statistics of the composition and development of the container fleet and orderbook, reefer TEU capacity, plugs/capacity ratios by size category, total box fleet and refrigerated container fleet (share) by main carrier The reefer-heavy containership phenomenon Inventory of container shipping services on the most relevant (North/South) reefer routes Refrigerated container box fleet, size categories, production data, capacity by carrier Structured profiles of the world s 15 largest reefer container carriers Profiles of box and refrigeration machinery manufacturers Descriptions of the main box leasing companies in the reefer segment. This publication uses the most recent (up to 2011) trade statistics on reefer commodity data by country and area, supplemented with up-to-date port, vessel, box and carrier fleet statistics and gives a profound insight into the background, characteristics, goings and present status of the worldwide shipping market of perishables and the relevant players. All information for the report has been collected, researched and processed in the third quarter of As sources often differ on the same topics, we have endeavoured to provide the most accurate estimates. Analyses have been based on the best available professional databases and media and completed with data originating from carriers, operators, port authorities and a great many of other industry players. This has all, obviously, been complemented from Dynamar s own resources: an unrivalled databank containing corporate, operational and financial information on over 14,000 different companies in the marine industry - DynaLiners, our weekly digest, analysis and commentary of the industry s comings and goings - the knowledge, experience and reports of our R&A, Constant Monitoring, Consultancy, Marine Intelligence and Shipping Publications teams. Alkmaar/the Netherlands November 2012 Frans Waals, author Senior Shipping Consultant Dirk Visser Managing Editor