Mutations. Mutations may be either gene mutations or. These mistakes are called. mutations. Gene mutations produce a change
|
|
- Luke Wood
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 What is a Mutation?
2 Mutations On occasion cells make mistakes in copying. their DNA An incorrect nitrogen base may be inserted or a base may be skipped altogether. These mistakes are called. mutations Mutations may be either gene mutations or chromosome mutations. Gene mutations produce a change within a. single gene Chromosome mutations produce changes in the whole chromosome. Mutations are changes in the genetic material of a cell.
3 Mutation A permanent, heritable change in the DNA of an organism. One or several nucleotides can be added, deleted, or replaced. Most mutations are neutral, many are harmful, some are lethal, and a few are beneficial.
4 Point Mutations Point mutations are changes in just one base pair of a gene. These are called point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. There are two types of point mutations: a) base pair substitutions b) base pair insertions or deletions
5 Base Pair Substitutions 1. A base pair substitution is the. replacement of one nitrogen base with another 2. It would affect just that one amino acid coded for by that codon. 3. If the substitution is in the 3rd position, it may not have any effect on the organism since there is some redundancy of codons. For example: Alanine: GCU GCC GCA GCG A point mutation at the third position would have no effect whatsoever. The codon would still call for the amino acid. alanine These are called. silent mutations 4. If the substitution were in the first or second position, it would have a greater effect. The wrong amino acid would be called for and inserted into the polypeptide chain that is being manufactured. Only that one amino acid would be affected. 5. A switched amino acid may or may not have any effect on the proper functioning of that protein. If the alteration of a single protein is in a crucial area, such as the active site on an enzyme, the protein will not function properly.
6 Let s look at another example: What amino acid would be called for by the codon AAG? Answer: Lysine What would happen if an A was substituted at the third position in this codon? Answer: The codon AAA would still call for the amino acid lysine. There would be no effect on the protein being made. What would happen if a C was substituted at the third position in this codon? Answer: The codon AAC would call for the amino acid asparagine. The protein being made would be altered. What would happen if there was a substitution at the 1 st or 2 nd position in this codon? Answer: The wrong amino acid will be called for. The protein being made would be altered.
7 Insertions and Deletions 1. This is the: addition or deletion of a nitrogen base. 2. These have a disastrous effect on the resulting protein. 3. For example: AUG AAU GUU UGG UAU UAA If the G is deleted in the first codon, the codons would be read as follows: AUA AUG UUU GGU AUU AA The codons are still read in groups of three nitrogen bases. All of the nucleotides that are downstream of the deletion or addition will be improperly grouped into codons. The addition or deletion of a base would alter the reading of the entire rest of the mrna. 4.These are called frameshift mutations. 5.Frameshift mutations can alter a protein so much that it is unable to perform its normal functions.
8 A A U U A C U G C U C U G G A G A G U G U G A A U U U G U G Asn Tyr Cys Ser Gly Glu Cys Glu Phe Val Normal Protein Normal Function A A U U A C U G C U C U G G A G A G U G U G A A A U A U U U U G U G U G U U U Asn Tyr Cys Ser Gly Glu Shorter Protein Loss of Function
9 A closer look at Point Mutations Point mutation: a different nucleotide replaces the original Missense: results in a single amino acid change (altered protein) Nonsense: results in a premature stop codon (shortened protein) Silent: results in the same amino acid (unaltered protein)
10 Missense Mutation
11 Silent Mutation
12 The Importance of Mutations Most gene mutations are. neutral They have little or no effect. Some mutations cause such dramatic changes that normal cell functions are disrupted and may result in a genetic disorder. Some mutations may actually be beneficial. The mutation may cause a change in the organism that makes it better suited for its environment. Those organisms that are better suited are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass these favorable traits on to their offspring. This is the mechanism of Natural Selection.
13 Mutate a Sentence! We can think about DNA gene sequence as a sentence made up entirely of three-letter words. In the DNA sequence, each threeletter word is a "codon," specifying a single amino acid in a protein.
14 Mutate a Sentence! Have a look at this "sentence": thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat If we were to split this sentence into individual three-letter words, we would read it like this: The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat
15 Mutate a Sentence! The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat The sentence represents a gene. Each letter corresponds to a nucleotide, and each word represents a codon. Only one of the three possible "reading frames" translates into an understandable sentence. In the same way, only one three-letter "reading frame" within a gene codes for the correct protein.
16 Mutate a Sentence! The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat What if you shifted the three-letter "reading frame? On the left side of your notes, show how you can change the "reading frame" of the above sentence by inserting or deleting letters within the sentence. The result should be a "nonsense" sentence.
17 X The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat hes unw ash otb utt heo ldm and idn otg eth ish at
18 Mutate a sentence! The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat Now make a mutation that maintains or changes the meaning of the sentence without creating such nonsense. The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat The sun was hot not hot but but the the old man old man did not get did get his eat hat his hat
19 Mutations Can Alter Phenotypes Mutations in genes can result in changes to the phenotype by altering the shape (and therefore the function) of the resulting protein.
20 What causes mutations? Mutations often happen when mistakes occur during replication. Also caused by mutagens like UV light, radiation, and certain chemical toxins. However, mutations are rare 1 in a million
21 Are mutations always harmful? Most mutations produce no observable effect they are neutral. Of those that have significant effect, most are harmful or lethal. Some mutations are beneficial. It all depends on the environment in which the mutation occurs. Examples: General & Humans
22 Question Explain why a base substitution is often less harmful than a base deletion or insertion. Answer: a base substitution potentially affects only one amino acid of the polypeptide, but a base deletion or insertion affects all the amino acids downstream from where it occurs.
23 Question Describe how a mutation could be helpful rather than harmful. Answer: A mutation could be considered helpful if it alters a protein in a way that benefits an organism in its environment.
24 Question Give an example of a mutagen. Answer: X-rays, UV light, cigarette smoke, radiation, chemicals.
Mutations. Lecture 15
Mutations Lecture 15 Objectives 1: Mutation Define mutation. Describe the types of mutations and their effects on the protein that is produced Distinguishing between spontaneous and induced mutations.
More informationUnderstanding Sources of Variation. Part 1: Variation Overview (
Name: Per. Date: Understanding Sources of Variation Part 1: Variation Overview (http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/sources/) After watching the variation presentation, answer the following
More informationProtein Synthesis. Application Based Questions
Protein Synthesis Application Based Questions MRNA Triplet Codons Note: Logic behind the single letter abbreviations can be found at: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/dayhoff.html
More informationFishy Amino Acid Codon. UUU Phe UCU Ser UAU Tyr UGU Cys. UUC Phe UCC Ser UAC Tyr UGC Cys. UUA Leu UCA Ser UAA Stop UGA Stop
Fishy Code Slips Fish 1 GGTTATAGAGGTACTACC Fish 2 GGCTTCAGAGGTACTACC Fish 3 CATAGCAGAGGTACTACC Fish 4 GGTTATTCTGTCTTATTG Fish 5 GGCTTCTCTGTCTTATTG Fish 6 CATAGCGCTGCAACTACC Fishy Amino Acid Codon UUU Phe
More informationChapter 14: Genes in Action
Chapter 14: Genes in Action Section 1: Mutation and Genetic Change Mutation: Nondisjuction: a failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate
More informationMutations. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview Mutations
13.3 THINK ABOUT IT The sequence of bases in DNA are like the letters of a coded message. What would happen if a few of those letters changed accidentally, altering the message? What effects would you
More informationRNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Chapter 13
RNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Chapter 13 DNA Double stranded Thymine Sugar is RNA Single stranded Uracil Sugar is Ribose Deoxyribose Types of RNA 1. Messenger RNA (mrna) Carries copies of instructions from
More informationComparing RNA and DNA
RNA The Role of RNA Genes contain coded DNA instructions that tell cells how to build proteins. 1 st step in decoding these genetic instructions = copy part of the base sequence from DNA into RNA. 2 nd
More information(a) Which enzyme(s) make 5' - 3' phosphodiester bonds? (c) Which enzyme(s) make single-strand breaks in DNA backbones?
EXAMPLE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Topoisomerase does which one of the following? (a) Makes new DNA strands. (b) Unties knots in DNA molecules. (c) Joins the ends of double-stranded DNA molecules. (d) Is
More informationDNA.notebook March 08, DNA Overview
DNA Overview Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or DNA, must be able to do 2 things: 1) give instructions for building and maintaining cells. 2) be copied each time a cell divides. DNA is made of subunits called nucleotides
More informationJust one nucleotide! Exploring the effects of random single nucleotide mutations
Dr. Beatriz Gonzalez In-Class Worksheet Name: Learning Objectives: Just one nucleotide! Exploring the effects of random single nucleotide mutations Given a coding DNA sequence, determine the mrna Based
More informationLevel 2 Biology, 2017
91159 911590 2SUPERVISOR S Level 2 Biology, 2017 91159 Demonstrate understanding of gene expression 2.00 p.m. Wednesday 22 November 2017 Credits: Four Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with
More informationiclicker Question #28B - after lecture Shown below is a diagram of a typical eukaryotic gene which encodes a protein: start codon stop codon 2 3
Bio 111 Handout for Molecular Biology 4 This handout contains: Today s iclicker Questions Information on Exam 3 Solutions Fall 2008 Exam 3 iclicker Question #28A - before lecture Which of the following
More information1. DNA, RNA structure. 2. DNA replication. 3. Transcription, translation
1. DNA, RNA structure 2. DNA replication 3. Transcription, translation DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides DNA is a nucleic acid, made of long chains of nucleotides Nucleotide Phosphate group Nitrogenous
More informationUnderstanding Genes & Mutations. John A Phillips III May 16, 2005
Understanding Genes & Mutations John A Phillips III May 16, 2005 Learning Objectives Understand gene structure Become familiar with genetic & mutation databases Be able to find information on genetic variation
More informationWorksheet: Mutations Practice
Worksheet: Mutations Practice There are three ways that DNA can be altered when a mutation (change in DNA sequence) occurs. 1. Substitution one base-pairs is replaced by another: Example: G to C or A to
More informationGene Regulation & Mutation 8.6,8.7
Gene Regulation & Mutation 8.6,8.7 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Transcription factors: ensure proteins are made at right time and in right amounts. One type forms complexes that guide & stabilize binding
More informationThe Chemistry of Heredity
The Chemistry of Heredity Amy Brown Science Stuff Copyrighted By the 1940's, there was no doubt of the existence of chromosomes and that genes were on the chromosomes. But there were so many questions
More informationFrom DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
12 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype 12.1 What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? The gene-enzyme relationship is one-gene, one-polypeptide relationship. Example: In hemoglobin, each
More information7.016 Problem Set 3. 1 st Pedigree
7.016 Problem Set 3 Question 1 The following human pedigree shows the inheritance pattern of a specific disease within a family. Assume that the individuals marrying into the family for all generations
More informationEnduring Understanding
Enduring Understanding The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation. Objective: You will be able to create a visual representation to illustrate how changes in
More informationThe combination of a phosphate, sugar and a base forms a compound called a nucleotide.
History Rosalin Franklin: Female scientist (x-ray crystallographer) who took the picture of DNA James Watson and Francis Crick: Solved the structure of DNA from information obtained by other scientist.
More informationwww.lessonplansinc.com Topic: Gene Mutations WS Summary: Students will learn about frame shift mutations and base substitution mutations. Goals & Objectives: Students will be able to demonstrate how mutations
More informationProtein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation
Review Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Protein synthesis requires two steps: transcription and translation. DNA contains codes Three bases in DNA code
More informationUNIT 7. DNA Structure, Replication, and Protein Synthesis
UNIT 7 DNA Structure, Replication, and Protein Synthesis Section 3 Objectives Describe the difference between DNA and RNA. Define transcription. Define translation. Apply to rules of base pairing to replicate,
More informationBiology Day 67. Tuesday, February 24 Wednesday, February 25, 2015
Biology Day 67 Tuesday, February 24 Wednesday, February 25, 2015 Do#Now:' Brainstorm+8.5 + 1. Write today s FLT! 2. Identify 3 specific differences between DNA and RNA.! 3. is the process of making RNA
More informationChromosomal Mutations. 2. Gene Mutations
12-4 12-4 1. Chromosomal 3. NOT! 2. Gene A genetic mutation is any change in the DNA nucleotide sequence. Mutation is caused by mistakes during DNA replication, as well as mutagens, like certain chemicals
More informationFigure 1: Genetic Mosaicism
I. Gene Mutations a) Germinal Mutations: occur w/in the DNA of stem cells that ultimately form gametes. These are the only mutations that can be transmitted to future generations. b) Somatic Mutations:
More informationFrom DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
12 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype 12.1 What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? The gene-enzyme relationship is one-gene, one-polypeptide relationship. Example: In hemoglobin, each
More informationA Zero-Knowledge Based Introduction to Biology
A Zero-Knowledge Based Introduction to Biology Konstantinos (Gus) Katsiapis 25 Sep 2009 Thanks to Cory McLean and George Asimenos Cells: Building Blocks of Life cell, membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondrion
More informationProtein Synthesis Honors Biology
Protein Synthesis What do we know? Metabolism is controlled by enzymes enzymes are proteins DNA contains the genetic information to build proteins. DNA is only in the nucleus. Ribosomes are not. How then
More informationBioinformatics CSM17 Week 6: DNA, RNA and Proteins
Bioinformatics CSM17 Week 6: DNA, RNA and Proteins Transcription (reading the DNA template) Translation (RNA -> protein) Protein Structure Transcription - reading the data enzyme - transcriptase gene opens
More informationCHapter 14. From DNA to Protein
CHapter 14 From DNA to Protein How? DNA to RNA to Protein to Trait Types of RNA 1. Messenger RNA: carries protein code or transcript 2. Ribosomal RNA: part of ribosomes 3. Transfer RNA: delivers amino
More informationMCB 150: The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Life
MCB 150 The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Life Mutations, Part II Today s Learning Catalytics Session ID is: 66727193 1 Exam II information: 343 students (59%) stayed the same or increased from Exam
More informationHello! Outline. Cell Biology: RNA and Protein synthesis. In all living cells, DNA molecules are the storehouses of information. 6.
Cell Biology: RNA and Protein synthesis In all living cells, DNA molecules are the storehouses of information Hello! Outline u 1. Key concepts u 2. Central Dogma u 3. RNA Types u 4. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
More informationChapter 8. Microbial Genetics. Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Structure and Function of Genetic Material Learning Objectives 8-1 Define genetics, genome, chromosome, gene, genetic code, genotype,
More informationDNA REPLICATION REVIEW
Biology Ms. Ye DNA REPLICATION REVIEW 1. Number the steps of DNA replication the correct order (1, 2, 3): Name Date Block Daughter strands are formed using complementary base pairing DNA unwinds The DNA
More informationProofreading and Correction
How about a mistake? Just as we make mistakes, so can the replication process Wrong bases may be inserted into the new DNA Nucleotide bases may be damaged (ie. By radiation) When this happens, mutations
More informationImportant points from last time
Important points from last time Subst. rates differ site by site Fit a Γ dist. to variation in rates Γ generally has two parameters but in biology we fix one to ensure a mean equal to 1 and the other parameter
More informationDNA: The Molecule of Heredity
1 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Is a type of nucleic acid What chromosomes (and genes) are made of Made up of repeating nucleotide subunits 1 nucleotide looks like: Phosphate
More informationUnit 1: DNA and the Genome Sub-topic 6: Mutation
Unit 1: DNA and the Genome Sub-topic 6: Mutation Page 1 of 24 On completion of this topic I will be able to state that: mutations are random changes in the genome, causing no protein or an altered protein
More informationBiomolecules: lecture 6
Biomolecules: lecture 6 - to learn the basics on how DNA serves to make RNA = transcription - to learn how the genetic code instructs protein synthesis - to learn the basics on how proteins are synthesized
More informationMutation. ! Mutation occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene
Mutations Mutation The term mutation is derived from Latin word meaning to change.! Mutation occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene!
More informationTranslating the Genetic Code. DANILO V. ROGAYAN JR. Faculty, Department of Natural Sciences
Translating the Genetic Code DANILO V. ROGAYAN JR. Faculty, Department of Natural Sciences An overview of gene expression Figure 13.2 The Idea of A Code 20 amino acids 4 nucleotides How do nucleic acids
More informationINTRODUCTION TO THE MOLECULAR GENETICS OF THE COLOR MUTATIONS IN ROCK POCKET MICE
The Making of the The Fittest: Making of the Fittest Natural Selection Natural and Adaptation Selection and Adaptation Educator Materials TEACHER MATERIALS INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLECULAR GENETICS OF THE
More informationTRANSCRIPTION. Renáta Schipp
TRANSCRIPTION Renáta Schipp Gene expression Gene expression: - is the process by which information from a gene is used for the synthesis of gene products. These products are proteins, but in the case of
More informationChapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis. Dr. Bertolotti
Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis Dr. Bertolotti Essential Question How does information flow from DNA to RNA to direct the synthesis of proteins? How does RNA differ from DNA? RNA and protein synthesis
More informationProtein Synthesis
HEBISD Student Expectations: Identify that RNA Is a nucleic acid with a single strand of nucleotides Contains the 5-carbon sugar ribose Contains the nitrogen bases A, G, C and U instead of T. The U is
More informationBiomolecules: lecture 6
Biomolecules: lecture 6 - to learn the basics on how DNA serves to make RNA = transcription - to learn how the genetic code instructs protein synthesis - to learn the basics on how proteins are synthesized
More informationproduces an RNA copy of the coding region of a gene
1. Transcription Gene Expression The expression of a gene into a protein occurs by: 1) Transcription of a gene into RNA produces an RNA copy of the coding region of a gene the RNA transcript may be the
More informationChapter 8: DNA and RNA
Chapter 8: DNA and RNA Lecture Outline Enger, E. D., Ross, F. C., & Bailey, D. B. (2012). Concepts in biology (14th ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill. 1 8-1 DNA and the Importance of Proteins Proteins play
More informationDegenerate Code. Translation. trna. The Code is Degenerate trna / Proofreading Ribosomes Translation Mechanism
Translation The Code is Degenerate trna / Proofreading Ribosomes Translation Mechanism Degenerate Code There are 64 possible codon triplets There are 20 naturally-encoding amino acids Several codons specify
More informationModule 6 Microbial Genetics. Chapter 8
Module 6 Microbial Genetics Chapter 8 Structure and function of the genetic material Genetics science of o Study of what genes are, how they determine the characteristics of an organism, how they carry
More informationChapter 13 From Genes to Proteins
Chapter 13 From Genes to Proteins True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true(a) or false(b). 1. RNA nucleotides contain the sugar ribose. 2. Only DNA molecules contain the nitrogen base
More informationFrom Gene to Protein. How Genes Work
From Gene to Protein How Genes Work 2007-2008 The Central Dogma Flow of genetic information in a cell How do we move information from DNA to proteins? DNA RNA protein replication phenotype You! Step 1:
More informationDNA Begins the Process
Biology I D N A DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases These Genes code for polypeptides (proteins) Proteins are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells DNA Begins the Process
More informationFrom DNA to Protein. Chapter 14
From DNA to Protein Chapter 14 What do genes code for? How does DNA code for cells & bodies? How are cells and bodies made from the instructions in DNA? DNA proteins cells bodies The Central Dogma Flow
More informationHonors packet Instructions
Honors packet Instructions The following are guidelines in order for you to receive FULL credit for this bio packet: 1. Read and take notes on the packet in full 2. Answer the multiple choice questions
More informationCONVERGENT EVOLUTION. Def n acquisition of some biological trait but different lineages
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION Def n acquisition of some biological trait but different lineages Living Rock cactus Baseball plant THE QUESTION From common ancestor or independent acquisition? By Lineage By Convergence
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch 17 Practice Questions MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as alkaptonuria
More informationDNA/RNA. Transcription and Translation
DNA/RNA Transcription and Translation Review DNA is responsible for controlling the production of proteins in the cell, which is essential to life DNA RNA Proteins Chromosomes contain several thousand
More information13.1 RNA Lesson Objectives Contrast RNA and DNA. Explain the process of transcription.
13.1 RNA Lesson Objectives Contrast RNA and DNA. Explain the process of transcription. The Role of RNA 1. Complete the table to contrast the structures of DNA and RNA. DNA Sugar Number of Strands Bases
More informationGenes and Proteins in Health. and Disease
Genes and Health and I can describe the structure of proteins All proteins contain the chemical elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Some also contain sulphur. Proteins are built from subunits
More informationANCIENT BACTERIA? 250 million years later, scientists revive life forms
ANCIENT BACTERIA? 250 million years later, scientists revive life forms Thursday, October 19, 2000 U.S. researchers say they have revived bacteria that have been dormant for more then 250 million years,
More information7.014 Quiz II 3/18/05. Write your name on this page and your initials on all the other pages in the space provided.
7.014 Quiz II 3/18/05 Your Name: TA's Name: Write your name on this page and your initials on all the other pages in the space provided. This exam has 10 pages including this coversheet. heck that you
More informationChapter 17. From Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific
More information2. Examine the objects inside the box labeled #2. What is this called? nucleotide
Name Date: Period: Biology: DNA Review Packet Read each question and fill in the proper answer. 1. Label EVERY sugar (S), phosphate (P), and nitrogen base (A, T, C, G) in the diagram below. #2 2. Examine
More informationChapter 10. The Structure and Function of DNA. Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko
Chapter 10 The Structure and Function of DNA PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fourth Edition Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey,
More informationDNA & Protein Synthesis. Chapter 8
DNA & Protein Synthesis Chapter 8 State Standards SPI: 3210.4.1 Investigate how genetic information is encoded in nucleic acids SPI: 3210.4.2 Describe the relationship among genes, chromosomes, proteins,
More informationHow life. constructs itself.
How life constructs itself Life constructs itself using few simple rules of information processing. On the one hand, there is a set of rules determining how such basic chemical reactions as transcription,
More informationChapter 12. Mutations: things that go bump in the night. Prepared by Woojoo Choi
Chapter 12. Mutations: things that go bump in the night Prepared by Woojoo Choi Mutations alter the DNA 1) Mutation: alteration in the genetic information 2) Mutation is a change in the base sequence of
More informationPROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Or how our bodies make proteins!
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Or how our bodies make proteins! What is the function of DNA The DNA molecule contains all your hereditary information in the form of genes A gene is a coded section of DNA; it tells
More informationHelps DNA put genetic code into action RNA Structure
13.1 RNA Helps DNA put genetic code into action RNA Structure Single Stranded Nucleotides building blocks to RNA Ribose (5C sugar) Phosphate Group Nitrogenous base: Adenine, Uracil Guanine, Cytosine Disposable
More informationLecture for Wednesday. Dr. Prince BIOL 1408
Lecture for Wednesday Dr. Prince BIOL 1408 THE FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Genes are expressed as proteins A gene is a segment of DNA that
More informationStation 1: DNA Structure Use the figure above to answer each of the following questions. 1.This is the subunit that DNA is composed of. 2.
1. Station 1: DNA Structure Use the figure above to answer each of the following questions. 1.This is the subunit that DNA is composed of. 2.This subunit is composed of what 3 parts? 3.What molecules make
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Chapter 17 Genes to Proteins Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. The following questions refer to Figure 17.1, a simple metabolic
More informationGenetic engineering is technology that involves the of one organism in order to the DNA of organism.
NAME CLASS DATE Unit 7: Biotech, Protein Synthesis, & Mutation Notes- PAP Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is technology that involves the of one organism in order to the DNA of organism. Genetic
More informationWarm-up: answer the questions on your paper
Warm-up: answer the questions on your paper 1. What type of bonds hold DNA molecules together? Are they weak or strong, and why? 2. During protein synthesis, an mrna sequence is produced from a DNA sequence,
More informationBasic concepts of molecular biology
Basic concepts of molecular biology Gabriella Trucco Email: gabriella.trucco@unimi.it Life The main actors in the chemistry of life are molecules called proteins nucleic acids Proteins: many different
More informationGENETICS and the DNA code NOTES
GENETICS and the DNA code NOTES BACKGROUND DNA is the hereditary material of most organisms. It is an organic compound made of two strands, twisted around one another to form a double helix. Each strand
More informationChapter 17. Gene Mutations and DNA Repair (Part 1) What does this tell us?
Chapter 17 Gene Mutations and DNA Repair (Part 1) What does this tell us? 1 What does this tell us? Mutations will confer upon us a wide variety of super powers What does this tell us? Mutations will confer
More informationDNA, RNA & Proteins Chapter 13
DNA, RNA & Proteins Chapter 13 DNA stands for. What is DNA? - The genetic information that controls the activity of a cell. - Located in the of every one of your cells. What is the structure of DNA like?
More informationDNA/RNA STUDY GUIDE. Match the following scientists with their accomplishments in discovering DNA using the statement in the box below.
Name: Period: Date: DNA/RNA STUDY GUIDE Part A: DNA History Match the following scientists with their accomplishments in discovering DNA using the statement in the box below. Used a technique called x-ray
More informationCHAPTER 12- RISE OF GENETICS I. DISCOVERY OF DNA A. GRIFFITH (1928) 11/15/2016
CHAPTER 12- RISE OF GENETICS KENNEDY BIOL. 1AB I. DISCOVERY OF DNA DNA WAS FIRST DISCOVERED IN 1898 BY MIESHNER. HE USED PROTEASE TO DIGEST THE PROTEIN AWAY FROM WHITE BLOOD CELLS. HE DESCRIBED WHAT HE
More informationGenetics Transcription Translation Replication
Genetics Transcription Translation Replication 1. Which statement best describes the relationship between an allele and a gene? A. An allele is a variation of a gene that can be expressed as a phenotype.
More informationSection 10.3 Outline 10.3 How Is the Base Sequence of a Messenger RNA Molecule Translated into Protein?
Section 10.3 Outline 10.3 How Is the Base Sequence of a Messenger RNA Molecule Translated into Protein? Messenger RNA Carries Information for Protein Synthesis from the DNA to Ribosomes Ribosomes Consist
More informationFolding simulation: self-organization of 4-helix bundle protein. yellow = helical turns
Folding simulation: self-organization of 4-helix bundle protein yellow = helical turns Protein structure Protein: heteropolymer chain made of amino acid residues R + H 3 N - C - COO - H φ ψ Chain of amino
More informationDeoxyribonucleic Acid DNA. Structure of DNA. Structure of DNA. Nucleotide. Nucleotides 5/13/2013
Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA The Secret of Life DNA is the molecule responsible for controlling the activities of the cell It is the hereditary molecule DNA directs the production of protein In 1953, Watson
More information6. Which nucleotide part(s) make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? Sugar Phosphate Base
DNA Unit Review Worksheet KEY Directions: Correct your worksheet using a non blue or black pen so your corrections can be clearly seen. DNA Basics 1. Label EVERY sugar (S), phosphate (P), and nitrogen
More informationHuman Gene,cs 06: Gene Expression. Diversity of cell types. How do cells become different? 9/19/11. neuron
Human Gene,cs 06: Gene Expression 20110920 Diversity of cell types neuron How do cells become different? A. Each type of cell has different DNA in its nucleus B. Each cell has different genes C. Each type
More informationTo truly understand genetics, biologists first had to discover the chemical nature of genes
To truly understand genetics, biologists first had to discover the chemical nature of genes Identifying the structure that carries genetic information makes it possible to understand how genes control
More informationUNIT I RNA AND TYPES R.KAVITHA,M.PHARM LECTURER DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY KATTANKULATUR
UNIT I RNA AND TYPES R.KAVITHA,M.PHARM LECTURER DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY KATTANKULATUR RNA, as previously mentioned, is an acronym for ribonucleic acid. There are many forms
More informationMutagenesis. Classification of mutation. Spontaneous Base Substitution. Molecular Mutagenesis. Limits to DNA Pol Fidelity.
Mutagenesis 1. Classification of mutation 2. Base Substitution 3. Insertion Deletion 4. s 5. Chromosomal Aberration 6. Repair Mechanisms Classification of mutation 1. Definition heritable change in DNA
More informationFrom Gene to Protein. How Genes Work (Ch. 17)
From Gene to Protein How Genes Work (Ch. 17) What do genes code for? How does DNA code for cells & bodies? how are cells and bodies made from the instructions in DNA DNA proteins cells bodies The Central
More informationMaterials Protein synthesis kit. This kit consists of 24 amino acids, 24 transfer RNAs, four messenger RNAs and one ribosome (see below).
Protein Synthesis Instructions The purpose of today s lab is to: Understand how a cell manufactures proteins from amino acids, using information stored in the genetic code. Assemble models of four very
More informationBIOL 300 Foundations of Biology Summer 2017 Telleen Lecture Outline
BIOL 300 Foundations of Biology Summer 2017 Telleen Lecture Outline RNA, the Genetic Code, Proteins I. How RNA differs from DNA A. The sugar ribose replaces deoxyribose. The presence of the oxygen on the
More informationBasic concepts of molecular biology
Basic concepts of molecular biology Gabriella Trucco Email: gabriella.trucco@unimi.it What is life made of? 1665: Robert Hooke discovered that organisms are composed of individual compartments called cells
More information4/3/2013. DNA Synthesis Replication of Bacterial DNA Replication of Bacterial DNA
4/3/03 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics Terminology Genetics: The study of what genes are, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated Gene: A segment
More informationThe Pieces Inside of You that Make You Who You Are. Genes and DNA
The Pieces Inside of You that Make You Who You Are Genes and DNA Who are you? This question can be answered many ways Personality traits Kindness Vegetarian or Carnivore Athlete ***Traits you can control
More information