WORLD VISION ETIOPIA

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1 WORLD VISION ETIOPIA FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999 Grants division February 2 Addis Ababa

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...6 II. SURVEY RESULT CLASSIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION...7 III. TIGRAY REGIONAL STATE ATSBI WOMBERTA AND TSEDA AMBA WOREDAS (KILTE AWLAELO ADP) Back Ground Crop and Livestock Assessment Market Performance Socio-Economic Conditions Anthropometric Measurements...9 IV. AMHARA REGIONAL STATE ARTHUMA JILLE AND DAWA CHEFFA WOREDAS (KEMISSIE ADP) Back Ground Crop and Livestock Assessment Market Performance Socio-Economic Conditions Anthropometric Measurement ANTSOKIA-GEMZA WOREDA (ANTSOKIA-GEMZA ADP) Background Crop and Livestock Assessment Market Performance Socio-Economic Conditions Anthropometric Measurement MEHAL MEDA ADP (GERA KEYA WOREDA) Back Ground Crop and Livestock Assessment Market Performance Socio-Economic Conditions Anthropometric Measurements TENTA WOREDA (AJIBAR ADP) Background Crop and Livestock Assessment Market performance Socio-Economic Conditions Anthropometric Measurement...15 V. OROMIYA REGIONAL STATE ADAMA AND BOSSET WOREDAS (ADAMA ADP) Background Crop and Livestock Assessment Market Performance Socio-Economic Conditions Anthropometric Measurement TIYA ADP (KERSA KONDALTITI WOREDA) Background Crop and Livestock Assessment Market Performance Socio - Economic Conditions Anthropometric Measurement...19 VI. SOUTH NATIONS NATIONALITIES AND PEOPLES STATE(SNNPS)...19 BADAWACHO WOREDA (SHONE ADP) Background Crop and Livestock Assessment Market performance...2

3 Socio-Economic Conditions Anthropometric Measurements SHENKOLLA ADP (SORO WOREDA) Background Crop and Livestock Assessment Market performance Socio-Economic Conditions Anthropometric Measurements HUMBO WOREDA (DAMOTA ADP) Background Crop and Livestock Assessment Market performance Socio-Economic Conditions Anthropometric Measurements SODO ZURIA WOREDA (DAMOTA ADP) Background Crop and Livestock Assessment Market performance Socio-Economic Conditions Anthropometric Measurement OMOSHELEKO & KACHABIRA WOREDAS (OMOSHELEKO ADP) Background Crop and Livestock Assessment Market Performance Socio-Economic Conditions Anthropometric Measurement BOREDA ABAYA & CHENCHA (SAATUSA ADP) Background Crop and Livestock Assessment Market Performance Socio-Economic Conditions Anthropometric Measurement...28 VII Conclusion 3 VIII Summary of anthropometric measurements...31

4 ACRONYMS ADPs Belg BOA BOH Kolla Weina-Dega Dega DPPC EPI-INFO FFW m.a.s.l. Meher Normal PAs Quintal WAZ WHZ WHZ Woreda WVE Z-Score Area Development Programs Short rainy season from February to April Bureau of Agriculture Bureau of Health Ecological zones less than 15 m.a.s.l. Ecological zone varying from 15 to 25 m.a.s.l. Ecological zone varying from 25 to 35 m.a.s.l. Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission Epidemiological Information- Computer program used for anthropometric data analysis Food For Work Meter Above Sea Level Long rainy season from June to September Long-term average Peasant Associations Local measurement equivalent to 1 kg Weight for height Z score (indices) used to calculate acute and chronic malnutrition Height for age Z Score (indices) used to calculate chronic malnutrition Weight for height Z score (indices) used to calculate acute malnutrition Administrative area similar to sub-district World Vision Ethiopia Indices used to calculate Weight for height, weight for age and height for age.

5 LIST OF ADPs WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE WOREDAS (DISTRICTS) Ser. No. ADPs Woredas 1. Adama Adama and Boset 2. Adjibar Tenta 3. Antsokia Antsokia Gemza 4. Damota I Humbo 5. Damota II Humbo and Sodo Zuria 6. Kilte Awlaelo Atsbi-Womberta and Tseda Amba 7. Mehal Meda Gera Keya 8. Omo Sheleko Omo Sheleko and Kachabira 9. Saatusa Boreda Abaya and Chencha 1. Shenkola Soro 11. Shone Bada Wacho 12. Tiya Kersa Kondaltiti

6 I. SUMMARY A joint food supply assessment mission comprising agencies like the UN, NGOs and the government, in which WVE has also taken part, was launched in November/December The outcome of the crop assessment was disclosed through an official appeal made by the Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission (DPPC) in January. The assistance needing population of year 2 was estimated at 8,82,172 1 with a concomitant net food requirement of 898,936 MT. While, a total of 2.5 million people were said to be on the margin and need close monitoring. WVE conducts nutritional surveys in its operational areas twice a year in May and November. The objective of the survey being to provide timely information for early detection of an impending disaster, generate data that can be used in the designing of relief and development projects and also to constantly measure the impacts of development interventions. The survey makes available information for the national early warning system. The nutritional survey was conducted in 18 districts or woredas. A total of 6856 children were sampled for measuring the status of wasting, stunting and underweight. Community members were also consulted as key informants in collecting socioeconomic, livestock and crop production information. Time series price information has also been compiled to reflect the fluctuations in the food supply status. According to the survey, the levels of wasting in each woreda are as follows: The highest wasting was reported in Tenta woreda (23%) 2. Atsibi womberta, Tseda Amba, Gera Keya, Omo sheleko, and Kachabira had wasting level above the cut- 1 DPPC Summary of Emergency Assistance Requirement in 2. January 2 2 Additional food to all children and vulnerable groups is recommended. Of point (>1%) 3. Woredas like Antsokia Gemza, Arthuma Jille, Dawa Cheffa, Kersa kondaltiti, Adama, Bosset, Humbo, Sodo Zuria, Boreda Abaya and Chencha had medium level of wasting (5.-9.9%) 4 while the rest two woredas (Soro and Badawacho) had low level of wasting (<5%) which is acceptable. (Please refer to list of Area Development Programs and respective districts.) Other early warning indicators like rainfall distribution, copping strategy, crop performance, livestock conditions etc. also confirmed the low nutritional levels shown in the anthropometric results. Production shortfall for instance has been observed in places like Ajibar, Kilte Awlalo and Mehal Meda, Damota, Omo Sheleko, and Saatusa Area Development Programs. As traditional copping mechanisms, the community reduced frequency, quality and quantity of meals, sold livestock, and involved in begging. During the year, unevenness and erratic nature characterized the main rainy season in WVE operational areas. Some of the Area Development Programs found in the highlands of the country had excessive rain that caused flood and water logging. Others, (Lowland Area Development Programs) were affected by long dry spells in the middle of crop growth stages. Due to late cessation of the main rainy season however, the physical condition of the livestock was good in most of the operational areas. The food need estimate of WVE operational areas thus stands at 73,613 MT for 617,177 affected people. The above figure will increase depending on the outcome of the small rains (February-April) that are long overdue in most places in the south. The Ethiopian meteorological Services Agency will soon provide its prediction of the small rains.. 3 Selective supplementary feeding of the malnourished is of high priority. 4 Supplementary feeding if possible. 6

7 II. SURVEY RESULT CLASSIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION Anthropometric calculations described in this survey are based on the growth reference curves recommended by the WHO (World Health Organization) for international use. Anthropometry is used to asses nutritional status at both the individual and the population level to indicate illness and/or nutritional deficiencies and to detect the prevalence of low anthropometric indices by determining the proportion of the population that falls below the cut off points (<-2 SD) The two preferred anthropometric indices for determining nutritional status are WH (weight for height) and HA (height for age). Low WH is considered an indicator of wasting or thinness (acute malnutrition) due to failure to gain weight or loss of weight. Low HA is considered as an indicator of stunting or shortness (chronic malnutrition) associated with poor overall economic conditions or repeated exposure to adverse conditions. The third index WA (weight for age) is primarily a composite of WH and HA and fails to distinguish tall, thin children. Z - scores are useful because they have the statistical property of being normally distributed allowing meaningful average and standard deviation for a population to be calculated. It has also a greater capacity to determine the proportion of a population that falls below extreme anthropometric values than do percentiles. To interpret the prevalence of low anrthropometric values (<-2 SD) the following classification is used. Table 1- Prevalence of low Anthropometric Values Relative Index Low Medium High Very high Low WH <5.% % % 15.% Low HA <2.% % % 4.% Low WA <1% % 2.->29.9% 3.% N.B. The interpretation of the anthropometric survey must take into account the following main aggravating factors such as household food security, migration, mortality figures and major epidemic out breaks. 7

8 III. TIGRAY REGIONAL STATE 3.1. Atsbi Womberta And Tseda Amba Woredas (Kilte Awlaelo ADP) Back Ground Kilte Awlaelo ADP operates in Atsbi Womberta and Tseda Amba Woredas, Eastern Tigray zone at 87 Kms north of Addis Ababa. The project area lies within an altitude ranging from 24 to 3 m.a.s.l Crop and Livestock Assessment Rainfall The onset of Meher season rain was late by 4 dekads. The distribution however, was good in Atsbi Womberta woreda until the vegetative stage of the crops. Nonetheless, it abandoned during the grain filling stage for two consecutive weeks. In Tseda Amba woreda, on the other hand, excessive rain was reported up to the end of August. Crop Performance Late onset and erratic nature of the rain coupled with the infestation of pests and diseases during the season resulted in poor crop performance. Livestock Condition The availability of pasture and water in all PAs of the two woredas was unsatisfactory. As a result, the physical condition of livestock was poor. Livestock diseases such as milk fever and lactation tetanus also contributed in the deterioration of livestock status Market Performance Due to the inflow of newly harvested crops, supply of food through FFW and relief distribution, the market price of some cereals in the two woredas has shown a general decreasing tendency during the four months (Fig.1) On the other hand, the price of livestock has been stable during the reporting period. (Fig.2) Price in Birr/Livestock Price in Birr/1kg Fig. 1 Average Market Price Trend of Major Crops in Kilte Awelalo ADP Barley Wheat Maize Taffe Sorghum Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Fig. 2 Average Market Price Trend of Livestok in Kilte Awelalo ADP août-99 sept-99 oct-99 nov-99 Oxen Cow Sheep Goat The decrease in prices of some cereals coupled with livestock stable price resulted in moderate increase in the terms of trade. (Fig. 3) 8

9 Barley in Kg/Sheep Fig. 3 Terms of Trade in Kilte Awelalo ADP Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 IV. AMHARA RE GIONAL STATE 4.1. Arthuma Jille and Dawa Cheffa Woredas (Kemissie ADP) Background Socio-Economic Conditions The three major food sources in the two woredas at the reporting period were food crop production, food-for-work and market purchase. However, crop production as a major food source would be for short duration since the expected yield of the season was very poor. As traditional copping mechanisms the community involved in daily labor, migrating to nearby woredas and PAs in search of food and labor work. Moreover, food-for-work, loan from friends and relatives, reduction in frequency, quality, and quantity of meals and begging were common in Tseda Amba woreda Anthropometric Measurements A total of 451 children were weighed and measured in 6 sample PAs of the two Woredas. The 1999 Meher anthropometric survey result of the two woredas showed that 13.3% of children aged 6-59 months were wasted, 49.7% underweight, and 47.7% stunted. This level of malnutrition as compared to 1998 November and 1999 May averages was high. (Fig 4) Prevalence rate Fig. 4 Prevalence of wastig, underweight and stunting in Kilte Awlaelo ADP wasting underweight stunting Nov"99 Anthropometric Nov'98 indices May'99 Kemissie ADP operates in Arthuma Jille and Dawa Cheffa woredas, Oromia Zone of Amhara Region and is located at 32 kms north east of Addis Ababa. The livelihood of the population depends mainly on agriculture. The major food crops grown include maize, teff and sorghum Crop and Livestock Assessment Rainfall The onset of long rains (June-September) was late by 5 weeks in most of the woreda PAs. On the other hand, cessation of the rain was late in 8% of the PAs by an average of 5 weeks. The distribution of the rain was continuous though its intensity was high, causing flood and water logging. Crop Performance Area planted for the major crops was more than normal in 67% of the PAs. However, the excessive rain that caused flood and water logging and pest occurrence resulted in crop damage. Hence expected crop production was low. Livestock Condition Due to late cessation of the rainfall, the availability of pasture and water in the two woredas was satisfactory. As a result, the physical condition of the livestock was good. With the advent of the rain, there occurred livestock epidemic that caused death of some cattle. However, the ADP in collaboration with woreda agriculture office took control measures. 9

10 Market Performance The market price of cereals in Kemissie area was stable till September and declined afterwards. This was due to the inflow of newly harvested crops to the markets and relief distribution made by DPPC. (Fig. 1) Price in Birr/1Kg Fig 1. Average Price Trends of Major Crops in Kemissie & Cheffa Robit of Kemissie ADP On the other hand, there was improvement in the prices of cattle up to September 1999 This was attributed to better physical condition of the livestock and increased demand for oxen power for agricultural activities. (See Fig. 2) 1 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov Teff Sorghum Maize Fig. 2 Average Price Trend of Livestock in Kemissie & Cheffa Robit Markets of Kemissie ADP Socio-Economic Conditions The three major food sources were food crop production, market purchase and milk products. This was similar to normal years. Wage rate floated between 3 to 4 Birr per day and was much lower than normal years. Malaria, dysentery and typhus epidemic outbreaks were reported during the survey. The epidemic outbreaks were mild and hence no human death was reported Anthropometric Measurement In November 1999, 751 children were measured in 7 sample PAs of the two Woredas. According to the survey findings the level of wasting was 8%, underweight 36% and stunting 38.7%. The level of wasting was below the cut-off points (1%) and equal to the national average (8%). This nutritional status when compared to May 99 survey, there was no significant change. The two consecutive surveys indicate that acute nutritional status of the area is marginal to the cut-off points and needs close monitoring. (See fig. 4) 4 2 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Fig. 4 Prevalence of wasting,underweight & stunting for M ay'98 & Novembe'r99 in Kemisse ADP 45 Oxen Cow Sheep Goat The decline in prices of cereals and small price increase in livestock resulted in improvement in terms of trade. (Fig. 3) Prevalence rate wasting underweight stunting Anrhropometric indices Nov'99 May'99 Fig. 3 Terms of Trade in Kemissie & Cheffa Robit Markets of Kemissie ADP 8 Maize in KG/Goat Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 1

11 4.2. Antsokia-Gemza Woreda (Antsokia-Gemza ADP) Background Antsokia-Gemza ADP operates in Antsokia- Gemza woreda, North Shoa Zone at 35 Kms North East of Addis Ababa. The total population of the woreda is about 92,92 and it lies with an altitude ranging from 14 to 35 m.a.s.l. The major crops grown in the area are Teff, Sorghum Maize, Wheat, Barley and Pulses Crop and Livestock Assessment Market Performance Generally the price of major crops had decreased starting from September due to new harvest. (Fig.1) F i g. 4 A v e r a g e p r i c e t r e n d o f m a j o r c r o p s i n A n t s o k i a G e m z a A D P June'99 July'99 Aug'99 Sept'99 ct'99 Dec'99 P e r i o d c o v e r e d Teff Sorghum Maize Wheat Rainfall In 8% of the PAs onset of the Meher rain was late by one week. Similarly, the cessation was late by 1-2 weeks in all PAs of the woreda. The amount of the rain was also observed to be excessive in some of the PAs causing flood. As a whole, the Meher rain was sufficient for crop production. Crop Performance During the reporting period, the overall performance of the crop production was found to be good. In 6% of the surveyed PAs the area planted was much higher than the normal years. As compared to normal production years productivity of teff, barley, peas, wheat and bean was increased. Livestock Condition Due to the availability of water and pasture, the physical condition of livestock was good. Similarly, the size of livestock was better than the normal years for there was no livestock epidemic diseases. On the other hand, the average price of livestock was stable through out the months. (July to November) (Fig. 2). Price in Birr/Head Fig. 2 Average price of livestock in Antsokiya-Gemeza woreda of Antsokiya-Gemza ADP Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Oxen Cow Sheep The terms of trade between the majormarketed crop (Maize) and livestock (Ox) in the woreda moderately increased. (Fig. 3). Maize in Kg/Ox Fig. 3 Terms of Trade in Antsokiya-Gemza woreda of Antsokiya-Gemza ADP 1 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 11

12 Socio-Economic Conditions During normal years crop production, livestock products, and market purchases were the three major sources of food in the area. However, food crop production, market purchase and loans from friends & relatives were the primary sources of food during the survey. Cash income for food purchase was obtained from sale of cash crops, vegetables, live animal, firewood and charcoal. The two copping mechanisms practiced by some households confronting food shortage during the survey were changing cropping pattern and decreasing meal frequency and quantity. There was no major human epidemic that broke out in the whole woreda during the reporting period Anthropometric Measurement A total of 418 children in 5 sample PAs were measured and weighed during the survey of November The survey findings revealed that 6.2% were wasted, 41.1% underweight, and 54.6% stunted. This level of wasting was below the cut-off points (1%) and the national average (8%). (Fig 4) Fig. 4 Prevalence of wasting stunting & underweight of Antsokiya Gemaza woreda 4.3. Mehal Meda ADP (Gera Keya Woreda) Background Mehal Meda ADP operates in Gera Keya woreda, North Shoa Zone and is located at 282 Kms North of Addis Ababa. The altitude ranges from 15 to 35 m.a.s.l. The livelihood of the population depends mainly on agriculture. The major food crops grown include barley, wheat, feba beans, sorghum and oil seeds. The area receives 7 to 11 mm of rainfall annually Crop and Livestock Assessment Rainfall Both the onset and cessation of Meher and Belg rains was late by two weeks in most of the woreda PAs. Crop Performance The late onset of rain created unfavorable condition for long cycle Meher crops. Moreover, excessive rain, incidence of frost, and pest infestation like aphids, ball worm, root rot were the major damages on the crops reported during the survey. Hence there was production shortfall at the time of the survey. Livestock Condition Prevalence Rate Wasting Underweight Stunting Anthropometic Indicies Nov'99 May'99 Availability of pasture & water was satisfactory. As a result, the physical condition of the livestock in the woreda was good. The herd size was low because farmers sold their livestock to cope up with the prevailing food shortage. Since the problem has been prolonged, most farmers became ox-less. 12

13 Market Performance Due to relief food distribution there was moderate fall in the prices of all major crops at Mehal Meda market starting from July. (Fig.1) Price in Birr/!kg There was also slight decline in the prices of livestock after September. (Fig 2) Price in Birr/Head Fig 1. Average crop price in Mehal Meda ADP June'99 July'99 Aug'99 Sept'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 Period covered Teff Mixed Barley Mixed Wheat Fig. 2 Average livestock price in Mehal Meda ADP June'99 July'99 Aug,99 Sept,99 Oct'99 Nov'99 The terms of trade had moderately increased from September to November because of the low crop prices received during the months. (See fig 3) 5 Ox Cow Sheep Socio-Economic Conditions Food aid, market purchase and livestock products were the major sources of food during the reporting period. Cash income for market purchase was generated from sale of firewood, charcoal, grass and daily labor. During normal time the major sources of food were food crop production and market purchase. The sources of cash income for market purchase was sale of livestock and livestock products. Daily wage rate has declined in all PAs as compared to the normal time. Food aid, change of cropping patterns, and reduced frequency, quantity and quality of meals were the copping mechanisms practiced by the community to confront with the prevailing food deficit in the Woreda. No distress migration was reported in the area Anthropometric Measurements A total of 564 children were measured in 8 randomly selected PAs. According to the survey, wasting was 13.5%, underweight 47.9% and stunting 42.9%. The level of wasting was above the cut-off points (1%) and the national average (8%). The nutritional status of the area as compared to November 1998 survey was significantly low and needs immediate attention. Barley (Kg)/ Sheep (head) Fig.3 Terms of Trade between Sheep and Mixed Barley June July Aug Sep. Oct. Nov. prevalence rate Fig.4 Prevalence of wasting, underweight & stunting in mehal meda ADP wasting underweight stunting Anthropometric indices Nov'99 Nov'98 May' Tenta woreda (Ajibar ADP) 13

14 Background Ajibar ADP is located in Amahara Region, South Wollo Administrative Zone, Tenta woreda about 522 km North of Addis Ababa. The altitude of the area ranges between 15 4 m.a.s.l. The woreda has a population of 162,625. The livelihood of the community depends mainly on rainfed agriculture and livestock rearing. The major crops produced in the area include teff, wheat, beans, barley, oat and sorghum Crop and Livestock Assessment Rainfall The 1999 Meher rains, unlike the previous five years, started and ceased on the usual time. According to Meteorology station at Ambamariam, amount of rainfall for the reporting season was mm and was sufficient and higher than the five years average 8.26mm. (Fig.1) The distribution, however, was erratic. Fig. 1 Meher Season Rainfall Distribution Trends in Tenta Woreda covering wheat, barely, beans, lentil, oat and chick pea had declined as compared to normal production years by 71%, 64%, 62%, 83%, 61%, 31% and 55% respectively, resulting in an aggregate production decline of over 61%. The major causes for the crop damage were pest outbreak, abnormal rain, frost and disease. Livestock Condition The effect of complete failure of 1999 Belg rains has lingered on the poor livestock physical condition till the onset of the Meher season. Due to the availability of water and pasture, the physical condition of livestock was good. Nevertheless, livestock holding has decreased significantly as compared to normal times. This was due to severe death of animals by drought during the last Belg season Market performance The prices of major crops during the survey were very high as compared to the normal years. This was attributed to the drought situation in the last Belg season. (Fig 2) 6 MM 4 2 Fig. 2 Average Market Price of Grains in Tenta Woreda of Ajibar ADP May June July August Sept. Oct. Months Covered Price in Birr/1kg May-99 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Crop Performance During the reporting season the area covered by major crops increased by 17.4% as compared to last year of the same season. However, production of crops such as teff, Barley Wheat Sorghum Maize Teff As noted above, the condition of livestock was good. The livestock price had slightly increased through out the months. (Fig. 3) 22

15 Fig. 4 Terms of Trade in Tenta Woreda of Ajibar ADP 14 FOOD SECURITY MONITORING REPORT OF NOVEMBER 1999 Wheat in Kg/Cow May-99 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Price in Birr/Head Fig. 3 Average Market Price of Livestock in Tenta Woreda of Ajibar ADP May-99 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Oxen Cow Sheep Goat The terms of trade between the majormarketed crop (Wheat) and livestock (Cow) was low till relief food distribution in July After July, terms of trade had increased. (Fig. 4) Socio-Economic Conditions Due to the total failure of 1999 Belg harvest, about 5% of the community drove their livelihood from relief food distribution during the survey. The rest relied on market purchase and livestock products. During normal year of the same season, crop production and market purchase were the major food sources. Major sources of income for market purchase included sale of live animals, wood, grass, and labor. Currently, the copping mechanisms were sale of productive assets, relief food distribution and decrease in meal frequency, quality and quantity. The gloomy incidence of Belg 1999 season harvest complete failure is vividly reflected in the lives of the community. Many of them lost their asset and livestock that eroded their copping mechanisms. In addition, many lost their family members or their relatives by death or migration. Generally, the complete failure of the last Belg harvest combined with the current poor production placed the community in a more precarious situation Anthropometric Measurement During the survey of November 1999, 73 children were measured and weighed in 5 sample PAs of the Woreda. About 23% were wasted, 46.5% underweight and 33.7% stunted. The level of wasting was above the cut off points (1%) and the national figure (8%). The three consecutive surveys of November 98 (18.3%), May 1999 (24%) and November 1999 (23%) show that the acute nutritional status of the Woreda was very serious. (Fig 5) V. OROMIYA REGIONAL STATE 5.1. Adama and Bosset Woredas (Adama ADP) Prevalence rate Fig 5 Prevalence of wasting, underweight& stunting in Tenta woreda Background wasting underweight stunting Anthropometric Indices Nov'99 Nov'98 May'99 Adama ADP operates in Adama and Bosset Weredas of East Shoa Zone and is located at 118 kms south east of Addis Ababa and lies within the altitude of 13 to 18 m.a.s.l. The ADP s target population constitutes 3885 households. The livelihood of the community depends mainly on agriculture, crop production and livestock rearing. The major crops produced in the Weredas are teff, maize, sorghum, barley, wheat and 23

16 haricot bean. As almost all of the PAs depend on rain-fed agriculture, insufficient moisture for crop production often results in frequent food shortages Crop and Livestock Assessment Rainfall Onset and cessation of Meher 99 rain (June- September) was late in both Boset and Adama Woredas. The onset of rain was delayed by two weeks while the cessation by three weeks. According to farmers qualitative rating the distribution of rainfall was abnormal. The quantitative rainfall data from Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization of Melkassa center confirms that the distribution of the Meher rainfall was erratic. However, the amount of rainfall received was similar to the long-term average. Crop Performance The area covered by maize and sorghum crops was below normal. This was due to the failure of Meher rains at the time of land preparation and sowing. On the other hand, areas covered by Teff and Haricot bean were above the normal year. In the Meher 99 season the total crop production was lower than the normal production season in both woredas. The production of maize has declined by 42.9% and 46.7% in Adama and Bosset Woredas respectively. Similarly, a decline was also observed on haricot bean in Bosset (33.3%) and in Adama woredas (41.7%). The major reason for production short fall in maize, haricot bean and teff was shortage of rainfall at the flowering and grain filling stage and excessive rainfall at maturation and harvest time. Livestock Condition The availability of pasture and water in most parts of the two woredas during the reporting period was good and similar to normal year. As a result, livestock were in a good physical condition. However, livestock holding was below normal due to the death and sale of livestock caused by prolonged dry season as a consequence of last Belg rain failure Market Performance The current prices of food commodities in the two woredas of Adama ADP was almost constant up to October and decreased after October. This was due to inflow of newly harvested crops into the markets. (Fig. 1) On the other hand, the livestock prices in both markets had shown an increasing trend Price in Birr/1Kg Fig. 1 Average Maret Price Trends of Major Grains in Adama & Boset Woreds of Adama ADP Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Mixed Teff White wheat White Maize Mixed Barley White Sorghum till August 1999, and then became stable. (Fig. 2) Price in Birr/Head Fig. 2 Average Market Price of Livestock in Adama & Boset Woredas of Adama ADP Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Peirod Covered Farm Oxen Dry Cow Uncastrated Ram Uncastarated he - goat 24

17 The observed decline in prices of cereals coupled with the increase in livestock prices resulted in improved terms of trade between livestock and cereals. (Fig. 3 ) Maize in Kg/Uncastrated Ram Fig. 3 Trend of Terms of Trade in Adama and Boset Woredas of Adama ADP Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov Socio-Economic Conditions The current major food sources were crop production followed by market purchase. However, during normal production year crop production was the major food source followed by milk and milk products. The income for market purchase was mainly derived from sale of live animals, wood, charcoal and daily labor. The current meal frequency in 88.9% of the PAs was three times a day and similar to normal years. Nonetheless, the quality and quantity of food consumed in each meal ha decreased. Regarding health, 22.2% of the PAs reported that they had been suffering from malaria epidemic during the last three months. As a result, morbidity cases of 35 adults and 375 children were reported. During the reporting season preventive and curative control measures were undertaken jointly by community health workers, Ministry of Health and other concerned government offices Anthropometric Measurement In November 1999 survey a total of 591 children were weighed and measured in 11 sample PAs of the two operational Woredas. Among the sampled children 6.3% were wasted, 39.4% under weight and 44% stunted. Compared to the cut-off points (1%) and the national figure (8%) the level of wasting was low. The level of wasting for the three consecutive surveys has been constant and there has not been great variation..(fig.4) 5.2. Tiya ADP (Kersa Kondaltiti Woreda) Background Tiya ADP operates in Kersa Kondaltity woreda, West Shoa zone of Oromia at 85 kms South West of Addis Ababa. The woreda has a population of 277,442 and the livelihood of the community depends on rain-fed agriculture and livestock rearing. The major crops grown in the woreda are Wheat, Teff, Maize, Barley, Sorghum and pulses. The area gets a BI-modal rainfall, with Meher contributing 9% and Belg contributing 1% of the total production. Prevalence of wasting, underweight and stunting of Adama & Bosat Woreda Prevalence rate wasting underweight stunting Anthropometric indices 25 Nov'99 Nov'98 May '99

18 Crop and Livestock Assessment Rainfall However, livestock prices had been constant across the time of the survey. (Fig. 2) The 1999 Meher rain started three weeks later than normal. The distribution and amount of rain received during the season was satisfactory. Crop Performance In Kersa Kondaltiti Woreda, a total of 52, ha of land was planted during the 1999 main production season. Crop stand was found to be average to above average. Though no significant crop damage was reported from insect pest, disease and weed infestation, chick pea and teff crops were mildly affected by ball worm and shoot fly, respectively. Livestock Condition Price in Birr Fig. 2 Average prices of livestock in Kersa Kondaltity Woreda June'99 July'99 Aug'99 Sep'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 Oxen Dry Cow Sheep Goat The terms of trade between the most marketed cereal (maize) and livestock (sheep) had been stable for the first three months of the survey period and went upward for the last two months. As a result, the purchasing power of the farmers had been improved. (Fig. 3) Fig3. Terms of Trade in Kersakondaltity Woreda During the survey, availability and adequacy of pasture and water was good and the overall physical condition of livestock in the woreda was found to be satisfactory. No significant livestock disease and death reported during the period. Maize for Sheep (In Quintals) June'99 July'99 August'99 Sept'99 Oct'99 Nov' Market Performance The price of all crops has been stable over the time period (June to October, 1999) and it started to fall in November due to the inflow of newly harvested crops to the markets. (Fig. 1) Price in Birr Fig.1 Average price of Cereals in Kersa Kondaltity Woreda June'99 July'99 Aug'99 Sep'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 Mixed Teff Mixed Wheat Sorghum White Maize Socio - Economic Conditions The three-major sources of food during the survey were food crop production, market purchase and loans form friends and relatives. But at the normal time the sources were food crop production, livestock products and market purchases. The copping mechanisms in the area were decrease in meal frequency, quality & quantity and sale of live animals. There was no human disease out break in the woreda during the reporting period. 26

19 The daily wage rate for unskilled labor was similar to that of the normal time. During the reporting period no unusual migration observed except the seasonal migration from the highland to the midland and lowland in search of labor Anthropometric Measurement The survey was conducted in November 1999 in 1 sample PAs of Kersa Kondaltiti Woreda. During the survey 827 children were weighed and measured. According to the survey result wasting was 6.5%, underweight 44% and stunting 48.4%. Compared to the cut off- points (1%) the level of wasting was low Prevalence of wasting, stunting and underweight of Kersa Kondaltiti Wasting Underweight Stunting VI. South Nations Nationalities and Peoples State(SNNPS) 6.1. Badawacho Woreda (Shone ADP) Background anthropometric Nov'99 NOV'98 May-99 indices Shone ADP operates in Badawacho woreda, Hadiya Zone at 345 kms south of Addis Ababa. The altitude ranges between m.a.s.l. The population of the woreda is estimated to be 192,45 persons with population density of 355 persons per km 2. The livelihood of the community depends on rain-fed agriculture and livestock rearing. The major crops grown in the woreda are Maize, Teff, Haricot Bean, Beans, Sorghum, and Barley, Sweet Potato, Irish potato and Enset Crop and Livestock Assessment Rainfall The Meher rain started in June and continued up to end of October. Excessive amount of rainfall was received in July, August and October. The cessation of Meher rain delayed by about 4 weeks as compared to normal years. The woreda received a total of 132mm rainfall in 135 days during the year. This exceeds the mean annual amount (11mm) by 22mm. The amount and distribution of Meher rain was found to be favorable for the crop growth and development in the moist mid highland part of the woreda which constitutes 72% of woreda PAs. The rest 28% of the PAs in the woreda received low amount of rainfall. Crop Performance According to data collected from Badawacho woreda MOA, a total of 21,646 hectares of land was cultivated and covered with different crops during the season out of which 877 hectares of land was under extension package. Crop production estimate made by the woreda agriculture development office for the season was about 51,59 metric tones. This amount of production is high as compared to last year. It is mainly attributed to increment in the cultivated land put under extension package, improvement in the utilization of agricultural inputs and adequate rainfall for the season. Information collected both from the woreda agriculture office and key informants revealed that there was slight growth in the total production of the woreda as compared to the normal years. 27

20 However, there is a cutback in the crop production of peasant associations found in the dry mid highland parts of the woreda. This was due to low amount of rainfall received during the season, area covered by major crops (maize and sorghum) was below normal and utilization of inputs was low as compared to the moist mid highland farmers. Armyworm infestation was observed on maize, sorghum and teff during the Meher season. A total of 24 hectares of maize crop was totally damaged and about 2 hectares of land covered by different crops were slightly affected by the outbreak. More than 5 % of the PAs affected by the outbreak were found in the dry mid highland part of the woreda. Livestock Condition The physical condition of the livestock during the survey was found to be normal. The high amount of rainfall received up to the end of October 1999 positively affected the availability of both pasture and water for the livestock. Unusual livestock disease was not reported during the survey Market performance Adequate rainfall, increment in the cultivated land put under extension package, improvement in the utilization of agricultural inputs for the season has resulted in good production. As a result, the price of grain has gone down (Fig.1). Price in Birr/1kg Fig. 1 Average Market Price of Major Crops in Badawacho woreda of Shone ADP The availability of pasture and water has contributed for the good condition of livestock. As a result the price of livestock has gone up. (Fig. 2) Price in Birr/Head Fig. 2 Average Market Price of Livestock in Badawacho Woreda of Shone ADP The terms of trade between the most marketed crop (Maize) and livestock (Sheep) in the woreda has been showing an increasing trend. For instance, during the last six months the terms of trade has increased by 162 %.(Fig. 3) 15 1 Fig. 3 5 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Plough Ox Dry Cow Ram Terms of Trade in Badawacho Woreda of Shone ADP Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov Socio-Economic Conditions Crop production, market purchase and loan from friends and relatives were the three major food sources during the survey. Farmers derive their cash income mainly from sale of livestock, sale of fire and construction wood, petty trading and daily labor. During the survey, the major food items were crop production, market purchase, and root crops like Enset, and taro. Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Mixed Teff Mixed Barley White maize White wheat 28

21 No human epidemics were reported during the season except common malaria cases in the lowland parts of the woreda Anthropometric Measurements A total of 489 children aged 6 to 59 months were weighed and measured in 1 sample PAs of the Woreda. In those PAs 4.3% were wasted, 32.1% underweight and 44% were stunted.. The survey findings indicate that the level of acute malnutrition of the area has decreased and the nutritional status was in good condition. (Fig.4) Prevalence rate Prevalence of wasting,underweight and stunting of Bada Wacho Woreda 6.2. Shenkolla ADP (Soro Woreda) Background wasting underweight stunting Anthropometric indices Nov'99 Nov'98 May-99 Shenkolla ADP is located in SNNPRS, Hadiya zone, Soro woreda 25 km South West of Addis Ababa with altitude falling in the range of 7-29 m.a.s.l. The population of the woreda is estimated at 277,442 with a population density of 65 persons per sq.km 2. The livelihood of the community depends on rain-fed agriculture and livestock rearing. The major crops grown in the woreda are Enset (false banana), wheat, Teff, Maize, Barley, Sorghum and pulse crops like Bean, Pea, Lentil and Chickpea Crop and Livestock Assessment Rainfall The onset of 1999 Meher rain was on time in most parts of the woreda and late by two Weeks in some. The amount and distribution of rainfall was relatively good except in the 1 st and 2 nd dekads of September for which excessive rain was recorded. On the other hand, the cessation of rainfall was delayed by 2-3 weeks in different parts of the woreda. Crop Performance Compared to normal, the 1999 Meher season major crop yield was low. The overall reduction in yield was estimated to be 2%. Information collected at the field level revealed that the poor quality of seed and the failure (in some cases) to apply fertilizer at the recommended rate contributed to the reduction in yield. Livestock Condition Availability of water was good in all of the surveyed PAs while availability of pasture was relatively lower than normal. However, the physical condition of livestock during the survey was satisfactory Market performance Market price of cereals for the six months (June November 1999) has shown a decreasing tendency. For instance, the price of Maize was peak in August due to short fall in market supply and decreased afterwards. The major cause of the fall in price was the synchronized effect of the relief/ FFW distribution and the Meher harvest. (Fig.1) 29

22 Fig 1 Average market price of major crops in Shenkolla ADP June'99 July'99 August'99 Sept'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 Period covered food were crop production, milk from animals and market purchase. The current cash income for the purchase of food is raised from sale of labor and sale of livestock, whereas in normal years the source of income is sale of cash crop followed by sale of labor and sale of livestock. Price of sheep and goat was generally stable throughout the reporting period. The price of ox and cow had declined after September (Fig. 2) Price in Birr per head The terms of trade between the most marketed crop (Maize) and livestock (Sheep) in the woreda increased (Fig. 3) Mixed Teff Mixed Wheat White Maize Fig. 2 Average Market Price of Livestock in Soro woreda of Shenkolla ADP Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Peiod Covered OX Cow Sheep Goat Fig. 3 Terms of Trade in Soro woreda of Shenkolla ADP The three major copping mechanism being used by the communities are borrowing and support from kins & friends, sale of small animals, decrease the amount and frequency of meal taken Anthropometric Measurements During the survey of Meher 1999, 62 children were measured. The 1999 food security survey result of soro woreda shows that 4.7% were wasted, 33.8% underweight, and 41% stunted. Compared to November 98 survey the level of wasting decreased by 3.9%, underweight by 1% and stunting by 4.7%. According to the survey report the decline in acute malnutrition was due to the distribution of supplementary food (Faffa) targeting the under five children and the availability of fresh maize consumed by the children. And there was no epidemic out break that could have affected the nutritional status of the children. According to the survey result, the acute malnutrition status is low and is below the cut-off points and the national average.(fig. 4) Maize in Kg/Sheep Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Peiod Covered Socio-Economic Conditions The current three major sources of food in the woreda comprised food crop production, market purchase and milk from animals. In normal times, however, the major sources of Prevalence of wasting,underweight& stunting of Soro Woreda Wasting Underweight Stunting Anthropometric Indices Nov'99 Nov'98 Ma99 3

23 6.3. Humbo Woreda (Damota ADP) Background Damota I ADP is located in Humbo Woreda, North Omo Zone. The altitude of the area ranges from m.a.s.l. The livelihood of the community is dependent on agricultural production. Major crops grown in the area include maize, sorghum, Enset (false banana), sweet potato and haricot bean Crop and Livestock Assessment Rainfall The onset of Meher rain was late by 2 weeks in 5% of the Woreda while it was on time in the remaining areas. Even though the rainfall started on time in some parts of the Woreda, its distribution and amount was very poor and there was extended dry spell which resulted in wilting of the crops. On the other hand, the cessation was early by 3-4 weeks in 66.7% of the area. Crop Performance The area covered by maize was lower than normal in 5% of the areas. The decline of the area planted by maize was due to the unusual low and inadequate rainfall. The same is true for other crops like teff and haricot bean. In addition to these, the area planted by sweet potato had also declined due to shortage of planting materials. The other reason for the general decrease of area planted was the effect of the failure of Belg rain, which had negative implication on land preparation, availability of oxen and seeds. crops like cotton plant were also severely damaged because of rainfall shortage. Livestock Condition The availability of pasture and water was poor in the majority of the areas. As the result the physical condition of the livestock was poor. Livestock herd size has significantly decreased from the normal. The main reason for the decline was due to sale of animals for buying food items as a copping mechanism. Even though diseases like trypanasomiasis and foot and mouth diseases were reported, there was no unusual death Market performance The result of the survey shows that the price of maize was rising until the end of July. But it declined afterwards because of the inflow of newly harvested crops to the markets and relief assistance in the area. (Fig. 1) Fig. 1 Average market price of crops in Humbo woreda Price in Birr/1 kg June'99 July'99 August'99 Sept'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 White Maize Mixed Wheat Period covered Mixed Barley White Sorghum Unusual high temperature and severe rainfall shortage affected most of the crops in the area. In addition, army worm and ball worm had caused damages on crops. Cash 31

24 The prices of oxen and cows slightly increased from June to November with some ups and downs. On the other hand, the prices of small ruminants (sheep and goat) remained stable. (Fig.2) Price in Birr/head Average livestock price in Humbo woreda June'99 July'99 August Sept'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 Period covered Ox Cow Sheep Goat As a result the terms of trade between the major-marketed crop (Maize) and livestock (Ox) had increased. (Fig. 3) Terms of trade in Humbo Woreda of Damota ADP for unskilled labor was 2.5 Birr/day. The rate was declining in all parts of the Woreda as most people were in need of daily labor. Meal frequency, quality and quantity of food during the survey were deteriorated as compared to the normal years. The current food shortage is ascribed to failure of crop production due to rain shortage during 'Belg' and 'Meher' seasons Anthropometric Measurements A total of 34 children were measured in 4 sampled PAs in the month of November According to the analysis of the survey, 8.2% were wasted, 26.8% underweight and 22.1% were stunted. Wasting was low as compared to the cut-off points (1%). (Fig. 4) Prevalence of wasting,underweight and stunting for Humbo Woreda June'99 July'99 August Sept'99 Oct'99 Nov'99 Prevalence rate Wasting underweight stunting Anthropometric indices Nov'99 Nov'98 Nov' Socio-Economic Conditions Generally, the primary sources of food during the survey period were purchasing from market, food crop production, food aid and sharing of food. The major sources of food in normal years, however, were crop production, milk and milk products and market purchases. At the time of survey the leading sources of income for market purchases were sale of firewood, charcoal, live animals and labor while it was mainly sale of live animals in normal times. The average daily wage rate 6.4. Sodo Zuria Woreda (Damota ADP) Background Damota ADP also operates in Sodo Zuria woreda, North Omo Zone at a distance of 42 kms South of Addis Ababa. The altitude of the area ranges from 17 to 2 m.a.s.l. The population of woreda is estimated at 199,674 with population density of 4 people/km 2. The livelihood of the community depends mainly on rainfed agriculture and livestock rearing. The major crops produced in the area include 32