Welcome to our 2015 Field Guide.

Transcription

1 2015 FIELD GUIDE

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3 Welcome to our 2015 Field Guide. This year s guide features updated and easy-to-read information on our canola seed and crop protection product portfolio. We have also expanded our Performance section to include additional information on herbicide groups and resistance management, plus a handy weed identification section to help you identify problem weeds quickly and efficiently. As always, before use and for complete product information, please read and follow label directions. Our goal is to make your field work easier, more convenient and more profitable. Use this guide to choose the right Dow AgroSciences products to help you accomplish even more. Look for this logo to indicate the most effective action possible to manage today s herbicide-resistant weeds. 1

4 CONTENTS NEXERA TM CANOLA P. 3 WEED CONTROL Attain TM XC P. 12 Eclipse TM III P. 14 Edge TM P. 16 Frontline TM 2,4-D XC P. 18 Frontline TM XL P. 20 Korrex TM P. 22 Liquid Achieve TM SC P. 24 Lontrel TM 360 P. 26 Maverick TM III P. 28 OcTTain TM XL P. 30 Paradigm TM P. 32 Pixxaro TM P. 34 PrePass TM XC P. 36 Prestige TM XC/XL P. 38 Salute TM P. 40 Simplicity TM P. 42 Simplicity TM Wild Oat Rate P. 44 Spectrum TM P. 46 Stellar TM P. 48 Tandem TM P. 50 Vantage TM Plus MAX II P. 52 RANGE & PASTURE Grazon TM XC P. 56 Restore TM II P. 58 Reclaim TM P. 60 UNDERSTANDING NITROGEN STABILIZERS What is a nitrogen stabilizer? P. 76 What happens to applied nitrogen? P. 76 How do crops use nitrogen? P. 77 Are there different types of nitrogen stabilizers? P. 77 What does nitrapyrin do? P. 78 N-Serve TM and entrench TM P. 79 Why use N-Serve and entrench? P. 79 Soil test trials P. 80 PERFORMANCE Crop staging P. 82 Thistle control P. 84 Brome control P. 85 Herbicide tank clean out P. 86 Multi-Mode of Action P. 87 Herbicide resistance P. 92 2,4-D and MCPA rates P. 93 Why choose Arylex TM active? P. 94 How Arylex active works P. 95 WEED GUIDE P. 98 DIVIDENDS Dividends offer P. 118 BULK UP P. 119 INSECTS & DISEASES Dithane TM Rainshield P. 64 Closer TM P. 66 Delegate TM P. 68 Lorsban TM NT P. 70 2

5 Premium. It s the quality you ve come to expect from Nexera canola, and the returns that just can t be beat. With five high-performing canola hybrids available, you have more reasons than ever to make it Nexera, and make more. We know you like having options. Roundup Ready or Clearfield, delivery contract or Flexibility Agreement the choice is yours. Visit healthierprofits.ca to view our 2014 trial results.

6 NEXERA HYBRID 1012 RR Nexera Hybrid 1012 RR delivers: Leading Western Canada RR hybrid High profit potential High yield potential Long season adaptability Strong early season vigour Proven performance the past three years Strong disease package Good standability Easy to harvest Nexera has given me the best returns on my canola acres year after year. Daryl Moffat, Cabri, SK Nexera Hybrid 1012 RR vs. Commodity RR Check Returns Yield Nexera Hybrid 1012 RR $ RR 48 bu/acre Commodity RR Check $ RR Check 47.8 bu/acre $0 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 Average return ($/acre) * Returns calculated based on actual canola variety yields less dockage, damage and green seed and calculated to an average 8.5% moisture and calculated using a generic canola price of $396 per tonne ($9 per bu) plus an estimated Nexera canola premium of $40 per tonne ($.91 per bu). 4

7 NEXERA HYBRID 1016 RR Nexera Hybrid 1016 RR delivers: High profit potential High yield potential Mid season and long season adaptability Strong early season vigour Strong disease package Early to flower Mid height hybrid Excellent standability Easy to harvest Nexera generates more profit for our farm than any other canola. We have grown Nexera now for 10 years and won t even consider growing anything else. Ken Blocka, MacDowall, SK Nexera Hybrid 1016 RR vs. Commodity RR Check Returns Yield Nexera Hybrid 1016 RR $ RR bu/acre Commodity RR Check $ RR Check bu/acre $0 Average return ($/acre) $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 * Returns calculated based on actual canola variety yields less dockage, damage and green seed and calculated to an average 8.5% moisture and calculated using a generic canola price of $396 per tonne ($9 per bu) plus an estimated Nexera canola premium of $40 per tonne ($.91 per bu). 5

8 NEXERA HYBRID 2012 CL Nexera Hybrid 2012 CL delivers: Leading CL hybrid in Western Canada High profit potential High yield potential High adaptability in all growing zones Good early season vigour Mid height hybrid Excellent standability Very easy to harvest The agronomic characteristics of 1012RR and 2012CL are excellent. They stand well, are easy to swath, and yield higher than any other varieties that I have grown. Ken Blocka, MacDowall, SK Nexera Hybrid 2012 CL vs. Commodity CL Check Returns Yield Nexera Hybrid 2012 CL $ CL bu/acre Commodity CL Check $ CL Check bu/acre $0 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 Average return ($/acre) * Returns calculated based on actual canola variety yields less dockage, damage and green seed and calculated to an average 8.5% moisture and calculated using a generic canola price of $396 per tonne ($9 per bu) plus an estimated Nexera canola premium of $40 per tonne ($.91 per bu). 6

9 NEXERA HYBRID 2016 CL Nexera Hybrid 2016 CL delivers: High profit potential High yield potential Good early season vigour Strong Blackleg disease package Long season adaptability Mid height hybrid Excellent standability Very easy to harvest The standability and yield are superior to any other type of canola. Edward Kowal, Prince Albert, SK Nexera Hybrid 2016 CL vs. Commodity CL Check Returns Yield Nexera Hybrid 2016 CL $ CL bu/acre Commodity CL Check $ CL Check bu/acre $0 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 Average return ($/acre) * Returns calculated based on actual canola variety yields less dockage, damage and green seed and calculated to an average 8.5% moisture and calculated using a generic canola price of $396 per tonne ($9 per bu) plus an estimated Nexera canola premium of $40 per tonne ($.91 per bu). 7

10 NEW! NEXERA HYBRID 2020 CL Nexera Hybrid 2020 CL delivers: NEW Clearfield Canola hybrid High profit potential High yield potential Strong early season vigour Strong disease package Club root resistance Excellent standability Very easy to harvest We used a Clearfield variety and the weed control was excellent. Terry Unruh, Hays, AB Nexera Hybrid 2020 CL vs. Commodity CL Check Returns Yield Nexera Hybrid 2020 CL $ CL 48.1 bu/acre Commodity CL Check $ CL Check bu/acre $0 Average return ($/acre) $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 * Returns calculated based on actual canola variety yields less dockage, damage and green seed and calculated to an average 8.5% moisture and calculated using a generic canola price of $396 per tonne ($9 per bu) plus an estimated Nexera canola premium of $40 per tonne ($.91 per bu). 8

11 SINCE ITS LAUNCH, HOW MUCH HAS NEXERA RETURNED TO WESTERN CANADIAN GROWERS? Over $500,000,000 And more than half of that has come in the last three years. Why? Because heart-healthy Omega-9 Oils, made from high-yielding Nexera canola, are the new standard in today s food industry paying you more. Profitable and flexible contract options are available through: Learn more at healthierprofits.ca. 9

12 NOTES 10

13 Clean fields mean higher yields and more money in your pocket. Let us help you get there with our selection of industry-leading herbicide solutions that are tough on weeds.

14 Group 4 Extra-concentrated excellence on 40 of today s toughest broadleaf weeds in all soil zones in Western Canada. WHY USE ATTAIN XC? Weed control. Gets tough weeds like kochia, stork s-bill, round-leaved mallow and more. Choice. Choose the rate option that suits your weed conditions 40 or 53 ac./case. 40 ac./case rate Weeds controlled Blue lettuce 1 Bluebur Burdock Canola (all varieties) Cleavers 3 Cocklebur Dandelion 2 Docks Dog mustard Field bindweed 1 Field horsetail 1 Field peppergrass Flixweed Goat s-beard Gumweed Hairy galinsoga Hedge bindweed Hoary cress 1 Kochia 3 Lady s-thumb Lamb s-quarters Leafy spurge 1 Oak-leaved goosefoot Plantain Prickly lettuce Ragweed Redroot pigweed Round-leaved mallow Russian thistle Shepherd s purse Smartweed Stinkweed Stork s-bill Sweet clover Tansy mustard Tartary buckwheat Vetch Volunteer flax Volunteer sunflower Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Wild radish Weeds suppressed Annual sow thistle Canada thistle 1 Chickweed 3 Hemp-nettle Perennial sow thistle 1 53 ac./case rate Weeds controlled Bluebur Burdock Canola (all varieties) Cleavers 3 Cocklebur Field horsetail 1 Flixweed (annual) Goat s-beard Hoary cress 1 Lamb s-quarters Kochia 3 Plantain Prickly lettuce Ragweed Shepherd s purse Stinkweed Sweet clover Vetch Volunteer sunflower Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Wild radish 1 Top growth control only 2 Spring rosettes 3 Including ALS resistant biotypes 12

15 ATTAIN XC APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Barley Durum wheat Rate 40 ac./case For heavy weed populations, larger weeds or poor growing conditions 53 ac./case Alternate rate option for excellent kochia control Water volume Ground L/ac. (5-10 US gal/ac.) Aerial L/ac. (3-5 US gal/ac.) When to apply Crop stage: 4 to flag leaf Weed stage: 1 to 6 leaf or as indicated on the product label Rainfast 1 hour Tank mixes Simplicity Liquid Achieve Assert Everest Horizon Puma Mixing instructions 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. Add any required water conditioners 4. Add any tank mix partners that are a dry formulation 5. Add the required amount of grassy weed tank mix partner 6. Add the required amount of Attain XC A 7. Add the required amount of Attain XC B 8. Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 9. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations Seed to all major crops the year following application, plus: Alfalfa Corn Dry beans Potatoes Soybeans Sugar beets Sunflowers Grazing and harvest Forage grasses Spring wheat Winter wheat Allow 7 days after application before grazing lactating animals. Livestock may graze treated areas 3 days after application. Withdraw meat animals from treated areas at least 3 days before slaughter. Allow 30 days after application before cutting hay or harvesting forage. Mature crops may be harvested 60 days after application. 13

16 Group 4, 9 Broad-spectrum weed control for Roundup Ready canola, delivering superior control of wild buckwheat and Canada thistle, through Multi Mode of Action. WHY USE ECLIPSE III? Convenient one-pass glyphosate solution, that offers superior control of wild buckwheat and Canada thistle. Two unique modes of action for resistance management. Protects the crop without negatively impacting yield or maturity, unlike elevated rates of glyphosate. Save money. Available in a pre-pack for cost savings. Weeds controlled Canada thistle 1 Canola (except Roundup Ready) Chickweed Cleavers Corn spurry Cow cockle Dandelion 1 (<15 cm diameter) Green foxtail Hemp-nettle Kochia Lady s-thumb Lamb s-quarters Night-flowering catchfly Perennial sow thistle 1 Quackgrass 1 Redroot pigweed Russian thistle Shepherd s purse Smartweed Stinkweed Volunteer cereals Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Wild oats Wild tomato Weeds suppressed Dandelion (>15 cm diameter) 1 Season long control Wild buckwheat control Control even up to the 6 leaf stage. Glyphosate alone does not provide consistent control of wild buckwheat past the 2 to 3 leaf stage. Canada thistle control Season long control with the combination of Group 4 and 9 active ingredients. Experience the same control on perennial sow thistle. 14

17 ECLIPSE III APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Roundup Ready canola Rate 40 ac./case 240 ac./drum and case 960 ac./bulk pallet Water volume Ground 40 L/ac. (10 US gal/ac.) Aerial not registered When to apply Crop stage: 2 to 6 leaf Rainfast 4 hours Tank mixes None registered Mixing instructions 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. Add the required amount of Eclipse III A 4. Add the required amount of Eclipse III B 5. Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 6. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations The year following application, fields can be seeded to: Barley Flax Mustard Canola Forage grasses Oats Rye (not under-seeded with legumes, clover or alfalfa) Summerfallow Grazing and harvest Wheat Allow 3 to 5 days after application before grazing treated areas. 15

18 Group 3 A pre-emergent herbicide for pulse and oilseed crops that provides early removal and extended control of broadleaf and grassy weeds. WHY USE EDGE? Dual control. Broadleaf and grass control in one product, including wild buckwheat, kochia and green foxtail. Unique action. Edge relies on a unique Group 3 mode of action to disrupt weed seedling growth before it gets started. Flexibility. Apply in the fall or early spring to ensure weeds never get a chance to compete with the crop. Weeds controlled Barnyard grass Blueweed Chickweed Corn spurry Cow cockle Crabgrass Green foxtail 1 Kochia Lamb s-quarters Prostrate pigweed Purslane Redroot pigweed Wild buckwheat Yellow foxtail Weeds suppressed American nightshade Black nightshade Cleavers Hemp-nettle Lady s-thumb Russian thistle Smartweed Volunteer barley 3 Volunteer wheat Wild oats 2 1 Edge will not control trifluralin-tolerant biotypes 2 Under high wild oat pressure, subsequent post emergent grass herbicide treatment may be necessary 3 Suppression of volunteer barley will be enhanced by management practices which promote germination of volunteer barley prior to seedbed preparation Putting the product where weeds germinate Edge Granular Weed Seed Depth Chart (inches) Conventional tillage and Edge Putting the product where weeds germinate Direct seeding and Edge Edge Granular Weed Seed Depth Chart (inches) 16

19 EDGE APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Alfalfa Canola Chickpeas Field peas Lentils Other pulses Other oilseeds Special crops Yellow mustard Rate 6.9 to11.3 kg/ac. Spring application 8.9 to11.3 kg/ac. Fall application Incorporate within 24 hours of application Second incorporation should be done at right angles to the first When to apply Spring: Apply prior to seeding crop Fall: Between September 1 and soil freeze-up Management practices For use on all canola varieties, including HTC systems, as a base treatment to simplify spray timing, reduce or eliminate early weed competition and provide season-long control of flushing weeds. In conventional tillage, incorporate Edge (spring or fall) in the top 3 to 4 inches of soil, where weed seeds germinate. Optimize the removal of early flushing weeds by applying glyphosate as a preseed burndown a minimum of 10 days following Edge application. Grazing and harvest Do not graze the treated crop or cut for hay. Technical update Numerous research trials have found that surface applications can be a practical, cost-effective method of controlling weeds in direct seeded fields. Benefits of surface applications Fits into our reduced tillage management system/practices. Allow use of additional herbicide group in reduced tillage systems. 17

20 Group 2, 4 Superior performance on winter annual broadleaf weeds. WHY USE FRONTLINE 2,4-D XC? Performance. Superior control of winter annual broadleaf weeds. Flexibility. Wide-spectrum control of annual broadleaf weeds, including kochia and Russian thistle. Cost effective. Economical tank mix with Simplicity. Weeds controlled Annual sow thistle Ball mustard Bluebur Burdock Canola (all varieties) Chickweed Cleavers Cocklebur Dandelion 3 Flixweed Kochia 1 Lady s-thumb Lamb s-quarters Narrow-leaved hawk s-beard 2 Plantain Prickly lettuce Ragweed Redroot pigweed Russian thistle Shepherd s purse Smartweed Stinkweed Tartary buckwheat Vetch Volunteer sunflower Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Wild radish Weeds suppressed Canada thistle 4 Hemp-nettle Perennial sow thistle 4 1 Up to 5 cm in height 2 1 to 2 leaf stage 3 Seedlings and overwintered rosettes 4 Top growth control 18

21 FRONTLINE 2,4-D XC APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Durum wheat Spring wheat Winter wheat Rate 40 ac./case 60 ac./case when mixed with Simplicity Water volume Ground 40 L/ac. (10 US gal/ac.) Aerial not registered When to apply Crop stage: 3 leaf expanded up to 6 leaf Weed stage: 1 to 4 leaf Rainfast 2 hours Tank mixes Simplicity * Everest Assert Puma * Use Frontline 2,4-D XC at 60 ac./case rate when mixing with Simplicity Mixing instructions When mixing you will use step 5 or step 8 but not both 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. If water conditioner is required, add now 4. Add any tank mix partners that are a dry formulation 5. If using an oil dispersible grassy weed tank mix partner (such as Simplicity or Tandem) add now 6. Add the required amount of Frontline 2,4-D A 7. Add the required amount of Frontline 2,4-D B 8. Add the required amount of grassy weed tank mix partner if not using an oil dispersible formulation 9. Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 10. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations Seed to all major crops the year following application. Grazing and harvest Allow 7 days after application before grazing lactating animals. Withdraw meat animals from treated areas at least 3 days before slaughter. Allow 30 days after application before cutting hay or harvesting forage. Mature crops may be harvested 60 days after application. 19

22 Group 2, 4 The trusted standard in flexible, reliable broadleaf weed control for cereal growers in the black soil zone. WHY USE FRONTLINE XL? Trusted. The benchmark for wide-spectrum weed control on over 40 million acres. Beats the competition. Consistently better broadleaf weed control than Refine, Buctril M or Target. And there s no need for additional broadleaf tank mixes. Two active ingredients. Combination of Group 2 and Group 4 for reliable control of cleavers and chickweed. Weeds controlled Ball mustard Burdock 1 Canola (all varieties) Cleavers Chickweed Cow cockle Flixweed Hemp-nettle 2 Lady s-thumb Lamb s-quarters Prickly lettuce 1 Ragweed Redroot pigweed 2 Russian pigweed 1 Shepherd s purse Smartweed Stinkweed Volunteer sunflower 1 Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Weeds suppressed Annual sow thistle Canada thistle 2 Dandelion 2, 3 Narrow-leaved hawk s-beard Perennial sow thistle Plantain (top growth) Stork s-bill Total pallet treats 1200 acres. This product can be purchased as individual drums that treat 240 acres each. 1 Up to the 4 leaf stage 2 For heavy infestations add 47 ml/ac. MCPA Ester LV Seedling and overwintered rosettes <15 cm 20

23 FRONTLINE XL APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Barley Durum wheat Oats Spring wheat Winter wheat Rate 40 ac./case (20 ac./jug) 1200 ac./pallet (240 ac./drum) Water volume Ground 40 L/ac. (10 US gal/ac.) Aerial not registered When to apply Crop stage: 2 leaf expanded up to 6 leaf Weed stage: 1 to 4 leaf Rainfast 2 hours Tank mixes Simplicity Axial Assert Everest Horizon Puma Mixing instructions When mixing you will use step 5 or step 7 but not both 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. If water conditioner is required, add now 4. Add any tank mix partners that are a dry formulation 5. If using an oil dispersible grassy weed tank mix partner (such as Simplicity or Tandem) add now 6. Add the required amount of Frontline XL 7. Add the required amount of grassy weed tank mix partner if not using an oil dispersible formulation 8. Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 9. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations Seed to all major crops the year following application. Grazing and harvest Allow 7 days after application before grazing lactating animals. Withdraw meat animals from treated areas at least 3 days before slaughter. Allow 7 days after application before cutting hay or harvesting forage. Mature crops may be harvested 60 days after application. 21

24 Group 2, 4 Control all forms of resistant kochia plus get SoilActive TM technology to help control tough broadleaf weeds for 21 days. WHY USE KORREX TM? Kochia control. Superior pre-seed control of kochia, including glyphosate resistant biotypes. Flexible mixing options. Easy mixing, tank additive for any glyphosate. Broad-spectrum broadleaf weed control. Including dandelion, narrow-leaved hawk s-beard, wild buckwheat, flixweed, stinkweed, volunteer canola and more. SoilActive technology. Delivers 21 days of extended broadleaf weed control. Effective tool for herbicide resistance management. KORREX + GLYPHOSATE Korrex tank-mixed with glyphosate at ½ REL/ac. provides effective control of the following weeds. Broadleaf Weeds Annual sow thistle 2 Canada fleabane 3 Chickweed Cleavers Cow cockle Flixweed Hemp-nettle Kochia Lady s-thumb Lamb s-quarters Narrow-leaved hawk s-beard Ragweed Redroot pigweed Russian thistle Scentless chamomile Shepherd s purse Smartweed Stinkweed Volunteer canola 1 Volunteer flax Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Annual Grasses Downy brome Giant foxtail Green foxtail Persian darnel Volunteer barley Volunteer wheat Wild oats Perennial Weeds Dandelion (seedling, overwintered rosettes, mature plants up to 30 cm diameter) Perennial sow thistle 4 Korrex tank-mixed with glyphosate at REL/ac. also provides effective control of the following weeds. Annual sow thistle Canada thistle (rosette stage) Quackgrass 1 Including ALL herbicide-tolerant canola varieties. 2 Suppression only. 3 Less than 8cm in height. 4 Applications made at advanced stages will reduce effectiveness. 22

25 KORREX APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Barley Oats Wheat (spring, durum & winter) Rate 200 ac./case When to apply Prior to seeding No later than 48 hours after seeding, prior to crop emergence Rainfast 30 minutes Tank mixes Vantage TM Plus MAX II Maverick TM III Touchdown Roundup Mixing instructions 1. Fill sprayer tank ½ full of water 2. Start sprayer tank agitation 3. Add the required amount of Korrex A Herbicide, continue agitation 4. Add the required amount of Korrex B Herbicide, continue agitation 5. Add the required amount of glyphosate, continue agitation 6. Fill the sprayer tank with sufficient water to spray L of spray mixture per hectare Crop rotations The year following Korrex application fields can be seeded to: Barley Canola Chickpeas Grazing and harvest Field beans Flax Lentils Mustard Peas Soybeans Do not graze treated areas within seven days of application. Do not harvest treated crop within 60 days after application. Sunflower Wheat Summerfallow 23

26 Group 1 Better value control of grassy weeds in wheat and barley. WHY USE LIQUID ACHIEVE SC? Effective control of wild oats, Persian darnel, barnyard grass, and green/yellow foxtail in wheat and barley. Wide widow of application. Trusted crop safety. New Intake adjuvant technology. Weeds controlled Barnyard grass Green foxtail Persian darnel Volunteer oats Wild oats Yellow foxtail New Intake adjuvant technology now available for use with Liquid Achieve Intake adjuvant required at rate of 0.66% volume/volume: 4542 Litre Tank (1200 US Gallon Tank) 3785 Litre Tank (1000 US Gallon Tank) 3028 Litre Tank (800 US Gallon Tank) 0.66% v/v 30 L of Intake required ( x 4542 L) 3 Jugs 25 L of Intake required ( x 3785 L) 2.5 Jugs 20 L of Intake required ( x 3028 L) 2 Jugs Liquid Achieve and Intake rate charts: 4542 Litre Tank (1200 US gallon tank) 5 gals/acre Water volume 10 gals/acre Water volume 3785 Litre Tank (1000 US gallon tank) 5 gals/acre Water volume 10 gals/acre Water volume 3028 Litre Tank (800 US gallon tank) 5 gals/acre Water Volume 10 gals/acre Water volume Liquid Achieve rate 200 ml/acre 8 L Jug or 96 L Drum 40 acres/jug 480 acres/drum Intake rate 0.66% v/v 10 L Jug 240 acres 6 Jugs 0.50 Drum 3 Jugs 120 acres 3 Jugs 0.25 Drum 3 Jugs 200 acres 5 Jugs 0.42 Drum 2.5 Jugs 100 acres 2.5 Jugs 0.21 Drum 2.5 Jugs 160 acres 4 Jugs 0.33 Drum 2 Jugs 80 acres 2 Jugs 0.17 Drum 2 Jugs 24

27 LIQUID ACHIEVE SC APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Barley Durum wheat Fall rye Spring rye Spring wheat Triticale Winter wheat Cereal crops underseeded to legume forages: Alfalfa Bird s foot trefoil Clover Sainfoin Rate 80 ac./case (40 ac./jug) 2400 ac./pallet (480 ac./drum) Water volume Ground L/ac. (5-10 US gal/ac.) Aerial L/ac. (3-5 US gal/ac.) Intake adjuvant must be added at a rate of 0.66% v/v. Please refer to the Intake rate chart on the previous page. Or if remaining supply is available Turbocharge could also be used at a rate of 0.5% v/v. Intake adjuvant and Turbocharge adjuvant sold separately. When to apply Crop stage: 2 leaf to flag leaf Weed stage: Wild oats 1 to 6 leaf; other grasses 1 to 4 leaf. See product label. Rainfast 1 hour Tank mixes Pixxaro OcTTain XL Prestige XC/XL Attain XC Lontrel 360 2,4-D Ester Curtail M Mextrol Trophy Buctril M MCPA Ester Pardner Thumper Mixing instructions 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. Add any tank mix partners that are a dry formulation 4. Add the required amount of Liquid Achieve 5. Add the required amount of broadleaf tank mix partner 6. Add required amount of Intake adjuvant or Turbocharge 7. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Hard water: Always add ammonium sulfate first at kg/100 L of water or 1.0% v/v when water analysis indicates bicarbonate ion levels are 400 ppm or greater. Crop rotations Seed to all major crops the year following application. Grazing and harvest Allow 16 days after application before cutting hay or harvesting forage. Mature crops may be harvested 60 days after application. 25

28 Group 4 The most effective in-season thistle control available right down to the roots. WHY USE LONTREL 360? Thistle control. Group 4 Lontrel translocates throughout plants for complete control of Canada and sow thistle. Second year benefit. A 73% thistle stand reduction the year after application. Flexibility. Choose the rate option that matches the size of your thistle problem and budget. Weeds controlled 1 Alsike clover Canada thistle Common groundsel Perennial sow thistle (top growth) Ragweed Red clover Scentless chamomile Tufted vetch Vetch Volunteer alfalfa White clover Wild buckwheat Weeds suppressed Ox-eyed daisy Sheep sorrel 1 The performance of Lontrel 360 is rate dependent. Control is achieved at the rate of 227 ml/ac. (0.56 L/ha) or higher 26

29 LONTREL 360 APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Cereals Grasses Oilseeds Along fence lines Non-crop land Other (refer to product label) Rate ml/ac. (4.45 L/jug) Canada thistle 336 ml/ac. provides season-long top growth control and reduced population in the following year Under cool or dry conditions, control may be seriously reduced Water volume Ground L/ac. (10-21 US gal/ac.) Aerial not registered When to apply Canola stage: 2 to 6 leaf Cereal stage: 3 leaf to flag Weed stage: Canada thistle rosette to pre-bud Rainfast 4 hours Tank mixes Can be tank mixed with most commonly used grass weed herbicides, including: Vantage Plus MAX ll Poast Ultra Select Odyssey Roundup WeatherMAX Mixing instructions MCPA Amine or Ester 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. Add any required water conditioners 4. Add any tank mix partners that are a dry formulation 5. Add the required amount of grassy weed tank mix partner 6. Add the required amount of Lontrel Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 8. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations The year following application, fields can be seeded to barley, canola, flax, forage grasses, mustard, oats, rye, wheat or can be summerfallowed. Grazing and harvest Areas treated with Lontrel 360 may be grazed immediately following treatment. 27

30 Group 9 Low cost, effective weed control pre-seed, chemfallow, pre- or post-harvest. WHY USE MAVERICK III? Effective. Maverick is an effective non-selective glyphosate option for weed management. Budget price. Low cost, non-serviced option. Weeds controlled Annual grass weeds Annual broadleaf weeds Perennial broadleaf weeds Perennial grasses/sedges Volunteer crops (except Roundup Ready varieties) Winter annual weeds 28

31 MAVERICK III APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Apply before planting all crops. Apply pre-harvest in: Barley Canola Chemfallow Dry beans Flax Forage Grass establishment Legume Lentils Oats Pasture rejuvenation Peas Soybeans Wheat Rate Refer to the label Apply with ground equipment only When to apply Refer to the label Ensure adequate leaf surface to receive the spray Un-emerged plants will not be controlled For best control of perennial weeds, treat near maturity Rainfast 1 hour Tank mixes Tank mixes with some products are registered for summerfallow and postharvest uses. However, growers can achieve better results more conveniently by applying PrePass XC in summerfallow and post-harvest uses Mixing instructions 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. Add the required amount of Maverick III 4. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations No restrictions. Grazing and harvest All portions of the treated crops may be fed to livestock. Do not apply to any crops grown for seed. Consult malt buyers before using pre-harvest on malt barley. Allow 3-5 days after application before grazing or harvesting treated areas. 29

32 Group 4 Everybody s upgrading to a new level of broadleaf weed control that s easy to use. WHY USE OCTTAIN XL? Better weed control. Combination of Group 4 active ingredients provide exceptional control of hard-to-kill weeds like kochia and wild buckwheat in wheat and barley. Easy to use. Convenient co-formulation requires no mixing. Available in 40 ac. cases, 240 ac. drums and 1280 ac. totes. Flexible. Tank mix with your choice of grass herbicide. Safe. Excellent crop safety. Weeds controlled Blue lettuce 1,4 Bluebur Burdock Canola (all varieties) Cleavers 3 Cocklebur Dandelion 2,4 Docks 4 Dog mustard 4 Field bindweed 1,4 Field horsetail 1 Field peppergrass 4 Flixweed Goat s-beard Gumweed 4 Hairy galinsoga 4 Hedge bindweed 4 Hemp-nettle Hoary cress 1 Kochia 3 Lady s-thumb 4 Lamb s-quarters Leafy spurge 1,4 Mustards (except green & grey tansy) Oak-leaved goosefoot 4 Plantain Prickly lettuce Ragweed Redroot pigweed 4 Round-leaved mallow Russian thistle 4 Shepherd s purse Smartweed 4 Stinkweed Stork s-bill Sweet clover Tansy mustard 4 Tartary buckwheat 4 Vetch Volunteer flax Volunteer sunflower Wild buckwheat Wild radish Weeds suppressed Annual sow thistle 4 Canada thistle 1,4 Chickweed 3 Perennial sow thistle 1 Redroot pigweed 1 Top growth control only 2 Spring rosettes 3 Including ALS resistant biotypes 4 Requires the addition of 140 g/ha (2 oz/ac.) of 2,4-D Ester Total pallet treats 1200 acres This product can be purchased as individual drums that treat 240 acres each Tote package treats 1280 acres 30

33 OCTTAIN XL APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Barley Durum wheat Spring wheat Winter wheat Rate 40 ac./case (20 ac./jug) 1200 ac./pallet (240 ac./drum) 1280 ac./tote Water volume Ground L/ac. (5-10 US gal/ac.) Aerial L/ac. (3-5 US gal/ac.) When to apply Crop stage: 4 to flag leaf Weed stage: 1 to 6 leaf Rainfast 1 hour Tank mixes Liquid Achieve Simplicity Traxos Everest Horizon Assert Puma 120 Super Mixing instructions 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. Add any required water conditioners 4. Add any tank mix partners that are a dry formulation 5. Add the required amount of grassy weed tank mix partner 6. Add the required amount of OcTTain XL 7. Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 8. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations Seed to all major crops the year following application, plus: Alfalfa Corn Dry beans Potatoes Soybeans Sugar beets Sunflowers Grazing and harvest Allow 7 days after application before grazing lactating animals. Withdraw meat animals from treated areas at least 3 days before slaughter. Allow 30 days after application before cutting hay or harvesting forage. Mature crops may be harvested 60 days after application. 31

34 Group 2, 4 More good spray days. Less stress. Just GO. WHY USE PARADIGM TM? Just GO. A worry-free experience for wheat and barley growers. Redefine Performance. Reliable performance on large or small weeds, in large or small crops. Table stakes. Control of weeds plus improved time and risk management. GoDRI TM RDT (Rapid Dispersion Technology): Concentrated and convenient with complete dispersion. Weeds controlled Canada fleabane Chickweed 1 Cleavers 1,2 CL volunteer canola 3 Common ragweed Corn spurry Cow cockle Dandelion Flixweed Hemp-nettle 1 Henbit Lamb s-quarters Narrow-leaved hawk s-beard Redroot pigweed Round-leaved mallow Shepherd s purse Smartweed Stink weed Stork s-bill Volunteer canola Volunteer flax Wild buckwheat Wild mustard 1 Weeds suppressed Canada thistle Kochia 1 Includes ALS resistant 2 Up to 9 whorl 3 Clearfield volunteer canola requires additional MCPA 32

35 PARADIGM APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Wheat (including durum, spring and winter) Barley Rate Paradigm at 10 grams per acre plus a non-ionic surfactant at v/v 0.25%. One jug alone treats 160 acres. One case treats 640 acres. Surfactant must be purchased separately. Paradigm at 10 grams per acre plus MCPA Ester (600 g ae/l) at 232 ml/acre. A surfactant is not required with this mixture. Water volume Ground 20-40L/ac. (5-10 US gal/ac.) Aerial not registered When to apply Crop stage: 2 leaf to flag leaf Weed stage: 1-8 leaf (or larger; see label) Rainfast 1 hour Tank mixes Paradigm + Simplicity + (MCPA or a non ionic surfactant at.25%v/v) Paradigm + Axial + MCPA Paradigm + Everest + MCPA Mixing instructions 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. Add any required water conditioners 4. Add Paradigm GoDRI RDT 5. Add the required amount of grassy weed tank mix partner 6. Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 7. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Crop rotations All major crops except lentils. Grazing Livestock may be grazed on treated crops 7 days following application. Pre-harvest Interval Do not harvest the treated crop within 60 days after application. 33

36 Group 4 Spray when you want. In the conditions you ve got. WHY USE PIXXARO TM? Just GO. A worry-free experience for wheat and barley growers. Redefine Performance. Reliable performance on large or small weeds, in large or small crops. Table stakes. Control of weeds plus improved time and risk management. Weeds controlled Chickweed 1 Cleavers 1,2 Common groundsel Common ragweed Flixweed Hemp-nettle 1 Henbit Kochia 1 Lamb s-quarters Redroot pigweed Round-leaved mallow Shepherd s purse Stink weed Stork s-bill Volunteer canola (all varieties) Volunteer flax Wild buckwheat Wild mustard 1 Weeds suppressed Canada thistle Smartweed 1 Includes ALS resistant 2 Up to 9 whorl 34

37 PIXXARO APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Wheat (including durum, spring and winter) Barley Rate One case treats 40 acres When to apply Crop stage: 3 leaf to flag leaf Weed stage: 1-8 leaf (or larger; see label) Rainfast One hour rainfast guarantee Tank mixes Any grass herbicide Mixing instructions When mixing you will use step 5 or step 8 but not both. 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. If water conditioner is required, add now 4. Add any tank mix partners that are a dry formulation 5. If using an oil dispersible grassy weed tank mix partner (such as Simplicity) add now 6. Add the required amount of Pixxaro A 7. Add the required amount of Pixxaro B 8. Add the required amount of grassy weed tank mix partner if not using an oil dispersible formulation 9. Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 10. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Crop rotations All major crops except lentils. Grazing Livestock may be grazed on treated crops 21 days following application. Pre-harvest interval: Do not harvest the treated crop within 60 days after application. 35

38 Group 2, 9 Nothing hits harder. Or lasts longer. 21 days guaranteed. WHY USE PREPASS XC? Confidence in performance in all conditions. SoilActive Technology. Extends control of key broadleaf weeds for 21 days after application. Time Management. Get the work done earlier spring or fall. Serviced and supported through one company. Resistance management. Two modes of action for over lapping activity on hard-to-control weeds. Convenience. Glyphosate included in formulation for ensured compatibility. Weeds controlled Annual blue grass 3 Annual sow thistle 3 Canada fleabane Canada thistle 3 Canola (all varieties) Chickweed Cleavers Crabgrass 3 Dandelion 1 Downy brome Flixweed Foxtail barley 3 Giant foxtail Green foxtail Hemp-nettle Kochia Lady s-thumb Lamb s-quarters Narrow-leaved hawk s-beard Narrow-leaved vetch 3 Persian darnel Prickly lettuce 3 Quackgrass 3 Ragweed Redroot pigweed Russian thistle Scentless chamomile Shepherd s purse Smartweed Stinkweed Toadflax 3 Volunteer barley Volunteer flax Volunteer wheat Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Wild oats Weeds suppressed Annual sow thistle Perennial sow thistle Spring and fall SoilActive extended control Canada fleabane Canola (except Clearfield ) Chickweed 2 Cleavers 2 Common ragweed Dandelion seedling Flixweed Hemp-nettle 2 Lady s-thumb Lamb s-quarters Narrow-leaved hawk s-beard Redroot pigweed Russian thistle Scentless chamomile Shepherd s purse Smartweed Stinkweed Volunteer flax Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Total pallet treats 1200 acres. This product can be purchased in ¼ pallet units that treat 300 acres. Tote package treats 1200 acres 36 1 Seedling, over-wintered rosettes, mature plants up to 30 cm in diameter 2 PrePass XC will not provide extended control of ALS resistant broadleaf weeds 3 With the addition of glyphosate. Refer to the label for rates.

39 PREPASS XC APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops After fall or spring application, fields can be seeded to: Barley Durum wheat Oats Spring wheat Fields may be seeded to any crop the spring following a chemfallow application (prior to August 1st). Rate 40 ac./case 1,200 ac./pallet or tote package Water volume Ground L/ac. (5-10 US gal/ac.) Aerial not registered When to apply Spring Prior to seeding No later than 48 hours after seeding Chemfallow When weeds are actively growing, in 1 to 4 leaf stage Fall From late September to freeze-up (after October 1st in southern regions) Rainfast 30 minutes Tank mixes Vantage Plus MAX II Maverick lll Mixing instructions 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. Add the required amount of PrePass XC A 4. Add the required amount of PrePass XC B 5. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations PrePass XC applied prior to August 1st can be seeded to wheat, barley, oats, canola, field peas, and summerfallow the following spring. PrePass XC applied after August 1st and prior to freeze up fields can be seeded in the fall to winter wheat and to wheat, barley, oats, or summerfallow the following spring. 37

40 Group 4 XC/XL Thistles, cleavers, kochia, more. Excellent weed control. WHY USE PRESTIGE XC/XL? Excellent control of thistles, cleavers, kochia, more. Your cleanest cereal crops, year after year. New all in one formulation that makes Prestige XC/XL easy to use. 20 ac./case rate Weeds controlled Annual sow thistle Annual sunflower Burdock Canada thistle 1 Canola (all varieties) Chickweed 3,4 Cleavers 3 Cocklebur Common groundsel Dandelion 2 Field horsetail 5 Flixweed Hemp-nettle Kochia 3 Lamb s-quarters 1 Season long control, with some regrowth in the fall (top growth control) 2 Spring rosettes only 3 Including biotypes resistant to Group 2 herbicides that inhibit the ALS enzyme 4 Controls the population that is present at time of spraying but not subsequent flushes 5 Top growth only Perennial sow thistle 1 Plantain 5 Prickly lettuce Ragweed Redroot pigweed Round-leaved mallow Russian pigweed Scentless chamomile Shepherd s purse Smartweed Stinkweed Stork s-bill Tartary buckwheat Vetch Volunteer flax Volunteer sunflower Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Wild radish Each drum of Prestige XL treats 120 to 160 acres 27 ac./case rate Weeds controlled Annual sunflower Burdock Canada thistle 1 (low infestations) Canola (all varieties) Cleavers 3 Cocklebur Field horsetail 5 Flixweed Kochia 3 Lamb s-quarters Plantain 5 Prickly lettuce Ragweed Shepherd s purse Stinkweed Stork s-bill Vetch Volunteer flax Volunteer sunflower Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Wild radish Weeds suppressed Chickweed Hemp-nettle Redroot pigweed Sow thistle 1 38

41 PRESTIGE XC/XL APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Wheat (Spring, Durum, Winter) Barley Oats Canary seed Forage Grasses (see label for complete list) Rate 20 ac./case (120 ac./drum) For heavy weed populations, larger weeds or poor growing conditions 27 ac./case (160 ac./drum) When tank mixing with Simplicity, use the 27 ac./case rate Water volume Ground L/ac. (5-10 US gal/ac.) Aerial L/ac. (3-5 US gal/ac.) When to apply Crop stage: 3 leaf to just before flag leaf Weed stage: 1 to 6 leaf or 2 to 4 leaf stage (27 ac./case rate) Rainfast 4 hours Tank mixes Liquid Achieve Simplicity Axial Assert Traxos Horizon Everest Puma Mixing instructions 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. Add any required water conditioners 4. Add any tank mix partners that are a dry formulation 5. Add the required amount of grassy weed tank mix partner 6. Add the required amount of Prestige XC/XL 7. Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 8. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations The year following application, fields can be seeded to: Wheat Barley Oats Canola Peas* Flax Rye Mustard Summerfallow Sugar beets Grazing and harvest Livestock may graze treated areas 7 days after application. Withdraw meat animals from treated areas at least 3 days before slaughter. Allow 7 days after application before cutting hay or harvesting forage. Mature crops may be harvested 60 days after application. * For pea rotation, rainfall from June 1st to August 31st in the year of application must be greater than 140 mm (5.5 inches) and annual rainfall must be greater than 175 mm (6.9 inches) 39

42 Group 2, 4 The only Clearfield canola solution for high-performance broadspectrum control of grasses, annual and perennial broadleaf weeds. WHY USE SALUTE TM? First class weed control. Maximize your Clearfield canola production with first class in-crop weed control including season long control of perennial weeds. Grasses plus annual and perennial broadleaf weeds. The most effective thistle control available, right down to the roots; plus excellent control of wild oats, wild buckwheat, cleavers, lamb s-quarters and more. Flexible, one-pass weed control. A wide application window for reliable, one-pass weed control. Weeds controlled Grass Barnyard grass Green foxtail Spring germinating Japanese brome grass Wild oats Yellow foxtail Persian darnel Volunteer canary seed Volunteer durum wheat Volunteer barley Volunteer tame oats Volunteer spring wheat (non imazamox tolerant wheat) Broadleaf Annual sow thistle 1 Cleavers*** Cow cockle Green smartweed Hemp-nettle Lamb s-quarters Redroot pigweed Round-leaved mallow Russian thistle Shepherd s purse Stinkweed Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Volunteer tame mustard Volunteer canola** (non-clearfield canola varieties only) Perennial broadleaf Canada thistle 1 Perennial sow thistle 1 1 Top growth control **Cotyledon to 6 leaf *** Not Group 2 resistant biotypes 40

43 SALUTE APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Clearfield Canola Rate 40 ac./case Salute A: 56g/acre -plus- Salute B: 245 ml/acre-plus- Merge: 0.5% v/v When to apply Crop stage: 2 to 6 leaf Not registered for use in the Peace River Region of AB and BC Weed stage: 2 to true leaf stage and 2 tillers (annual grasses), 2 to 4 leaf (broadleaf weeds), rosette prior to top bolting (perennial weeds) Rainfast 3 hours Tank mixes None Mixing instructions Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 1. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 2. Add the required amount of Salute A 3. Add the required amount of Salute B 4. Add the required amount of Merge 5. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler. 41

44 Group 2 Superior performance including elite wild oat and bonus broadleaf weed control. WHY USE SIMPLICITY? Superior performance. Elite grass and broadleaf weed control. Wide window of application. Only group 2 wild oat product that can be applied up to the emergence of the flag leaf. Resistance management. Controls Group 1 resistant wild oats. Tank-mix flexibility. Rotation freedom. Grass and broadleaf rate Weeds controlled Grass Wild oats Barnyard grass Downy brome Japanese brome Yellow foxtail Broadleaf Canola (excluding Clearfield ) Chickweed Cleavers Corn spurry Cow cockle Flixweed Lady s-thumb Hemp-nettle Round-leaved mallow Shepherd s purse Smartweed Stinkweed Redroot pigweed Weeds suppressed Canada thistle Dandelion Green foxtail 1 Russian thistle Wild buckwheat 1 Dow AgroSciences research trials indicate that application to small stage, actively growing plants provides an increased level of control 42

45 SIMPLICITY APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Durum wheat Spring wheat Winter wheat Rate 40 ac./jug (80 ac./case) Water volume Ground L/ac. (3-10 US gal/ac.) Aerial minimum 12 L/ac. (3 US gal/ac.) When to apply Crop stage: 3 leaf to prior to flag leaf emergence Weed stage: 1 to 6 leaf stage of wild oats 1 to 5 leaf stage of broadleaf weeds Rainfast 2 hours Tank mixes Paradigm Pixxaro Prestige XC/XL Frontline XL Spectrum Attain XC Stellar Frontline 2,4-D XC OcTTain XL plus M (MCPA) Curtail M Buctril M 2,4-D Refine Extra Thumper Tilt When not using a broadleaf tank mix, a non-ionic surfactant at v/v 0.25% is required. Mixing instructions 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. Add required water conditioner 4. Add any tank mix partners that are a dry formulation 5. Add the required amount of Simplicity 6. Add the required amount of broadleaf tank mix partner 7. Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 8. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations Seed to all major crops the year following application, including field peas, chickpeas, lentils, soybeans, sunflowers, and potatoes. Grazing and harvest Livestock may graze treated areas 7 days after application. Mature crops may be harvested 60 days after application. 43

46 Group 2 SIMPLICITY WILD OAT RATE Simply better value. WHY USE SIMPLICITY TM WILD OAT RATE? Effective control of wild oats and Japanese brome. Wide window of application. From the 3 leaf up to the emergence of the flag leaf. Rotation freedom. Ability to seed all major crops the year following application, including peas, lentils, chickpeas, soybeans, potatoes or sunflowers. Group 1 resistance management. Tank-mix flexibility. For use in low to moderate wild oat populations that are typical in brown soil zones of Southern Alberta and Southern Saskatchewan. Wild oat rate Weeds controlled Wild oats Japanese brome* * Based on Dow AgroSciences research trials. Wild oat performance Technical Update: Dow AgroSciences research trials ( ) indicates > 90% control of Japanese brome at the Simplicity wild oat rate of 106 ac./case. Registration submission pending. Wild Oat Control Rating 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% I I I I I Simplicity Very good (90 95%) Source: Dow AgroSciences Field Research Data (2006 to 2008). Wild Oat Control Rating 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% I I I I I Varro /Velocity M3 Good (85 89%) Source: Dow AgroSciences Field Research Data (2009 to 2010). Wild Oat Control Rating of Non-Group 1 Resistant Wild Oats 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% I I I I I Horizon Very good (90 95% ) Source: Dow AgroSciences Field Research Data (2004 to 2006). 44

47 SIMPLICITY WILD OAT RATE APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Durum wheat Spring wheat Winter wheat Rate 53 ac./jug (106 ac./case) Water volume Ground L/ac. (3-10 US gal/ac.) Aerial minimum 12 L/ac. (3 US gal/ac.) When to apply Crop stage: 3 leaf to prior to flag leaf emergence Weed stage: 1 to 4 leaf Rainfast 2 hours Tank mixes OcTTain XL Stellar Attain XC Prestige XC /XL Frontline 2,4-D XC Buctril M Thumper Tilt Mixing instructions 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. Add required water conditioner 4. Add any tank mix partners that are a dry formulation 5. Add the required amount of Simplicity 6. Add the required amount of broadleaf tank mix partner 7. Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 8. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations Seed to all major crops the year following application, including chickpeas, field peas, lentils, potatoes, soybeans and sunflowers. Grazing and harvest Livestock may graze treated areas 7 days after application. Mature crops may be harvested 60 days after application. 45

48 Group 2, 4 Exceptional control of dandelion, thistle and hemp-nettle in cereals. WHY USE SPECTRUM? Selective control. For your worst broadleaf weed problems in cereals. Two unique active ingredients. Contains Group 2 and 4 actives to deliver a hard-hitting solution. Weeds controlled Annual sow thistle Canada thistle Canola (all varieties) Chickweed Cleavers Dandelion (<15 cm diameter) Flixweed (annual) Hemp-nettle Lady s-thumb Lamb s-quarters Narrow-leaved hawk s-beard Perennial sow thistle (top growth only) Redroot pigweed Shepherd s purse Smartweed Stinkweed Stork s-bill Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Weeds suppressed Dandelion (>15 cm diameter; over wintered rosettes; mature plants) Problems Spectrum solves: Canada thistle Cleavers Dandelion Sow thistle 46

49 SPECTRUM APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Wheat (spring and durum) Barley Oats Rate 20 ac./case Water volume Ground 40 L/ac. (10 US gal/ac.) Aerial not registered When to apply Crop stage: 2 to 6 leaf Weed stage: 1 to 4 leaf Rainfast 4 hours Tank mixes Simplicity Axial Assert Everest Mixing instructions When mixing you will use step 5 or step 8 but not both 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. If water conditioner is required, add now 4. Add any tank mix partners that are a dry formulation 5. If using an oil dispersible grassy weed tank mix partner (such as Simplicity) add now 6. Add the required amount of Spectrum A 7. Add the required amount of Spectrum B 8. Add the required amount of grassy weed tank mix partner if not using an oil dispersible formulation 9. Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 10. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations The year following application, fields can be seeded to: Barley Oats Summerfallow Canola Peas* Wheat Grazing and harvest Livestock may graze treated areas 7 days after application. Withdraw meat animals from treated areas at least 3 days before slaughter. Allow 7 days after application before cutting hay or harvesting forage. Mature crops may be harvested 60 days after application. *For pea rotation, rainfall from June 1 to August 31 in the year of application must be greater than 140 mm (5.5 inches) and annual rainfall must be greater than 175 mm (6.9 inches) 47

50 Group 2, 4 Top-performing annual broadleaf control in oats, wheat and barley plus superior resistance management. WHY USE STELLAR? Higher performance. Controls cleavers, chickweed, hemp-nettle, kochia, wild buckwheat and more. Multi-Mode of Action. Two unique modes of action and three active ingredients provide overlapping activity on hard-to-kill weeds. Resistance management. Control Group 2-resistant cleavers, hemp nettle and Group 2 & 9 resistant kochia. Your best option for broad leaf weed control in oats. Weeds controlled Burdock Canola (all varieties) Chickweed Cleavers 1 Cocklebur Flixweed Hemp-nettle 1 Kochia 1 Lamb s-quarters Plantain Prickly lettuce Ragweed Redroot pigweed Russian pigweed Shepherd s purse Smartweed Stinkweed Vetch Volunteer flax Volunteer sunflower Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Wild radish Weeds suppressed Stork s-bill Oats Wheat 1 Including ALS resistant biotypes Barley 48

51 STELLAR APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Wheat (spring and durum) Barley Oats Rate 40 ac./case Water volume Ground 40 L/ac. (10 US gal/ac.) Aerial not registered When to apply Crop stage: 3 to 6 leaf Weed stage: 1 to 4 leaf, or as indicated on the product label Rainfast 2 hours Tank mixes Simplicity Axial Assert Everest Mixing instructions When mixing, you will use step 5 or step 8 but not both. 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. If water conditioner is required, add now 4. Add any tank mix partners that are a dry formulation 5. If using an oil dispersible grassy weed tank mix partner (such as Simplicity) add now 6. Add the required amount of Stellar A 7. Add the required amount of Stellar B 8. Add the required amount of grassy weed tank mix partner if not using an oil dispersible formulation 9. Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 10. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations Seed to all major crops the year following application. Grazing and harvest Allow 7 days after application before cutting hay or harvesting forage. Mature crops may be harvested 60 days after application. 49

52 Group 2, 4 Control problem grass and broadleaf weeds in wheat with the tougher, easier, total-acre solution. WHY USE TANDEM? Tougher. Control of wild oats, Japanese brome, chickweed, cleavers, hemp-nettle, kochia, wild buckwheat, and much more. Easier to use. Control all problem weeds using one solution. Flexible. Wide application window, excellent crop safety, flexible rate and rotational freedom. Multi-Mode of Action. Two unique modes of action provide overlapping activity on hard-to-kill weeds for superior resistance management. Weeds controlled Grass Barnyard grass Downy brome Japanese brome Wild oats 1 Yellow foxtail Broadleaf Canola (all varieties) Chickweed 2 Cleavers 2 Cow cockle Flixweed Hemp-nettle Kochia 2 Lady s-thumb Redroot pigweed Round-leaved mallow Smartweed Volunteer flax Weeds suppressed Grass Green foxtail 3 Broadleaf Dandelion 4 Additional broadleaf weeds controlled when tank mixed with 2,4-D (5 oz/ac.) Bluebur Burdock Cocklebur Field Horsetail 5 Goat s-beard Hoary cress 5 Lamb s-quarters Plantain Prickly lettuce Ragweed Shepherd s purse Stinkweed Stork s-bill Sweet clover Vetch Volunteer sunflower Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Wild radish 1 Including Group 1 resistant biotypes Additional broadleaf weeds controlled when tank mixed with MCPA (5 oz/ac.) Burdock Cocklebur Hemp-nettle Lamb s-quarters Prickly lettuce Ragweed Shepherd s purse Stinkweed Stork s-bill Vetch Volunteer sunflower Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Wild radish 2 Including ALS resistant biotypes 3 Dow AgroSciences research trials indicate that application to small stage, actively growing plants provides an increased level of control 4 Spring rosettes 5 Top growth only 50

53 TANDEM APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Durum wheat Spring wheat Winter wheat Rate 40 ac./case to 53 ac./case Water volume Ground 40 L/ac. (10 US gal/ac.) Aerial 40 L/ac. (10 US gal/ac.) 53 ac./case rate available for use in low to moderate wild oat levels, that are typical in brown soil zones. When to apply Crop Stage: 3 leaf to prior to flag leaf emergence Weed stage: 1 to 6 leaf stage for wild oats and 1 to 5 leaf stage for broadleaf weeds Rainfast 2 hours Tank mixes MCPA 2,4-D Curtail M Mixing instructions 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. Add required water conditioner 4. Add any tank mix partners that are a dry formulation 5. Add the required amount of Tandem A 6. Add the required amount of Tandem B 7. Add the required amount of broadleaf tank mix partner 8. Add any required adjuvant or surfactants 9. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations Seed to all major crops the year following application, including chickpeas, lentils and peas. Grazing and harvest Livestock may graze treated areas 7 days after application. Allow 7 days after application before grazing lactating animals. Withdraw meat animals from treated areas at least 3 days before slaughter. Allow 30 days after application before cutting hay or harvesting forage. Mature crops may be harvested 60 days after application. 51

54 Group 9 Maximum glyphosate performance plus the full service and support of Dow AgroSciences. WHY USE VANTAGE PLUS MAX II? Maximum weed control. Patented DMA technology provides fast and effective weed control under all use conditions. Flexibility. A competitive alternative to other premium glyphosate options that can be applied pre-seed, in-crop, chemfallow, pre-harvest and post-harvest. Foam-free formulation. Easier to mix and spray. Weeds controlled Annual grass weeds Annual broadleaf weeds Volunteer crops (except Roundup Ready varieties) Winter annual weeds Perennial grasses/sedges Perennial broadleaf weeds 52

55 VANTAGE PLUS MAX II APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Rate Refer to the label When to apply Refer to the label Ensure adequate leaf surface to receive the spray Un-emerged plants will not be controlled For best control of perennial weeds, treat near maturity Rainfast 30 minutes Tank mixes Some tank mixes are registered for Roundup Ready canola or chemfallow For better results at less cost and greater convenience, apply Eclipse lll in Roundup Ready canola or PrePass XC in chemfallow Mixing instructions 1. Fill the spray tank with ½ to ¾ of the required amount of water 2. Continue agitation throughout the mixing and spraying procedure 3. Add the required amount of Vantage Plus MAX II 4. Complete filling the sprayer tank with water Note: Do not mix undiluted herbicides in the chem-handler Crop rotations No restrictions. Grazing & harvest Apply before planting all crops. Apply post-emergent in Roundup Ready canola and corn. Apply pre-harvest in: Barley Canola Dry beans Flax Forages Lentils Oats Peas Soybeans Wheat Chemfallow Forage Grass establishment Legumes Pasture rejuvenation All portions of treated areas may be fed to livestock. Do not apply to any crops grown for seed. Consult malt buyers before using pre-harvest on malt barley. Allow 3-5 days after application before grazing or harvesting treated areas. 53

56 NOTES 54

57 In your pastures, there s a delicate balance between the land and the livestock. No one knows your pasture s unique needs better than you, and no one has the tools to manage them like we do. Choose the best option for your land and reap the benefits of healthy, sustainable pastures.

58 NEW Trusted broadleaf weed and tree control. WHY USE GRAZON XC? Grow more grass. Increase grass production by controlling a broad spectrum of broadleaf weeds. Trusted control. Effective tool for pasture management for over a decade. Innovative formulation: Improved handling profile and lower use rates. Weeds Controlled: Canada thistle Common ragweed Common yarrow Dandelion Dock Goldenrod Prickly lettuce Chamomile Sow thistle Spotted knapweed Sweet clover Wild carrot Wild rose Trees Controlled: Aspen Birch Willow Wild prairie rose Trees Suppressed: Balsam poplar Western snowberry This product is not yet registered. It is not approved for use or sale 56

59 GRAZON XC APPLICATION GUIDELINES Usage Permanent pastures Rangeland How it works Unique chemistry moves through the plant to control even the roots, which is especially important for biennial and perennial weeds and trees as they have large root systems. Rates Weed control: 1.9L/ac. Tree Rate: 2.5L/ac. An adjuvant such as Intake adjuvant is required for aerial brush applications at 1% v/v For ground applied tree applications, use Intake adjuvant at % v/v Consult your Dow AgroSciences Range & Pasture representative prior to making tree applications When to apply Target timing to the most problematic plants. For example, if your primary target is absinthe wormwood, timing will likely be earlier (May 15 June 15). If the primary target is Canada thistle, wait long enough for the majority of thistles to emerge (July 1 30) Apply when the primary target plant is actively growing, after emergence and prior to flowering Environmental stresses such as severe drought or extended periods of heat may decrease efficacy Grazon XC can only control weeds and root systems that are treated; weeds that have not emerged will not have the same level of control as weeds that were fully emerged Initially, target plants will show limited visual activity following application; however, plant growth will stop. More effects can be observed days following application Successful application provides at least two years of improved grass production Application methods Ground or air; use coarse sprays to minimize drift Backpack applications to small areas: create a 0.67% solution of Grazon XC in water for weed and shrub control (eg. mix 67ml of Grazon XC in 10L of water) For all applications, coverage of the targeted foliage is very important Optimizing performance Do not apply within 1.5 times the height of desirable trees in pastures. Do not spray if injury to existing forage legumes cannot be tolerated. Take appropriate measures to prevent application or drift onto plants and trees that are not intended for control. Grazing schedules No grazing restrictions for beef livestock. Allow 7 days after application before grazing lactating animals. Withdraw meat mammals from treated areas at least 3 days before slaughter. Allow 30 days after application before cutting hay or harvesting forage. 57

60 Invasive weed control for sustainable pasture management. WHY USE RESTORE II? Grow more grass. Increase grass production on rangeland and permanent pasture for more profit. Sustainability. Effective control of invasive weeds. Ease of use. Co-formulated solution that does not require mixing. Plants controlled or suppressed Absinthe wormwood Annual sow thistle Biennial wormwood Bitter sneezeweed Blue lettuce Bluebur Bull thistle Burdock Buttercup Canada fleabane Canada goldenrod Canada thistle Canola (all varieties) Cocklebur Common broomweed Common chickweed Common plantain Common purslane Common ragweed Cudweed Curly dock Daisy fleabane Dandelion False flax Field bindweed Flixweed Fuller s teasel Goat s-beard Goosefoot Groundsel Gumweed Hairy buttercup Hairy fleabane Hawkweed Heal-all Hedge bindweed Hoary cress Horsenettle Kochia Lamb s-quarters Mouse-eared chickweed Musk or nodding thistle Mustards (except dog and tansy) Narrow-leaved hawk s-beard Ox-eyed daisy Peppergrass Perennial sow thistle Pineapple weed Plumeless thistle Prickly lettuce Prostrate pigweed Ragweeds Redroot pigweed Russian pigweed Russian thistle Scentless chamomile Sheep sorrel Shepherd s purse Smartweed Spotted knapweed Stinging nettle Stinkweed Sulphur cinquefoil Sweet clover Tall buttercup Tall ironweed Tansy ragwort Tartary buckwheat Tropic croton Tropical soda apple Velvetleaf Western ragweed Wild radish Wild sunflower Yellow rocket Yellow star thistle 58

61 RESTORE II APPLICATION GUIDELINES Usage Permanent pastures Rangeland How it works Restore II contains a Group 4 active ingredient that works like a natural growth regulating hormone found only in plants. It is absorbed by the leaves and roots, translocating throughout the plant, causing the plant to die. Rates Restore II is a co-formulated solution packaged in 2 x 9.7 L jugs. One case treats 20 acres Minimum 20 gal/ac. total spray solution (ground applications) Minimum 5 gal/ac. total spray solution (aerial applications) Backpack applications to small areas: create a 0.24% solution with 10 L of water Thoroughly and uniformly wet the foliage of all target plants but not to the point of runoff When to apply Timing for control of a broad range of weeds may be challenging, since emergence and growth stages occur at different times throughout the season Target timing to the most problematic weed. For example, if your primary target is tall buttercup, timing will likely be earlier (May 15 June 30). If the primary target is Canada thistle, wait long enough for the majority of thistles to emerge (July 1 30) Apply Restore II when the primary target weed is most actively growing, after emergence and prior to flowering Environmental stresses such as severe drought or extended periods of heat may decrease efficacy Restore II can only control weeds and root systems that are treated; weeds that have not emerged will not have the same level of control as weeds that were fully emerged Application methods Ground or air Optimizing performance Do not spray if injury to existing forage legumes cannot be tolerated. Do not apply within the drip line of desirable trees. Take appropriate measures to prevent application or drift onto plants and trees not intended for control. Grazing schedules No grazing restrictions for beef livestock. Allow 7 days after application before grazing lactating animals. Restore II works like a natural growth-regulating hormone found only in plants. Mammals do not metabolize Restore II. If ingested, it is rapidly excreted from the body in the urine, and does not accumulate. Withdraw meat animals from treated areas at least 3 days before slaughter. Allow 30 days after application before cutting hay or harvesting forage. 59

62 The standard for broad spectrum control of tough weeds and shrubs. WHY USE RECLAIM? Grow more grass. Reclaim increases grass production through outstanding control of weeds, shrubs and invasive plants in rangeland and permanent pasture. Shrub activity. Reclaim is the only solution for effective control of buckbrush, wild rose, and wolf willow. Extended control. Provides extended control of a range of challenging plant problems. Research trials indicate activity on the following broadleaf weeds and shrubs in the season of application. Absinthe wormwood Annual sow thistle Ball mustard Biennial wormwood Blue lettuce 1 Bluebur Buckbush Burdock Canada fleabane Canada goldenrod Canada thistle Canola (all varieties) Chickweed Clover Cocklebur Common groundsel Common ragweed Common tansy Corn spurry Cow cockle Cudweed Curly dock Dandelion Docks Dog mustard Field bindweed 1 Field horsetail 1 Field peppergrass Field scabious Fireweed Flixweed Goat s-beard Green smartweed Gumweed Hairy galinsoga Hedge bindweed Hemp-nettle Hoary cress Horse nettle Kochia 3 Lady s-thumb Lamb s-quarters Leafy spurge 1 Musk thistle Narrow-leaved hawk s-beard Oak-leaved goosefoot Ox-eyed daisy Pasture sage Perennial pepperweed Perennial sow thistle Plantain Plumeless thistle Prairie sage Prickly lettuce Prostrate pigweed Pussytoes Ragweed Redroot pigweed Russian knapweed Russian thistle 2 Scentless chamomile Shepherd s purse Shrubby cinquefoil Spotted knapweed Stinkweed Stork s-bill Sweet clover Tall buttercup Tartary buckwheat Tumbleweed Vetch Volunteer alfalfa Volunteer sunflower Western ragweed Wild buckwheat Wild mustard Wild radish Wild rose Wild strawberry Wolf willow Yarrow 2 Yellow star thistle 60

63 RECLAIM APPLICATION GUIDELINES Usage Permanent pastures Rangeland How it works Reclaim contains two Group 4 and one Group 2 herbicides Group 4 herbicides are growth regulator herbicides which are absorbed by the leaves and roots, and translocate throughout the plant Rates One case treats 20 acres Apply a minimum of 20 gallons of water per acre by ground Apply a minimum of 5 gallons of water per acre by air When to apply Target timing to the most problematic plants. For example, if your primary target is buckbrush, timing will likely be earlier (June 1 July 15). If the primary target is Canada thistle, wait long enough for the majority of thistles to emerge (July 1 30) Apply when the primary target plant is actively growing, after emergence and prior to flowering Environmental stresses such as severe drought or extended periods of heat may decrease efficacy Reclaim can only control weeds and root systems that are treated; weeds that have not emerged will not have the same level of control as weeds that were fully emerged Application methods Ground or air Optimizing performance Do not spray if injury to existing forage legumes cannot be tolerated. Do not apply within the drip line of desirable trees. Take appropriate measures to prevent application or drift on plants and trees not intended for control. Grazing schedules No grazing restrictions for beef livestock. Allow 7 days after application before grazing lactating animals. Withdraw meat mammals from treated areas at least 3 days before slaughter. Allow 30 days after application before cutting hay or harvesting forage. Extended control for 24 months Buckbrush (western snowberry) Canada thistle 3 Dandelion Pasture sage (Fringed sage) Prairie sage Shrubby cinquefoil Wild rose Wolf willow (Silver-berry) 1 Top growth control only 2 Suppression 3 Removal of competing vegetation may result in new Canada thistle shoots emerging 61

64 NOTES 62

65 Put your insect control in the hands of the experts. Dow AgroSciences has more than 45 years of insecticide experience and continues to bring the newest innovations in pest control to your farm.

66 Forty years and counting as the world s most trusted fungicide. WHY USE DITHANE TM RAINSHIELD? Yield. Protect crop yields by managing damaging diseases in a variety of crops. Economics. Rapid control of numerous diseases at an economical price. Resistance management. Unique multi-site activity explains why no fungal resistance has developed in over 40 years of use. Rotation option. Contact control provides a rotation option from systemic fungicides in wheat, lentils and potatoes. Disease controlled: Wheat Tan spot Septoria leaf blotch Leaf rust Lentils Anthracnose Ascochyta blight Potatoes Early blight Late blight Alfalfa Leaf spot Stem spot Sugar beets Cercospora leaf spots 64

67 DITHANE APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Alfalfa (seed production only) Lentils Potatoes Sugar beets Wheat Rates Alfalfa: 0.59 kg/ac. Lentils: 0.9 kg/ac. Potatoes: kg/ac. (start with low rate, increase to maximum rate as foliage develops) Sugar beets: 0.91 kg/ac. Wheat: 0.45 kg/ac. (early spray), 0.9 kg/ac. (late spray) Water volume: 18 L/ac. (aircraft), L/ac. (ground), and 324 L/ac. (sugar beets) Pressure: 345 kpa Nozzles: Hollow cones or flat fan recommended When to apply Lentils: First application before flower when bud formation is evident. Second application days after first application, but before rows close in to form a dense canopy. If conditions for disease persist, a third application may be applied days later Potatoes: When plants are cm tall; repeat at 7-10 day intervals Sugar beets: When disease first threatens; repeat at 7-10 day intervals Wheat: 2 leaf to 3 leaf (early application), 2 tiller to fully headed (late application) Tank mixes Compatible with most common pesticides Check mix partner labels for registered crops and additional restrictions Mixing instructions ground application 1. Pour Dithane Rainshield slowly into filled spray tank while the agitator is running 2. Completely fill tank with water 3. After Dithane Rainshield has been mixed into a suspension, add other co-applied pesticides, growth regulators, micronutrients or spray adjuvants Mixing instructions aerial application 1. Premix Dithane Rainshield thoroughly in a nurse tank 2. Fill spray hopper to the desired final water volume 3. Add slurry from Step 1 to spray hopper 4. Top off hopper to desired final water volume Crop rotations No restrictions. Grazing and harvest Do not graze treated crops or cut for hay. 65

68 Fast acting control of aphids. WHY USE CLOSER TM? Fast acting control: Quick, targeted control of aphids. Apply Closer when outbreaks occur, not weeks prior as a preventative measure. Virus reduction: Closer s rapid results decrease the chance of virus transmission in seed potato production. Resistance management: Closer contains Isoclast active, the first active in a new class of insecticides. Closer offers growers an effective option against sap-feeding insect populations resistant to other insecticide classes. Insects controlled: Aphids Rapid cessation of feeding by green peach aphid (Field-treated fruit collected at specificed time points and infested with codling moth eggs) % reduction in honeydew produced compared with untreated hours Source: Dow AgroSciences Trials. 4 hours 24 hours 66

69 CLOSER APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crop Root Tuberous Corm vegetables (potatoes) Rates and packaging ml/ac. Closer is packaged in 12x1 L jugs Rainfast 2 hours Tank mixes No registered tank mixes. Closer can be mixed with fungicides and micro-nutrients. Consult your Dow AgroSciences representative if you are tank mixing Closer. Optimizing performance Boom height must be 60 cm or less above the crop or ground. Apply sufficient spray solution to ensure thorough coverage of plant foliage. Use a minimum of 40 L of water per acre for field sprayer applications. Closer is registered for aerial applications see label for specific recommendations. Precaution Maximum of 2 applications per year Minimum treatment interval of 7 days Pre-harvest interval 7 days Did You Know? Closer purchases contribute to your Hot Potatoes points! 67

70 Rapid knockdown of Colorado potato beetle. WHY USE DELEGATE TM? Performance: Delegate provides quick and effective control of Colorado potato beetle. Resistance management: Delegate contains a unique group 5 active ingredient, making it an excellent tool for potato growers managing Colorado potato beetle resistance. Ease of use: Low use rates delivered through a convenient dry formulation. Insects controlled: Colorado potato beetle European corn borer 68

71 DELEGATE APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Potatoes Rates and packaging g/ac. Delegate is packaged in 6 x 840 g bottles When to apply: Target early larval stage before insect damage Depending on pest severity, a repeat application may be required 7 to 14 days later Heavy infestations, larger larvae and rapid plant growth will require the use of the higher rate. The higher rate will provide faster insect knockdown Rainfast 2 hours Tank mixes No registered tank mixes Delegate can be mixed with fungicides and micro-nutrients. Consult your Dow AgroSciences representative if you are tank mixing Delegate Optimizing performance Spray solution ph can affect the performance of Delegate A spray ph between 5 and 9 is preferred for best results If required, adjust spray solution ph prior to the addition of Delegate Aerial Application: Not currently registered for aerial application Precautions Maximum of 3 applications per year Minimum treatment interval of 7 days Pre-harvest interval 7 days Did You Know? Delegate purchases contribute to your Hot Potatoes points! 69

72 Three unique modes of action for the best possible insect control. WHY USE LORSBAN TM NT? Yield. Protect crop yield by controlling damaging insects in a wide range of crops. Multiple control methods. Works on contact, and through ingestion and vapour inhalation. Safety. More than 3,600 studies and over $100 million have been spent examining the health and safety aspects of the active ingredient, chlorpyrifos. Trusted. Lorsban NT is one of the most widely used insecticides in the world. Chlorpyrifos has been in use for over 45 years. Insects controlled: Alfalfa looper Army cutworm Bertha armyworm Black cutworm Colorado potato beetle (larvae) Common armyworm Dark-sided cutworm Diamondback moth (larvae) Grasshopper Lygus bug Pale western cutworm Potato flea beetle Red-backed cutworm Russian wheat aphid Sunflower seed weevil Tarnished plant bug Variegated cutworm Wheat midge Army cutworm Wheat midge Bertha armyworm 70

73 Lorsban NT insecticide uses innovative technology to produce a low-odour, water based formulation of Lorsban 4E insecticide. Like its predecessor, Lorsban NT offers superb versatility in controlling a wide variety of pests across numerous crops. Lorsban NT offers the same great efficacy, quick knockdown and residual control that growers have come to expect from the Lorsban brand for over 30 years. Lorsban NT offers a unique three-way mode of action to control insects by CONTACT, INGESTION and INHALATION. Lorsban is one of the most trusted insecticides in the world. Crop Pests Rate Wheat, barley, oats Canola Orange Wheat Blossom Midge (wheat only) Grasshoppers Armyworm (incl. Bertha Armyworm) Army Cutworm Darksided Cutworm Pale Western Cutworm Redbacked Cutworm 336 ml/ac ml/ac. 235 ml/ac ml/ac. 355 ml/ac ml/ac. Acres/ 10 L Jug 25 ac ac. 28 ac ac. 20 ac ac. Acres/ 208 L Drum 514 ac ac. 586 ac ac. 429 ac ac. Brown Wheat Mite 253 ml/ac. 40 ac. 822 ac. Russian Wheat Aphid 203 ml/ac. 50 ac ac. Lygus Bug Bertha Armyworm Alfalfa Looper Armyworm Diamondback Moth (larvae) Grasshoppers Army Cutworm Darksided Cutworm Pale Western Cutworm Redbacked Cutworm Variegated Cutworm 203 ml/ac ml/ac. 305 ml/ac ml/ac. 405 ml/ac ml/ac. 235 ml/ac ml/ac. 355 ml/ac ml/ac. 25 ac ac. 25 ac ac. 16 ac ac. 28 ac ac. 20 ac ac. 514 ac. - 1,025 ac. 514 ac ac 342 ml/ac ml/ac. 587 ac ac. 429 ac ac. * Use the higher rate for larger larvae (insects), higher populations or when the crop foliage (canopy) is dense 71

74 Orange Wheat Blossom Midge The adult midge is a very small fragile orange fly about 2-3 mm long. Two jet black eyes cover much of its brown head. Economic thresholds 1 midge per 4-5 heads One midge per every 4-5 heads will reduce yields by 10% to 15% and may contribute to grade loss if allowable damage limits are exceeded. Bertha Armyworm Young Bertha armyworm larvae are small, 3 mm long, pale green with a pale yellowish stripe along each side. As they grow, they change from green to pale brown to the familiar large velvety black to brown. The caterpillars are 4-5 cm long, with a light brown head and broad orange stripe along each side. Economic thresholds Generally, the economic threshold is 15 larvae per square metre, however threshold changes with crop value and spraying costs, as shown here: Spray cost $ per Acre Bertha Armyworm economic threshold calculation table Expected seed value $/bushel # of Larvae/metre Lygus Bug Lygus adults are about 3 mm wide and 6 mm long, pale green to reddish brown to mottled black. They have a distinctive, light-coloured triangle or V shaped marking in the upper centre of their backs. Economic thresholds Lygus are determined near the end of bloom using a sweep net. Thresholds are the number of bugs per ten 180º sweeps of a standard 37 cm diametre insect net per 10 sweeps. Diamondback Moth (Larvae) The larvae are pale yellowish-green and are covered with fine, scattered, erect hairs. At maturity, the larvae are spindle shaped and about 12 mm in length. When they are disturbed, they wiggle backwards violently and may drop from the plant suspended by a silken thread. Economic thresholds Early Flower: 1-2 per plant Mid to Late Flower: 2-3 per plant 72

75 LORSBAN NT APPLICATION GUIDELINES Crops Barley Canola Field corn Flax Lentils Oats Potatoes Sunflowers Sugar beets Sweet corn (seedling or pre-plant) Wheat Rate Lorsban NT can be applied by ground and air. Refer to product label use directions within each crop. Tank mixes In wheat, barley, and oats, when tank mixing Lorsban NT insecticide with the following herbicides, always add the herbicide to the spray tank first and then add the Lorsban NT insecticide: Banvel + 2,4-D Amine Buctril M MCPA Amine or Ester 2,4-D Amine or Ester Resistance management Lorsban NT contains a Group 1B (organophosphate) insecticide. Any insect population may contain individuals naturally resistant to Lorsban NT and other Group 1B insecticides. The resistant individuals may dominate the insect population if this group of insecticides is used repeatedly in the same fields. Other resistance mechanisms that are not linked to site of action but are specific for individual chemicals, such as enhanced metabolism, may also exist. Appropriate resistance management strategies should be followed. Optimizing performance Uniform crop coverage is essential. Use a boom configuration that provides optimum coverage. Use higher rates where infestations are heavy or foliage is dense. 73

76 NOTES 74

77 Protect your nitrogen Your crop needs a stable supply of nitrogen to perform to its highest potential. Optimize yield potential and protect your investment with a nitrogen stabilizer.

78 Understanding Nitrogen Stabilizers WHAT IS A NITROGEN STABILIZER? Nitrogen fertilizer is one of the largest input costs for growers today. A nitrogen stabilizer helps protect your investment, by keeping the nitrogen you apply in a stable and usable form until your crop needs it most. WHAT HAPPENS TO APPLIED NITROGEN? After application, nitrogen sources in the ammonium form (NH 4 +) rapidly convert to the nitrate form (NO 3 -) via a process called nitrification. Temperature-sensitive soil bacteria called Nitrosomonas converts ammonium ( NH 4 +) to the nitrite form (NO 2 -). Another bacteria, Nitrobacter, then converts nitrites (NO 2 -) to the nitrate form (NO 3 -). These soil microbes become more active when soil temperatures reach 10 0 C and higher causing a faster rate of conversion. Soil has a negative charge, and as such, does not form strong bonds with negatively charged nitrates. Although nitrates are taken up by the plant, they are also prone to leaching from the root zone and denitrification. This means they may not be available for the plant when it needs it most. 76

79 Understanding Nitrogen Stabilizers HOW DO CROPS USE NITROGEN? Crops use nitrogen in two forms: ammonium NH 4 + and nitrate NO 3 - The ammonium form (NH 4 +), is more efficiently used by plants and more stable in soil. The nitrate form (NO 3 -), is less efficiently used and more likely to be lost to leaching and denitrification. Leaching is the loss of nitrates from the soil below the root zone due to rain and irrigation. Since soil and organic matter also are negatively charged, the nitrates are repelled and can be easily washed away, especially in coarse, sandy soils. Denitrification refers to the loss of nitrogen when soil microbes convert nitrates to gaseous forms that can escape into the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas. Denitrification affects only nitrates, not ammonium. Nitrogen application NO N 2 O N 2 Denitrification NH 4 + NO 3 NO 3 NH 4 + NO 3 NO 3 NO NO 3 3 NH + 4 NH 4 + NH 4 + NH 4 + NO 3 NH 4 + NH 4 + NO 3 NH 4 + NO 3 NH 4 + NH 4 + NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NH 4 + NO 3 NO 3 NH 4 + NH 4 + NO 3 NO 3 NH 4 + NO 3 + NH 4 NO 2 NO 3 Leaching NH 4 + NO 3 NH 4 + NO 3 NO 3 NH + 4 NO 3 NO 3 NH + 4 NO 3 NH + 4 NO 3 NH + 4 NH + 4 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 ARE THERE DIFFERENT TYPES OF NITROGEN STABILIZERS? There are three different types of nitrogen stabilizers: Slow release Urease inhibitors Nitrification inhibitors Slow release is urea coated with synthetic polymer. Water diffuses through the coating, dissolves the urea pellet and liquid N diffuses out. It is ideal for seed placed nitrogen as it is quite safe next to the seed. The downside is that the nitrogen is only available once the breakdown of the coating has taken place. ESN is an example of slow release. Urease inhibitors inhibit the urease enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea left on the soil surface. Any small amount of soil moisture causes unprotected urea to hydrolyze and convert to ammonium and carbon dioxide which may then be lost through volatilization. Urease inhibitors only provide benefit when the urea is on the soil surface. If you seed place your urea, then urease inhibitors offer little benefit. An example of a urease inhibitor is Agrotain. Nitrification inhibitors inhibit the Nitrosomonas bacteria, which initiate the conversion from ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 +) to nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 -). They slow the conversion of ammonium to nitrate by inhibiting the first stage of nitrification to store usable nitrogen at the root zone. N-Serve and entrench are examples of nitrification inhibitors. 77

80 Understanding Nitrogen Stabilizers WHAT DOES NITRAPYRIN DO? Nitrapyrin is the active ingredient in N-Serve and entrench. It slows the activity of the Nitrosomonas bacteria, which converts ammonium to nitrites, for up to 10 weeks in warm soils (>10 0 C). This reduces the risk of loss due to leaching and denitrification allowing the nitrogen to be available during peak periods of need by the crop. Denitrification UREA AMMONIUM (+) Nitrosomonas bacteria NITRITE ( ) Nitrobacter bacteria NITRATE ( ) Leaching Availability of Ammonium Nitrogen Unstabilized Nitrogen Application Stabilized Nitrogen Application Nitrogen Demand September March April May June July August September Nitrapyrin is a nitrification inhibitor which keeps applied nitrogen in a stable form in the root zone longer. Proven effective in the U.S. for over 35 years, Nitrapyrin is now available in Canada. 78

81 Understanding Nitrogen Stabilizers N-Serve AND entrench N-Serve and entrench are nitrogen stabilizers that protect your investment by storing nitrogen in the root zone longer to optimize the yield and profit potential of your corn, cereal and canola crops. Designed for use with anhydrous ammonia. Rate: 2.35 L/ha (0.95 L/ac.) Designed for use with liquid fertilizers, including UAN and manure. Ongoing research being completed for impregnation of entrench onto dry urea. Rate: 2.7 L/ha (1.1 L/ac.) WHY USE N-Serve AND entrench? Protect your investment Slows the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrates. Nitrates are negatively charged and are prone to loss through leaching and denitrification. Expand your application options Apply up to two weeks earlier in fall before typical anhydrous applications. Take advantage of reduced cost of fertilizer in the fall. 1 Manage time and efficiency Fall application will save time for seeding operations in the spring. Optimize opportunity for yield and profit U.S. research demonstrates a yield increase on average of 5% to 7% in corn and 5% in wheat. 2 Dow AgroSciences Canadian research trials are currently underway in wheat, canola and corn and early results are consistent with U.S. research. Reduce environmental impacts Reduces greenhouse gases by 51% on average. 3 Reduces leaching of nitrates by 16% on average. 3 79

82 Understanding Nitrogen Stabilizers SOIL TEST TRIALS 2014 Dow AgroSciences soil test trials. Nitrogen applied in early October Soil test completed before seeding in early May WITHOUT Nitrapyrin WITH Nitrapyrin Nitrate (-) 54% Ammonium (+) 46% Nitrate (-) 36% Ammonium (+) 64% 18% more plant available nitrogen in the + ammonium form when using Nitrapyrin. 1 Fertilizer cost in Western Canada is 18% lower in the fall, based on a15-year average. 2 Based on Dow AgroSciences U.S. research trials. 3 Source: J.D. Wolt A meta-evaluation of nitrapyrin agronomic and environmental effectiveness with emphasis on corn production in the Midwestern USA. Nutrient Cycling in AgroEcosystems. Vol. 69. Issue 1, pp Based on two plot trials. Ask your fertilizer dealer about N-Serve and entrench. To learn more, go to protectyournitrogen.ca or call the Solutions Center at

83 Consider this section your go-to guide for the fine print of crop protection. Flip the page for helpful information and tips on crop staging, herbicide groups, resistance management and more. 81

84 Performance CROP STAGING Effective in-crop spraying depends on an accurate assessment of your cereal crop s growth stage. 2 leaf stage 2 leaves (L) unfolded. Third leaf present, yet to fully expand. Suitable for spraying many herbicides (too early for 3 leaf stage). 4 leaf stage 3 leaves fully expanded and fourth leaf unfolding. First tiller (T1) appears from between lower leaf and the main shoot. Suitable stage for spraying at the 3 to 4 leaf stage. 6 leaf stage 5 leaves fully expanded and sixth leaf unfolding. Tillers come from the base where leaves join the stem and continue to form, usually until there are 5 leaves on the main shoot. Secondary roots developing. Suitable for spraying many herbicides (except those labeled for use up to 5 leaf stage). 82

85 Performance Fully tillered stage Usually no more tillers form after the very young head starts forming in the main tiller. Tillering is complete when first node detected at base of main stem. Many herbicides can be sprayed up to the end of tillering. 2,4-D can still be applied. Start of jointing Jointing or node formation starts at the end of tillering. Small swellings joints form at the bottom of the main tiller. Heads continue developing and can be seen by dissecting a stem. 2,4-D can still be applied. Early boot stage The last leaf to form the flag leaf appears on top of the extended stem. The developing head can be felt as a swelling in the stem. No herbicide should be applied at this stage. Too late for 2,4-D application. Source: Adapted from Weed control in winter crops New South Wales government. 83

86 Performance THISTLE CONTROL Yield losses due to Canada thistle infestation are greater than any other perennial broadleaf weed in Western Canada. WHY CONTROL CANADA THISTLE? Canada thistle is three times more competitive than wild oats. Yield losses up to 75% have been reported. In Western Canada research studies showed: 5 thistle shoots/square yard reduced wheat yields by18% 8 thistle shoots/square yard reduced barley yields by 20% 17 thistle shoots/square yard reduced canola yields by 26% One Canada thistle plant can produce up to 5,000 seeds. Seeds can germinate 10 days after reaching maturity or remain dormant for 20 years in the soil. In one season, thistle roots spread horizontally as far as 6 metres in diameter and vertically as deep as 2.4 metres. SOLUTION: In-Crop Control In-crop treatments with Prestige XC /XL, Spectrum, Salute, Eclipse III or Lontrel 360 hit thistles before they have a chance to compete all year, while also controlling many other broadleaf weeds. A single treatment of Prestige XC /XL, Spectrum or Lontrel 360 delivers a 73% thistle stand reduction in the year after application. Prior to the flowering stage is the optimum time to control Canada thistle with in-crop herbicides. By using a herbicide which translocates well, such as Prestige XC /XL, Salute, Spectrum, Eclipse III or Lontrel 360, a thistle infestation may be significantly reduced with one application, preserving yield in the current and following year. 84

87 Performance BROME CONTROL Downy and Japanese brome are spreading across the prairie provinces, competing strongly for yield in all major crops. WHY CONTROL BROME? Downy brome is a strong competitor in winter wheat. Studies conducted in Lethbridge, Alberta indicate that it can reduce wheat yields up to 68%. Japanese brome can be found both as a winter and spring annual, which makes it versatile to compete in all cereal crops, including spring and winter wheat. SOLUTION: Simplicity and Tandem Only Simplicity and Tandem are registered for CONTROL of downy and Japanese brome in spring and winter wheat. How to identify downy brome Downy brome, also known as cheatgrass, is a winter annual that germinates in the fall and overwinters in a vegetative state. Usually grows from 4 to 30 inches (10 to 76 cm) tall. 2 The leaf blades and sheaths are light green in colour and covered with fine, soft hairs. The plant often develops a purplish colour as it matures. The seed head panicles are drooping, with nodding spikelets, and are 2 to 6 inches (5 to 15 cm) long. 2 How to identify Japanese brome Japanese brome are similar in height to downy brome. Like downy brome, the sheaths and leaves of Japanese brome are light green in colour with fine, soft hairs. Downy brome Japanese brome Japanese brome normally maintains its green colour throughout its lifecycle. The seed head panicle is often more erect than downy brome and the spikelet awns are often shorter (<1 cm). 1 Grande Prairie ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA Edmonton North Battleford Prince Albert Red Deer Saskatoon Calgary Kindersley Yorkton Dauphin Lethbridge Medicine Hat Swift Current Maple Creek Regina Moose Jaw Moosomin Brandon Winnipeg Weyburn Downy Brome 1 Source: Blackshaw, K.G. Beck, Colorado State University Downy Brome Japanese Brome Japanese Brome 85

88 Performance HERBICIDE TANK CLEAN-OUT INSTRUCTIONS Equipment used to apply cereal herbicides must be properly cleaned before being used to apply other pesticides. By doing so you can avoid subsequent injury to other sensitive crops. All spraying equipment must be thoroughly cleaned inside and out, before and after using herbicides. The following procedures are recommended: 1. Drain the spray tank immediately after spraying. Any contamination on the outside of the spraying equipment should be removed by washing with clean water. 2. Rinse inside of the tank with clean water and flush through booms and hoses using at least 10% to 20% ( L per 1000 L tank size) of the spray tank volume. Drain tank completely. 3. Add 1 L of household ammonia (containing a minimum of 3% ammonia) per 100 L of water, or All Clear Spray Tank Decontaminator or Clean- Out TM Spray Tank Cleaner per the cleaners label use rate, while filling the tank with clean water. Agitate and then flush the boom and hoses with the cleaning solution. Open boom end ball valves or remove end caps to completely flush out any residue in booms. 4. Top up with water making sure the tank is completely full. Allow to stand for 15 minutes with agitation/recirculation running. Spray out part of this mixture for 5 minutes through the boom. Flush the boom and hoses, opening boom end ball valves or removing end caps and drain tank completely. 5. Remove nozzles and screens and clean separately with an ammonia (100 ml in 10 L water) or tank cleaner solution. Remove any visible residues and rinse thoroughly. 6. Rinse inside of the tank with clean water and flush through the boom and hoses using at least 10% to 20% of the spray tank volume. Drain tank completely. 7. Inspect tank for visible residues. If residue is present in the tank after the standard rinse procedure, then utilize a rinse solution of 2% All Clear or Clean-Out (e.g. 4 L per 200 L of rinse solution). Increase the amount of rinse solution for larger sprayers or amount of residue or depending on the amount of cleaning agent available. Rinse all surfaces where residue exists with the 2% cleaning solution and flush booms and hoses completely, removing boom end caps or opening boom end ball valves. Repeat if needed to remove all residues. Note: Due to the volume of foam created with the use of All Clear Spray Tank Decontaminator or Clean-Out Spray Tank Cleaner the use of a neutral antifoaming agent such as Halt TM is recommended. Add an antifoaming agent into the cleaning solution until significant foaming diminishes. Caution: Do not use ammonia with chlorine bleach. Using ammonia with chlorine bleach will release a gas with a musty chlorine odor which may cause eye, nose, throat and lung irritation. Do not clean equipment in an enclosed area. 86

89 Performance MULTI-MODE OF ACTION Herbicide resistance is spreading in Western Canada. Manage it effectively using Multi-Mode of Action products. Managing the spread of herbicide resistance is important on all farms in Western Canada. Research now points to the use of multiple modes of action in one herbicide application as a more effective strategy to manage resistance than rotating between herbicide groups. Growers should consider using Multi-Mode of Action products as an essential component of an integrated weed management strategy. How weeds develop resistance Herbicide resistance develops mainly through the consistent use of one herbicide group over time. The selection of resistant weeds within the susceptible weed population can occur over several applications and/ or production seasons even while growing different crops. Each season, a weed that has herbicide resistance increases its seed as a percentage of the population relative to the controlled weeds. The cycle continues until it overtakes the field. It s a growing problem An estimated 20 percent of fields in Western Canada have at least one resistant weed species present, and the number of resistant weed problems continues to grow. 1 Examples include: Group 1 and 2 resistant wild oats Group 1 and 3 resistant green foxtail Group 2 and 9 resistant kochia Group 2 resistant wild mustard Group 2 resistant chickweed, cleavers and hemp-nettle Take action. Use an integrated weed management approach Scout your fields before and after spraying to locate individual weeds or plant patches not controlled by your herbicide. A miss could mean a spray application error or herbicide resistance, so it should be monitored closely. Test suspicious weeds with the help of a retailer, crop consultant or extension service. If you find resistant weed populations, manage them effectively so they do not spread. If in doubt, pull it out. The time spent hand removing a patch of non or poorly controlled weeds is much less than the effort required to control them in the future. Use Multi-Mode of Action herbicides. Rotate herbicide groups from one season to the next. Continuous use of the same active ingredient group will inevitably lead to herbicide resistance. 1 Source: Blackshaw,

90 Performance Change your management strategy regularly to keep weed populations off balance. Some suggestions include: do a pre-seed burndown at a different time than usual, choose later or earlier maturing crops, switch to forages, grow a fall seeded crop, or use integrated practices to help crops get ahead of weeds. The importance of Multi-Mode of Action Multi-Mode of Action products contain two or more active ingredients with different modes of action that deliver overlapping control on the same target weeds. It s important to ensure the different active ingredients control the same target weed. Applying a product with multiple modes of action helps prevent weed escapes, because any weed in a plant population that is tolerant to one mode of action will likely be controlled by the second mode. This reduces the likelihood that resistant plants will survive and multiply. If no resistant weeds are present, Multi-Mode of Action herbicide use will further delay resistance development because the likelihood of a plant being resistant to both modes of action at the same time is very remote. However, if a weed species is already resistant to one of the two active ingredients in a herbicide mix, then multi-mode no longer applies as only one active ingredient is controlling the weed. 88

91 Performance MODE OF ACTION Two or more active ingredients with different modes - Overlapping control on the same target weeds - Greatly reduces the opportunity for resistant weeds to escape, survive and reproduce HERBICIDE ACTIVITY WEED RESISTANCE LEVELS * Multi-Mode of Action Two or more active ingredients with different modes - No overlapping control on target weeds - Increases the opportunity for resistant weeds to escape, survive and reproduce Single active ingredient - No overlapping control on target weeds - Increases the opportunity for resistant weeds to escape, survive and reproduce Generations Single Mode of Action Frequency of resistant weeds (%) Frequency of resistant weeds (%) Generations Frequency of resistant weeds (%) - Rotation with different herbicide groups will delay onset of resistance - Rotation with different herbicide groups will delay onset of resistance A B A B A No Herbicide Rotation No Herbicide Rotation With Herbicide Rotation No Herbicide Rotation With Herbicide Rotation Generations * Adapted from: Powles, S.B., Preston, C., Bryan, I.B., and Jutsum, A.R., (1997) Herbicide Resistance: Impact and Management. Advances in Agronomy: Vol. 58, pp Herbicide rotation alone will delay the onset of resistance; however, incorporating multi-mode of action products in conjunction with rotation is a more effective resistance management strategy. The graphs depicting frequency of resistant weeds over generations is a hypothetical example valid only for the modeled parameters. Actual rates of weed resistance development and increase are dependent on a variety of conditions, including the weed species, propensity for outcrossing, seed dormancy, mode of inheritance of the resistance trait, herbicide mode of action, and herbicide efficacy. 89

92 Performance Group 1 Mode of Action Inhibitors of ACCase Chemical family Active ingredients Examples of brand names Aryloxyphenoxy proprionate (FOP) clodinafop propargyl fenoxaprop-p-ethyl quizalofop-p-ethyl Group 2 Mode of Action ALS/AHAS inhibitors Horizon, Harmony brands, Traxos Puma, Tundra Assure Cyclohexanediones (DIM) tralkoxydim Liquid Achieve sethoxydim tepraloxydim clethodim Poast Equinox Centurion Phenylpyrazolin (DEN) pinoxaden Axial, Traxos Chemical Family Imidazolinones Imi s Sulfonylureas SU s Active ingredients Examples of brand names Half life Primary factors affecting degradation imazamethabenz Assert days Soil ph imazamox Solo, Viper days imazethapyr Pursuit days imazamox + imazethapyr imazamox + imazapyr thifensulfuronmethyl Odyssey DLX Ares Ally, Express Pro Express SG Refine SG Triazolopyrimidines florasulam PrePass Frontline XL Spectrum Stellar metsulfuronmethyl thifensulfuronmethyl + tribenuronmethyl Sulfonylaminocarbonyl triazolinones Triazolones pyroxsulam flucarbazone sodium thiencarbazonemethyl Simplicity Tandem Everest Sierra Velocity m3 Varro days 30 days 14 to 180 days 10 days days 3 to 5 soil temp of 20 C 3 days (lower ph = residual) Organic matter Soil moisture Soil ph (higher ph = residual Organic matter Soil moisture Soil temperature (low soil temps = residual) days Soil Moisture (low soil H 2 O = residual) Organic Matter 17 days Soil ph Organic Matter 90

93 Performance Group 4 Mode of Action Synthetic Auxins Chemical family Active ingredients Examples of brand names Phenoxyalkanoic phenoxy 2,4-D, MCPA Benzoic acids Dicamba Banvel II, DyVel, Pulsar, Distinct, Target Quinoline-Carboxylic acids Quinclorac Triton C Quinmerac Pyridine-Carboxylic acids Fluroxypyr OcTTain, Stellar, Prestige, Tandem Clopyralid Aminopyralid Picloram Lontrel, Prestige Reclaim Grazon Arylpicolinate Arylex Pixxaro, Paradigm CENTURION is a registered trademarks of Arysta LifeScience North America Corporation. EVEREST and SELECT are registered trademarks of Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. BANVEL, DISTINCT and DYVEL are registered trade-marks of BASF Corporation. Clearfield is a registered trademark of BASF Agrochemical Products B.V. ARES is a trade-mark and ODYSSEY, PURSUIT and VIPER are registered trade-marks of BASF Agrochemical Products B.V. EQUINOX, POAST and SOLO are registered trade-marks of BASF SE. BUCTRIL, PARDNER Herbicide, PUMA, VARRO and VELOCITY are registered trademarks of Bayer CropScience. Thumper and Tundra are registered trademarks of the Bayer Group. Roundup, Roundup Ready and Roundup WeatherMAX are registered trademarks of Monsanto Technology LLC, Monsanto Canada, Inc. licensee. Ally, Assure, Express, Harmony, Refine, Refine Extra and Triton are registered trademarks or trademarks of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company or its affiliates. Assert, Mextrol and Trophy are registered trademarks of Nufarm Agriculture Inc. AXIAL, HORIZON, PULSAR, SIERRA, TARGET, TILT, TOUCHDOWN and TRAXOS are registered trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. 91

94 Performance CLASSIFICATION OF HERBICIDE GROUP NUMBERS BY RISK OF SELECTION FOR WEED RESISTANCE High 1 2 Moderate high 5 Moderate 3 8 Low moderate 7 22 Other Herbicide resistance development risk based on number of applications: High <10 Moderate Low >20 Low Adapted from Beckle, H.J., 2006 Herbicide Resistant Weeds: Management Tactics & Practices Weed Technology Vol. 20 Issue 3 (July-September) pp ( Other : all other herbicide groups that pose a low or moderate risk) ONE PROBLEM. MANY TOOLS. EVERY FIELD. Herbicide Product Name Herbicide Common Name Herbicide Group Weeds Controlled Attain XC fluroxypyr and 4 and 4 Broadleaf 2,4-D Eclipse III clopyralid and 4 and 9 Broadleaf and Grass glyphosate Edge Granular ethalfluralin 3 Broadleaf and Grass Frontline XL florasulam and MCPA 2 and 4 Broadleaf Frontline 2,4-D XC florasulam and 2,4-D 2 and 4 Broadleaf Korrex florasulam and dicamba 2 Broadleaf and Group 9 resistant kochia Liquid Achieve tralkoxydim 1 Grass Lontrel 360 clopyralid 4 Broadleaf Maverick III glyphosate 9 Broadleaf and Grass OcTTain XL fluroxypyr and 4 and 4 Broadleaf 2,4-D PrePass XC florasulam and 2 and 9 Broadleaf and Grass glyphosate Prestige XC/XL fluroxypyr and clopyralid 4 and 4 and 4 Broadleaf and MCPA Simplicity pyroxsulam 2 Broadleaf and Grass Stellar florasulam, fluroxypyr 2 and 4 and 4 Broadleaf and MCPA Spectrum florasulam, clopyralid 2 and 4 and 4 Broadleaf and MCPA Tandem pyroxsulam and 2 and 4 Broadleaf and Grass fluroxypyr Vantage Plus MAX II glyphosate 9 Broadleaf and Grass 92

95 Performance 2,4-D AND MCPA RATES AND CONVERSIONS Conversion chart for 2,4-D and MCPA Active ingredient (oz/ac.) Herbicide Concentration (g ai/l) Rate applied (ml/ac.) Acres per 10 L jug 1 MCPA Na salt MCPA K salt MCPA ester 2,4-D LV ester MCPA Na salt MCPA K salt MCPA ester 2,4-D LV ester MCPA Na salt MCPA K salt MCPA ester 2,4-D LV ester MCPA Na salt MCPA K salt MCPA ester 2,4-D LV ester MCPA Na salt MCPA K salt MCPA ester 2,4-D LV ester MCPA Na salt MCPA K salt MCPA ester 2,4-D LV ester MCPA Na salt MCPA K salt MCPA ester 2,4-D LV ester MCPA Na salt MCPA K salt MCPA ester 2,4-D LV ester MCPA Na salt MCPA K salt MCPA ester 2,4-D LV ester MCPA Na salt MCPA K salt MCPA ester 2,4-D LV ester MCPA Na salt MCPA K salt MCPA ester 2,4-D LV ester ,4-D/MCPA herbicide equivalencies Active ingredient Formulation (ml/ac.) Coverage (acres/10 L jug) oz/ac Calculation rounding may have occured. 93

96 Arylex Active Dow AgroSciences is redefining weed control performance with Arylex active for more good spray days and less stress. WHY CHOOSE ARYLEX ACTIVE? Why should growers use new Paradigm or Pixxaro herbicides with Arylex active? In one word GO. Arylex active will enable growers to GO when they need to be spraying in wheat and barley. We re redefining weed control performance with a new class of synthetic auxins. This powerful new class with Group 4 mode of action delivers growers new and much needed benefits Arylex active GO benefits plus unparalleled weed control for more good spray days and less stress. We know weed control is what you expect, what you really need is to get it done. NEW Paradigm and Pixxaro herbicides, both with Arylex active, get spraying done with unparalleled broadleaf weed control performance in wheat and barley and these Arylex active GO benefits: Risk and time management. Flexibility works across your weather conditions and crop stages. Convenience through innovation. Very low application rates and a new easy to use formulation featuring GoDRI RDT (Rapid Dispersion Technology). Confidence in consistency. The very best weed control possible in your conditions spray when you want in the conditions you ve got. 94

97 Arylex Active HOW ARYLEX ACTIVE WORKS When plants are stressed by weather, movement of herbicides within the plant can be inhibited. The new Group 4, Arylex active synthetic auxin chemistry enables Paradigm and Pixxaro herbicides to move through the plant and be effective even under stressful conditions setting them apart from other broadleaf herbicides. Both products control weeds from the 1 to 8-leaf stage. For crop staging Paradigm can be applied at the 2-leaf to flag leaf stage and Pixxaro can from 3-leaf to flag leaf. NEW Pixxaro and Paradigm herbicides both deliver Arylex active GO benefits making a grower s broadleaf weed herbicide choice in wheat and barley easy (see Paradigm and Pixxaro pages for specific product details). Visit dowagro.ca for more information on new Arylex active. 95

98 NOTES 96

99 Take the guesswork out of weed identification. We ve included the grassy and broadleaf weeds that have been named as the top concerns for growers in Western Canada. For help solving any specific weed problems you face, call the Solutions Center at or visit dowagro.ca.

100 Weeds ABSINTHE WORMWOOD Growth habit: Perennial. Competitive ability: None reported. Typical crop losses: May cause quality losses due to strong sage odour. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: New infestations generally start from seedlings. Untreated plants re-grow from soil level each spring. AMERICAN DRAGONHEAD Growth habit: Annual, biennial. Competitive ability: A serious competitor in cultivated field crops. Plants produce up to 500 seeds. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Stems are erect, branched and square. Flowers are blue to purple. Juveniles are often confused with henbit and hemp-nettle. ANNUAL SOW THISTLE Growth habit: Annual, winter annual. Competitive ability: Very strong. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Annual sow thistle is easily mistaken for perennial sow thistle. 98

101 Weeds BARNYARD GRASS Growth habit: Annual grass, spread by seed. Competitive ability: Less competitive than wild oats; more competitive in cereals than wild millet. Less competitive if it emerges into a vigorous crop. 1 Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: Resistance to atrazine reported. Additional information: Prefers warm, moist soils. Seeds float and are easily spread by water. Resembles green foxtail at early growth stages. BLACK MEDIC Growth habit: Annual. Competitive ability: Low; thrives on bare ground; grows rapidly and varies greatly in size. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: This plant will flush through the season, so re-infestation from plants germinating after herbicide application may be high. CANADA FLEABANE (Horseweed) Growth habit: Annual, winter annual. Competitive ability: The seed has a pappus (parachute) so it can be carried by wind for long distances. More competitive under reduced tillage situations. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: Resistance to Group 22 (paraquat) reported in Ontario. Resistance to Group 9 (glyphosate) is reported in Ontario and numerous states in the USA. Additional information: Many seedlings emerge in the fall forming rosettes that overwinter. Can range in height from 7.5 to 180 cm tall. Number of seeds produced is proportional to the plant s height. 99

102 Weeds CANADA THISTLE Growth habit: Perennial. Competitive ability: Very strong. Typical crop losses: A light infestation of six thistles per square meter can cause 18% yield loss in wheat. 2 Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: An extensive root system allows Canada thistle to survive in spite of aggressive top growth control. Apply herbicide at the rosette to pre bud stage to maximize herbicide translocation to the roots. CHICKWEED Growth habit: Annual, winter annual. Competitive ability: Moderate to strong. Seedling crops can be smothered when chickweed forms a mat and covers them. 2 Typical crop losses: If weather is cool and wet, chickweed will grow on swaths, delay drying time and make crop pick-up difficult. 2 Resistance issues: Reported resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides. Additional information: Due to the nature of chickweed growth, additional flushes may grow and be present at harvest. CLEAVERS Growth habit: Annual, winter annual. Competitive ability: Moderate (cereals) to strong (canola, pulses). Typical crop losses: No data is available in cereals. In canola, there is a 20% yield loss at 100 plants per square meter. 2 Resistance issues: Reported resistance to Group 2 herbicides. Additional information: Cleavers seed is difficult to separate from canola seed; even a few seeds may severely downgrade canola. Rotate cereals with canola to manage cleavers during the cereal rotation

103 Weeds COCKLEBUR Growth habit: Annual, reproducing by large seed. Competitive ability: Very competitive in broadleaf crops. Typical crop losses: Infestations in bean crops can cause severe (60 to 70%) losses due to reduced yield, increased moisture content of beans at harvest, and the presence of foreign material. 1 Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Mature cocklebur can grow to 1 m high. Triangular shaped leaves; produces rough burs 1.5 to 2 cm long. COMMON GROUNDSEL Growth habit: Annual, winter annual, occasionally biennial. Competitive ability: Can be a strong competitor in pulse and forage crops, so should be controlled in cereal and oilseed crops. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: It grows well in pastures and vegetable crops, and can be toxic to horses, pigs and cattle. CORN SPURRY Growth habit: Annual. Competitive ability: None reported, assumed to be low. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: Naturally tolerant to 2,4-D and MCPA. Additional information: Needle-like leaves grow in whorls. Young corn spurry plants may be confused with field horsetail. Field horsetail stems are jointed with black-tipped bracts surrounding the nodes. 101

104 Weeds COW COCKLE Growth habit: Annual. Competitive ability: No data available. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Narrow, elongated smooth cotyledons on a short stock. First true leaves appear in a pair showing a crease down the center. Stems and leaves feel thick and leather like. Flowers are pink in color. Looks similar to nightflowering catchfly and white cockle. CURLED DOCK Growth habit: Perennial. Competitive ability: High level of salt tolerance, may out-compete crops in saline areas. Typical crop losses: May contaminate cereal seed. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Reproduces mainly by seeds, but can also reproduce by taproot fragments. Most often found in higher-moisture soils, e.g. near slough edges. DANDELION Growth habit: Perennial. Competitive ability: Strong to very strong (especially on bare ground 2 ); becoming a major concern in reduced tillage. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Focus on control measures to destroy the long taproot. In-crop control is critical. The seedling can be confused with narrow-leaved hawk s-beard. 102

105 Weeds DOWNY BROME Growth habit: Annual, winter annual. Competitive ability: Strong. A prolific seed producer, seeds can remain dormant for many years. Typical crop losses: May reduce wheat yields up to 92%. 2 Resistance issues: Resistance reported to herbicide Groups 1 and 2 in the USA. Additional information: An aggressive species that invades cropland, pastures and rangeland. Seed spread is primarily through contaminated grain, hay, straw, manure and farm machinery. FIELD BINDWEED Growth habit: Twining perennial; reproduces by both roots and seed. Competitive ability: High. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: May be confused with wild buckwheat. Has an arrowshaped leaf with blunt tips, while wild buckwheat has an arrow-shaped leaf with a pointy tip. FIELD DOCK Growth habit: Perennial. Competitive ability: Has a deep taproot. Overwinters as a rosette, producing new buds in the spring. Mature plant produces an abundance of seed. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Field dock is more abundant on the prairies than curled dock; similar in appearance to western dock, a non-weedy species. 103

106 Weeds FIELD HORSETAIL Growth habit: Perennial reproducing by spores. Competitive ability: Can be a strong competitor in poorly drained areas. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: A survivor from prehistoric times, its unusual biology makes it difficult to control with any method. Additional information: Can be toxic to livestock. Similar to corn spurry when mature, it has an extensive tuber-bearing creeping root system. FIELD PANSIES (Field violets, johnny jump-ups) Growth habit: Native annual, can also act as a winter annual. Competitive ability: No data available; assumed low. Typical crop losses: No data available; assumed low. Resistance issues: Research shows field pansies are naturally tolerant to 2,4-D, MCPB, dicamba, dichlorprop and mecoprop, and only slightly affected by MCPA. Additional information: Similar to garden pansies, and also known as field violet, wild pansy, johnny jump-up or hearts-ease. FLIXWEED Growth habit: Annual, winter annual. Competitive ability: Overwintered rosettes are strong competitors that grow rapidly in spring and use valuable moisture. Spring-emerged seedlings are not good competitors. 2, 3 Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: A member of the mustard family often confused with tansy mustard. Tansy mustard seed pods are shorter and fatter than flixweed s long, slender pods. 104

107 Weeds FOXTAIL BARLEY Growth habit: Perennial, reproducing by seeds. Competitive ability: Very competitive with crops in saline areas. Typical crop losses: Can harbour wheat rust and blackstem rust, which can infect and damage crops. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Spreads quickly because seed heads are well suited to wind dispersal and seedlings develop quickly. Due to narrow leaf structure, benefits from higher herbicide rates. Apply to actively growing plants. GOAT S-BEARD Growth habit: Biennial to short-lived perennial with a long taproot. Competitive ability: Airborne seeds can colonize bare ground or stressed crops/ pastures, then canopy over desirable vegetation. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Milky juice, grass-like leaves, dandelion-type flower heads (but larger and with flat tops). Reproduces by seeds that travel long distances on milkweed-like parachutes. GREEN FOXTAIL (Wild millet) Growth habit: Annual grass. Competitive ability: Poor competitor unless it grows in dense patches. 1 Typical crop losses: Can reduce yields by 10 to 15% when wheat is planted late. 1 Resistance issues: Confirmed resistance to Group 1 and Group 3 herbicides. Additional information: Resembles barnyard grass at early growth stages. 105

108 Weeds HAIRY NIGHTSHADE Growth habit: Annual. Competitive ability: Can be extremely competitive with pulse crops. Competes through high seed production (2,500 to 5,000 per plant). 4 Typical crop losses: Berries increase dockage. Plant produces a sticky substance that can clog equipment. Resistance issues: No data available. Additional information: Star-shaped white flowers similar to potato or tomato. Plant contains alkaloids that can poison humans and livestock. May be confused with black nightshade or black henbane. HEMP-NETTLE Growth habit: Annual. Competitive ability: Strong. Typical crop losses: High densities of hemp-nettle can result in wheat yield losses of 39%. 2 Resistance issues: Resistance to Group 2 has been reported. Additional information: The stem is square and covered with downward pointing, bristly hairs. Hemp-nettle cotyledons have distinct notches at the top. HENBIT Growth habit: Annual, winter annual. Competitive ability: Poor. The plant reproduces by seed; each plant produces up to Germinates at shallow depths; roots are shallow and fibrous. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Henbit is not common in cultivated crops; it is more common in row crops, gardens and waste areas. Poisonous to livestock. Square stems are branched from the base. 106

109 Weeds JAPANESE BROME Growth habit: Annual, winter annual. Competitive ability: Aggressive. Reproduces by seed which may germinate in the fall under moist conditions. In dry conditions, it will adapt and grow as a spring annual. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Often confused with downy brome or foxtail barley. KOCHIA Growth habit: Annual. Competitive ability: Strong, especially in dry and/or saline soils. Shallow germination. Can establish in low soil moisture conditions. Typical crop losses: In severe infestations, kochia has been known to create up to 100% yield loss. 2 Resistance issues: Reported to have wide-spread resistance to Group 2 and localized resistance to Group 9. Additional information: Stays green into fall, which can lead to harvesting difficulties. Its erect, much branched stem is often purple-striped. LAMB S-QUARTERS Growth habit: Annual. Extremely variable growth structure. Competitive ability: Moderate to strong. Typical crop losses: High density populations can reduce barley yields 20 to 23%. 2 Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Often confused with redroot pigweed. Seedlings can be distinguished by a covering of silver particles, conspicuous on the underside of leaves

110 Weeds NARROW-LEAVED HAWK S-BEARD Growth habit: Annual, winter annual. Competitive ability: The annual form competes with special crops, cereals and oilseeds. Typical crop losses: The most serious infestations of this weed occur in weak crop stands 2. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: The seedling can be confused with dandelion, but dandelion leaves are broader, with deeper lobes, and are darker green in colour. NIGHT-FLOWERING CATCHFLY Growth habit: Annual, winter annual, reproducing by seeds. Competitive ability: No data available in field crops, assumed to be low. Competes well in pastures because it is unpalatable to livestock. Typical crop losses: Impurity in clover and forage seed. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Stems and leaves are covered with hairs, making herbicide uptake more difficult. Often mistaken for cow cockle and white cockle, but leaves are hairy and the plant is sticky when squeezed. PERENNIAL SOW THISTLE Growth habit: Perennial. Competitive ability: Very strong. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Perennial sow thistle has a branching root system and larger flowers. It is often confused with annual sow thistle which is tap rooted and has much smaller flowers, or spiny annual sow thistle which has sharp, spiny leaves and smaller flowers

111 Weeds PRICKLY LETTUCE Growth habit: Annual, winter annual, biennial. Competitive ability: Reproduces by seed which is dispersed by wind. Typical crop losses: This is a serious weed in cropland that can reduce crop yields drastically. Resistance issues: Resistance to Group 2 (ALS inhibitors) has been reported in three US states. 4 Additional information: Oblong leaves are sharp toothed to prickly and often point east and west. The plant has a deep taproot, stems are hollow and grow up to 1.8 m high. Cattle that consume large amounts can develop the respiratory condition pulmonary emphysema. PROSTRATE KNOTWEED Growth habit: Annual, stems will spread flat over the ground in open areas. Competitive ability: Tough, deep penetrating taproot allows the plant to thrive in dry, compacted soils. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Most commonly found along roadsides and in waste areas, but also a problem under irrigation. Inconspicuous pinkish flowers are borne in the leaf axils. QUACKGRASS Growth habit: Perennial grass spread mainly by rhizomes on the extensive root system. Competitive ability: Very strong. Rhizomes secrete a toxic substance that suppresses growth of surrounding plants. Quackgrass thrives under cool, moist conditions. Typical crop losses: 10 shoots per square foot can reduce wheat yield by 10%. 1 Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Usually occurs in dense patches, but can spread rapidly via underground rhizomes. Scout for patches encroaching from field borders or headlands. Apply herbicide to plants with active growth. 109

112 Weeds REDROOT PIGWEED Growth habit: Annual. Competitive ability: Strong competitor for nitrogen and moisture. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: Group 2 resistance has been reported in Eastern Canada. Additional information: Often confused with lamb s-quarters. Seedlings are bright green, with bright red undersides of cotyledons and base of stem. Lamb squarters seedlings are silvery-green. 2 ROUND-LEAVED MALLOW Growth habit: Annual, winter annual, biennial, perennial. Competitive ability: Moderate to strong, especially in manured fields. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: This weed tends to dominate in soils with lush organic matter, whether from peat or added manure. RUSSIAN THISTLE Growth habit: Annual. Competitive ability: Moderate to strong. Typical crop losses: 4 to 52 plants per square metre can reduce spring wheat yields by 20 to 48%. 2 When Russian thistle emerges after the crop, yield losses are less significant. Resistance issues: Reported resistance to Group 2 herbicides. Additional information: Young leaves are needle-like with soft pointed tips. Mature plants break off at the stem and tumble in the wind to spread seed. 110

113 Weeds SCENTLESS CHAMOMILE Growth habit: Annual, winter annual, short-lived perennial. Competitive ability: Moderate to strong. Competes most in cool, moist environments. 3 Typical crop losses: In spring wheat, moderate densities can reduce yield 35% in cool, wet years. 3 Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Overwintered winter annual plants can become large, bushy and extremely competitive. SHEPHERD S PURSE Growth habit: Annual, winter annual. Competitive ability: Weak to moderate. Typical crop losses: No data available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Relatively easy to control in cereal crops. SMARTWEED (Lady s-thumb) Growth habit: Annual. Competitive ability: Moderate to very strong. Typical crop losses: In spring wheat, moderate to high population densities can cause yield losses of 28 to 58%. 1 Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Naturally tolerant to 2,4-D and MCPA. Under an advanced wheat canopy, its competitive nature is substantially reduced

114 Weeds STINKWEED Growth habit: Annual, winter annual. Competitive ability: Very strong. 3 Typical crop losses: No definitive data available, but usually low. 2 Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Control fall rosettes so seed is not formed early the following spring. Plants release an unpleasant odour when leaves are rubbed. STORK S-BILL Growth habit: Annual, winter annual, biennial. Competitive ability: Strong. Typical crop losses: Drought tolerant once established, so it can take over knolls, significantly reducing yield. 5 Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: A flexible life cycle allows it to adapt to reduced tillage production systems. Problems are currently isolated, but serious where established. 5 TARTARY BUCKWHEAT Growth habit: Annual. Competitive ability: Moderate to strong. Typical crop losses: In wheat, it is similar to wild buckwheat where moderate population densities can result in yield losses of 10 to 12%. 2 Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Can be a serious quality contaminant in cereals. Tartary buckwheat stems are erect, unlike the twining, trailing stems of wild buckwheat. 112

115 Weeds TOADFLAX Growth habit: Perennial, spread by seeds and a creeping root system. Competitive ability: Strong, due to extensive creeping root system. Seeds germinate from shallow depths. Seedlings emerge throughout the season. Typical crop losses: In wheat, 7 toadflax stems per square foot can reduce yields by 20%. 3 Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Most in-crop herbicides will only suppress this weed. Toadflax leaves are stalkless and linear, similar to domestic flax. WHITE COCKLE Growth habit: Annual, winter annual, short-lived perennial, reproducing by seeds. Competitive ability: Low to medium. Typical crop losses: A common impurity in clover and forage seed. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Stems and leaves are covered in hairs, making herbicide uptake more difficult. Often mistaken for night-flowering catchfly and cow cockle. But night-flowering catchfly has glandular hairs and is sticky when squeezed. WILD BUCKWHEAT Growth habit: Annual. Competitive ability: Moderate to strong. Typical crop losses: In wheat, moderate population densities can cause yield loss of 10 to 12%. 2 Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Competes aggressively in canola, so take advantage of control options during cereal rotations. Creates significant harvest problems if stems twine around equipment. May be confused with field bindweed. 113

116 Weeds WILD MUSTARD Growth habit: Annual. Competitive ability: Very strong. Typical crop losses: At 50 plants per square metre, yield losses can be 16% in wheat and 74% in flax. 3 Resistance issues: Resistance to Group 2 herbicides has been reported. Additional information: Very similar to canola. Short, stiff hairs on main stem are an identifying feature. WILD OATS Growth habit: Annual grass. Competitive ability: Intermediate competitiveness with wheat; less competitive with good stands of barley and canola. Typical crop losses: 10 plants per square metre can reduce wheat, barley and canola yields by 10%. 1 Resistance issues: Resistance to Group 1 herbicides is serious and widespread. Resistance has also been confirmed to Groups 2 and 8. Additional information: Check low spots carefully, as wild oats prefer moist soil. New flushes of growth occur throughout the year after rainfall. 114

117 Weeds YELLOW FOXTAIL Growth habit: Annual grass. Competitive ability: Reproduces by seed only. Typical crop losses: In wheat, moderate population densities can cause yield loss of 16%. 1 Resistance issues: Resistance reported to Group 5 herbicides. Additional information: Distinguished from other foxtails by prominent silky kinky hairs on the upper surface of the leaf blade near the stem. YELLOW WHITLOW-GRASS Growth habit: Annual, winter annual. Competitive ability: Commonly found on dry, sandy soils; each plant produces up to 2,500 seeds. 3 Typical crop losses: Data not available. Resistance issues: None reported. Additional information: Commonly found in fields under reduced tillage, but also appears in forage crops, hay fields and on rangeland. Early spring growth competes with crop seedlings for moisture and nutrients. Its yellow flowers appear early in spring. Data References: 1 Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives 2 Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development 3 Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food 4 B.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands 5 Saskatchewan Soil Conservation Association Photo sources: Bruce Ackley, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org Peter Smith, University of Guelph Green Thumb Photography Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California Davis, Bugwood.org Ohio State Weed Lab Archive, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org Photo Al Schneider, swcoloradowildflowers.com 115

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119 Get rewarded for your higher performance with Dow AgroSciences GROWER DIVIDENDS. You can earn high performance rewards on all of our crop protection and seed solutions. Elevate your performance and be rewarded with Dow AgroSciences Grower Dividends. REWARDING HIGHER PERFORMANCE

120 Dividends MORE WAYS TO BE REWARDED. Elevate your performance with the Dow AgroSciences Grower Dividends Program. REWARDING HIGHER PERFORMANCE How to qualify for Grower Dividends Purchase 300 acres of the following brands to qualify: Program summary Purchase Nexera canola and SAVE up to $3/acre on canola herbicides. Purchase Dow AgroSciences cereal products and SAVE! Product Simplicity + Broadleaf products Liquid Achieve + Broadleaf products Savings/acre $4.50/acre $3.50/acre How to maximize the program Purchase grass products prior to January 31st, 2015 Book Bulk-Up products prior to March 20th, 2015 Match acres with grass and broadleaf products Purchase Dow AgroSciences value-added glyphosate and glyphosate and SAVE up to $1/acre. Program Participants require a minimum of $100 in total program earnings in order to qualify for any program payment from Dow AgroSciences. Paradigm and Pixxaro will not qualify for earning but will count as builder broadleaf products on Dow AgroSciences Dividends. Dow AgroSciences Dividends is a customer rewards program. Dow AgroSciences Canada reserves the right to withdraw, change or update this offer at any time. Only purchase data that has been reported and validated with AgCollect by the selling retail will be used in the calculation of program payments. Only growers that have given Dow AgroSciences permission to obtain and retain their transactional data are eligible for this offer. To sign an Offer form, please contact your retail or Dow AgroSciences Solutions Center at The Offer will be in effect from December 1, 2014 until November 30,

121 Dividends REWARDING HIGHER PERFORMANCE BULK UP to claim an extra $1.50/acre. Take advantage of our BULK UP offers from December 1, 2014 to March 20, 2015 to earn up to $1.50/acre extra. BULK UP with a minimum qualifying purchase of 300 acres of PrePass XC, Korrex or PrePass FLEX for pre-seed application, or with a minimum qualifying purchase of 480 acres of our high performance in-crop cereal herbicides. BULK UP deadline Product category Product Package size Minimum qualifying acres Grower rebate/acre Dec. 1, 2014 to Feb 20, 2015 Pre-seed PrePass XC Korrex PrePass FLEX Totes & drum Cases Cases 300 $0.50 Dec 1, 2014 to Mar 20, 2015 Cereal grass & one pass Cereal broadleaf Simplicity Tandem Liquid Achieve OcTTain XL Prestige XC/ Prestige XL Stellar Cases Cases Drum Totes & drum Drum Cases 480 $ $0.50 Frontline XL Drum NOTE: Prestige XC/XL earnings are based on the low registered rates. For more information, contact your local sales representative, call our Solutions Center at or visit dowagrodividends.ca. To qualify, retailers must process a sales order, pre-payment booking or invoice for participating growers, within the posted deadlines. Growers who participate in BULK UP will receive a Dividends payment from Dow AgroSciences after confirmation of purchase. Qualifying product must be invoiced prior to July 31, BULK UP Dividends are paid in addition to other Grower Dividends payments from Dow AgroSciences. Product returned or not invoiced to the same grower name indicated on a booking, pre-buy, sales order or invoice will not receive the BULK UP Dividends payment. Growers must be registered with Dow AgroSciences Dividends to qualify for BULK UP Dividends. 119

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124 You can download the 2015 Dow AgroSciences Field Guide App for iphone, ipad or Android. For further agronomic information please call the Solutions Center at Dow AgroSciences Solutions Center is now on Twitter! We will keep you up to date on program deadlines, helpful agronomic tips, or answer your tweeted questions. To find us, look New to Twitter? Go to twitter.com and join today! TM Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company ( Dow ) or an affiliated company of Dow. 10/