Chem 465 Biochemistry II
|
|
- Robyn Washington
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chem 465 Biochemistry II Name: 2 points Multiple choice (4 points apiece): 1. Which of the following is not true of trna molecules? A) The 3'-terminal sequence is -CCA. B) Their anticodons are complementary to the triplet codon in the mrna. C) They contain more than four different bases. D) They contain several short regions of double helix. E) With the right enzyme, any given trna molecule will accept any of the 20 amino acids. 2. In E. coli, aminoacyl-trna synthetases: A) activate amino acids in 12 steps. B) are amino acid-specific; there is at least one enzyme specific for each amino acid. C) fall into two classes, each of which attaches amino acids to different ends of the trna. D) have no proofreading activities. E) require a trna, an amino acid, and GTP as substrates. 3. Bacterial ribosomes: A) bind tightly to specific regions of DNA, forming polysomes. B) contain at least one catalytic RNA molecule (ribozyme). C) contain three species of RNA and five different proteins. D) have specific, different binding sites for each of the 20 trnas. E) require puromycin for normal function. 4. The pathway for polypeptides exported from E. coli includes the following steps, which occur in what order for correct export? 1. A chaperone, SecA, binds to the polypeptide. 2. A chaperone, SecB, binds to the polypeptide. 3. ATP is hydrolyzed by Sec A. 4. SecA pushes 20 amino acids of the polypeptide into the translocation complex. A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 2, 4, 3 C) 2, 1, 4, 3 D) 2, 3, 1, 4 E) 3, 1, 4, 2
2 5. Small signal molecules that regulate transcription are not known to: A) cause activator proteins to bind DNA sites. B) cause repressor proteins to bind DNA sites. C) directly bind to DNA sites. D) prevent activator proteins from binding to DNA sites. E) release repressor proteins from DNA sites. 6. Which of the following statements about regulation of the lac operon is true? A) Glucose in the growth medium decreases the inducibility by lactose. B) Glucose in the growth medium does not affect the inducibility by lactose. C) Glucose in the growth medium increases the inducibility by lactose. D) Its expression is regulated mainly at the level of translation. E) The lac operon is fully induced whenever lactose is present. 7. Which one of the following statements about the transcription attenuation mechanism is true? A) In some operons (e.g., the his operon), attenuation may be the only regulatory mechanism. B) Sequences of the trp operon leader RNA resemble an operator. C) The leader peptide acts by a mechanism that is similar to that of a repressor protein. D) The leader peptide gene of the trp operon includes no Trp codons. E) The leader peptide is an enzyme that catalyzes transcription attenuation. Longer questions points each - You may skip any one. st 8. Eureka! I have discovered a novel bacterium that has a 21 amino acid called Zehfusine I am studying the t-rna that codes for this amino acid. I already know that the mrna sequences that code for this amino acid are UUA, UUU, and UUC. Now, based on what you have learned about t-rna structure, propose a model for the t-rna. In your model include such things as: overall structure (both secondary and tertiary), sequence at the 3' end, sequence at the anticodon, and any modified bases you might find in this structure residues Cloverleaf shape but extra arm is possible Sequence at 3' end - 5'CAA-3' Both the 3' end and the 5' end were probably longer in the original transcript and were cut down in processing Several characteristic base modifications in TøC arm (right side of cloverleaf), D arm (Left side of cloverleaf, and anticodon arm. If the DNA codon is UUA, UUU or UUC, then the anti codon on the trna is most likely (3')-AAI-(5') overall 3D shape is more L-like with anticodon at one end and Amino acid arm at the other -2-
3 9. Continuing with my discovery of the Zehfusine amino acid metabolism. The structure of Zehfusine is shown below : What other amino acids does it resemble? Now, based on what you know about how AminoAcyl-tRNA synthetases work, propose a mechanism for how the Zehfusine synthetase works to attach Zehfusine to its trna. In this mechanism be sure to include all the chemical steps included in the process, what distinguishes a class I from a class II Synthetase, what structural clues the synthetase would look for on the trna, and any proofreading steps that might be included to make sure the proper amino acid is placed on the correct trna. Resembles ILE or maybe VAL Since probably 1 trna, there is only 1 sythetase Synthetase binds on inside of L shape trna uses clues built on this surface rather than the anticodon to recognize the proper trna Mech Step 1 AA + ATP Aminoacyl-AMP Class I Step 2 aminoacylamp Aminoacyl 2'-A on trna Step 3 Aminoacyl 2'A on trna Aminoacyl-3'A on trna Class II Step 2 aminoacylamp Aminoacyl 3'-A on trna Since Zehfusine varies by just 1 or 2 methyl groups from VAL or ILE, there is probably proofreading in the above process. There is probably a separate site that binds and destroys both ILE-AMP and Val-AMP. There is also probably a site that recognizes the Zehfusine trna bound to ILE or Val and destroys those incorrect parings. 10. Tell me about the different signals that can be placed in a protein s sequence. What do they look like, what do they do, how does the cell recognize and utilize the sequence, can you see the sequence in the final protein? Signal to direct to rough ER ( lysosomal, membrane or secreted proteins) AA, hydrophobic Aas, 1 or 2 positively charged AA s near amino terminus, short polar sequence with small amina acids near the C-terminus where the signal will be cleaved from the rest of the protein. Signal sequence is recognized as is coming off the ribosome and is bound by SRP (signal recognition Particle) that stops synthesis until the SRP is bound to ER membrane by SRP receptor. Protein synthesis then resumes and protein in synthesized and inserted into the ER. As signal peptide reached the inside of the ER, the signal peptide is recognized and removed so it is not present in the completed protein Targeting to chloroplast or mitochondria is also through an N-terminal signal, but the nature of the signal is not discussed in the text. Here the protein is completely synthesized before a cytosolic chaperone binds the proteins and takes it to the appropriate organelle where it is transported into the organelle and the amino terminal signal removed. The signal to target a protein to the nucleus is located somewhere within the protein itself in a sequence call the NLS (nuclear Localization Seqeunce). It usually consists of 4-8 residues with several consecutive Arg or Lys resides. This sequence is recognized in the cytosol by the á -importin protein, which is then bound by the â- -3-
4 importin, and the complex as a whole is transported through a nuclear pore into the nucleus. Where the importins are released in a complicated recycling process. Bacteria also use signal sequences to target proteins for the inner or outer membranes or the periplasmic space. These signals are similar to those used in eukaryotic cells to target proteins to the ER or the mitochondira. Here is is thought that the signal sequences make the proteins fold slowly, so they are bound to the secb chaperones, which deliver the proteins to the seca protein on the inner surface of the bacterial membrane. The seca protein then uses ATP energy to puch the protein though the membrane in steps of about 20 AAs/ATP. 11. Tell me about the various domains found in DNA binding proteins. DNA binding domains Helix-turn-helix - used in most bacterial regulatory proteins. 7-9 residues in a helix, a â-turn and then another 7-9 residues of helix. Not stable by itself, so it must be a part of a larger structure Zinc Finger - Used in most Eukaryotic DNA binding proteins - 30 AA s in a long 2+ extended loop that are held together with a Zn ion complexed with 4 Cys or 2Cys and 2 His. Homeodomain - used in Eukaryotic cells particularly for development genes. 60 residues that resembles the helix-turn-helix motif, but larger. Protein-Protein binding domains Leucine zipper - Extended helix with hydrophobic residue on one side and th hydrophillic on the other. Leu is every 7 residue. Hydrophobic side of one helix on one protein will interact with hydrophobic side of a helix on another protein. Basic Helix-loop-helix --50 residue sequence that forms two short amphipathic helices separated by a short loop. Used to bind to a similar sequence on a second protein Also mentioned in class Glutamine rich, Proline rich, and acidic domains 12 The synthesis of Zehfusine requires 5 different enzyme activities. Assuming that the Zehfusine metabolism is controlled much like other amino acids in bacteria, propose a structure for the Zehfusine operon and describe how this operon works. mrna for all five genes one after another on the DNA with a single promoter upstream. There is also a separate gene for a repressor gene that codes for a Zefusine repressor protein. This protein binds to the Zehfusine promoter and represses the expression of the gene unless Zehfusine is readily available to bind to the repressor to release it from the promoter. The early part of the zefusine also contains an attenuator sequence that codes for a short peptide that contains 4 zefusine residues and some hairpin loops followd by a polyu sequenfe. When zefusine is present the ribosome moves quickly through this region and hairpin forms that induces the RNA polymerase to fall off the DNA in a rho-independent manner. When [zehfusine] is low the ribosome stalls, and a different set of hairpins form, so the RNApolymerase remains on the DNA and transcribes the entire gene. -4-
5 1 E 2B 3B 4C 5 C 6 A 7A -5-
Chem 465 Biochem II Test 3
Chem 465 Biochem II Test 3 Name: Multiple choice 4 points each. 1. Which of the following are features of the wobble hypothesis? A) A trna can recognize only one codon. B) Some trnas can recognize codons
More informationCHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN. Section C: The Synthesis of Protein
CHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN Section C: The Synthesis of Protein 1. Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look 2. Signal peptides target some eukaryotic polypeptides to
More informationChapter 8 Lecture Outline. Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics
Chapter 8 Lecture Outline Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics Replication, Transcription, Translation n Repetitive processes Build polymers of nucleotides or amino acids n All have 3 major steps
More informationChapter Twelve Protein Synthesis: Translation of the Genetic Message
Mary K. Campbell Shawn O. Farrell international.cengage.com/ Chapter Twelve Protein Synthesis: Translation of the Genetic Message Paul D. Adams University of Arkansas 1 Translating the Genetic Message
More informationChapter 17. From Gene to Protein. AP Biology
Chapter 17. From Gene to Protein Metabolism teaches us about genes Metabolic defects studying metabolic diseases suggested that genes specified proteins alkaptonuria (black urine from alkapton) PKU (phenylketonuria)
More informationCLEP Biology - Problem Drill 11: Transcription, Translation and The Genetic Code
CLEP Biology - Problem Drill 11: Transcription, Translation and The Genetic Code No. 1 of 10 1. Three types of RNA comprise the structural and functional core for protein synthesis, serving as a template
More informationProtein Synthesis Notes
Protein Synthesis Notes Protein Synthesis: Overview Transcription: synthesis of mrna under the direction of DNA. Translation: actual synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of mrna. Transcription
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW. Overview of Biomolecules. Chapter 13 Protein Synthesis
BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW Overview of Biomolecules Chapter 13 Protein Synthesis 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Are You Getting It?? Which properties are characteristic of the normal genetic code? (multiple answers) a) A
More informationChapter 17. From Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific
More informationFrom Genes to Protein
From Genes to Protein Transcription and Translation Metabolism Teaches Us About Genes Metabolic defects studying metabolic diseases suggested that genes specified proteins alkaptonuria (black urine from
More informationReview of Protein (one or more polypeptide) A polypeptide is a long chain of..
Gene expression Review of Protein (one or more polypeptide) A polypeptide is a long chain of.. In a protein, the sequence of amino acid determines its which determines the protein s A protein with an enzymatic
More informationProtein Metabolism (Chap 27)
Protein Metabolism (Chap 27) Translation: nucleic acid language amino acid language The Genetic Code is the basis for this translation: aminoacyl-trna synthetase xxx xxx xxx trna + amino acid xxx amino
More informationCh. 10 From DNA to Protein. AP Biology
Ch. 10 From DNA to Protein Protein Synthesis Metabolism and Gene Expression n Inheritance of metabolic diseases suggests that genes coded for enzymes n Diseases (phenotypes) caused by non-functional gene
More informationTranslation Mechanisms
Translation Mechanisms Biology I Hayder A. Giha Translation The translation is the process of protein synthesis, where information in nucleotides sequences of a mrna is translated into amino acids sequence
More informationAP Biology
Chapter 17. From Gene to Protein Metabolism teaches us about genes Metabolic defects studying metabolic diseases suggested that genes specified proteins alkaptonuria (black urine from alkapton) PKU (phenylketonuria)
More informationFrom Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationSynthetic cells: do bacteria need all its genes? No.
NO NEED TO REFER TO THE SLIDES. بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Do we need all the non coding regions of the DNA? Two weeks ago, they discovered that the genome of a plant is very small (recall that plant genome
More informationGene Expression Transcription/Translation Protein Synthesis
Gene Expression Transcription/Translation Protein Synthesis 1. Describe how genetic information is transcribed into sequences of bases in RNA molecules and is finally translated into sequences of amino
More informationProkaryotic Transcription
Prokaryotic Transcription Transcription Basics DNA is the genetic material Nucleic acid Capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA RNA is the middle man Nucleic acid Structure and base sequence are
More informationTranslation BIT 220 Chapter 13
Translation BIT 220 Chapter 13 Making protein from mrna Most genes encode for proteins -some make RNA as end product Proteins -Monomer Amino Acid 20 amino acids -peptides -polypeptides -Structure of Amino
More informationNucleic Acid Structure:
Nucleic Acid Structure: Purine and Pyrimidine nucleotides can be combined to form nucleic acids: 1. Deoxyribonucliec acid (DNA) is composed of deoxyribonucleosides of! Adenine! Guanine! Cytosine! Thymine
More informationFrom Gene to Protein transcription, messenger RNA (mrna) translation, RNA processing triplet code, template strand, codons,
From Gene to Protein I. Transcription and translation are the two main processes linking gene to protein. A. RNA is chemically similar to DNA, except that it contains ribose as its sugar and substitutes
More informationChapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits
More informationBIO 311C Spring Lecture 36 Wednesday 28 Apr.
BIO 311C Spring 2010 1 Lecture 36 Wednesday 28 Apr. Synthesis of a Polypeptide Chain 5 direction of ribosome movement along the mrna 3 ribosome mrna NH 2 polypeptide chain direction of mrna movement through
More informationFrom RNA To Protein
From RNA To Protein 22-11-2016 Introduction mrna Processing heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnrna) RNA that comprises transcripts of nuclear genes made by RNA polymerase II; it has a wide size distribution
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch 17 Practice Questions MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as alkaptonuria
More informationNucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide
Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) These
More information1/24/2012. Cell. Plasma Membrane
Chapter 3 Outline Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm and Its Organelles Cell and Gene Expression Protein Synthesis and Secretion DNA Synthesis and Cell Division Cell Basic unit of structure and function in body
More informationBIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.17 - GENE EXPRESSION.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: GENES Beadle and Tatum develop the one gene one enzyme hypothesis through their work with Neurospora (bread mold). This idea was later revised as the one gene one polypeptide
More informationText Reference, Campbell v.8, chapter 17 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
AP BIOLOGY Text Reference, Campbell v.8, chapter 17 ACTIVITY 1.22 NAME DATE HOUR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS GENETIC CODE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OVERVIEW PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSLATION
More informationNUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM. Omidiwura, B.R.O
NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM Omidiwura, B.R.O Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid
More informationHighlights Translation I
Highlights Translation I 1. Prokaryotic ribosomes are a 70S multi-protein, multi-rna complex, consisting of a large 50S subunit (31 proteins + 23S rrna + 5S rrna) and a smaller 30S subunit (21 proteins
More informationExpression of the genome. Books: 1. Molecular biology of the gene: Watson et al 2. Genetics: Peter J. Russell
Expression of the genome Books: 1. Molecular biology of the gene: Watson et al 2. Genetics: Peter J. Russell 1 Transcription 1. Francis Crick (1956) named the flow of information from DNA RNA protein the
More informationMolecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 08: Transcription, Translation and the Genetic Code
Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 08: Transcription, Translation and the Genetic Code Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements about how genes function is correct? Question #1 (A)
More informationName. Student ID. Midterm 2, Biology 2020, Kropf 2004
Midterm 2, Biology 2020, Kropf 2004 1 1. RNA vs DNA (5 pts) The table below compares DNA and RNA. Fill in the open boxes, being complete and specific Compare: DNA RNA Pyrimidines C,T C,U Purines 3-D structure
More informationMOLECULAR GENETICS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Molecular Genetics Activity #2 page 1
AP BIOLOGY MOLECULAR GENETICS ACTIVITY #2 NAME DATE HOUR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Molecular Genetics Activity #2 page 1 GENETIC CODE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OVERVIEW Molecular Genetics Activity #2 page 2 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
More informationChapter 3.5. Protein Synthesis
Chapter 3.5 Protein Synthesis Summary of Protein Synthesis How chemical Information is transfer during protein synthesis DNA mrna protein transcription the step from DNA to mrna occurs in the nucleus where
More informationTranscription steps. Transcription steps. Eukaryote RNA processing
Transcription steps Initiation at 5 end of gene binding of RNA polymerase to promoter unwinding of DNA Elongation addition of nucleotides to 3 end rules of base pairing requires Mg 2+ energy from NTP substrates
More informationCH 17 :From Gene to Protein
CH 17 :From Gene to Protein Defining a gene gene gene Defining a gene is problematic because one gene can code for several protein products, some genes code only for RNA, two genes can overlap, and there
More informationFind this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site.
Find this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site. Still having trouble understanding the material? Check
More information8/21/2014. From Gene to Protein
From Gene to Protein Chapter 17 Objectives Describe the contributions made by Garrod, Beadle, and Tatum to our understanding of the relationship between genes and enzymes Briefly explain how information
More informationBiotechnology Unit 3: DNA to Proteins. From DNA to RNA
From DNA to RNA Biotechnology Unit 3: DNA to Proteins I. After the discovery of the structure of DNA, the major question remaining was how does the stored in the 4 letter code of DNA direct the and of
More informationGenetics Biology 331 Exam 3B Spring 2015
Genetics Biology 331 Exam 3B Spring 2015 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) DNA methylation may be a significant mode of genetic regulation
More informationFrom Gene to Protein. How Genes Work
From Gene to Protein How Genes Work 2007-2008 The Central Dogma Flow of genetic information in a cell How do we move information from DNA to proteins? DNA RNA protein replication phenotype You! Step 1:
More informationPROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Higher Level
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Higher Level Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson you should be able to 1. Outline the steps in protein synthesis 2. Understand DNA contains the code for protein 3. Understand
More informationChapter 14 Regulation of Transcription
Chapter 14 Regulation of Transcription Cis-acting sequences Distance-independent cis-acting elements Dissecting regulatory elements Transcription factors Overview transcriptional regulation Transcription
More informationThe Stringent Response
The Stringent Response When amino acids are limiting a response is triggered to shut down a wide range of biosynthetic processes This process is called the Stringent Response It results in the synthesis
More informationCELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH. 7 - GENE EXPRESSION.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION BASICS Gene expression is the process through which cells selectively to express some genes and not others Every cell in an organism is a clone
More informationالحمد هلل رب العالميه الذي هداوا لهذا وما كىا لىهتدي لىال أن هداوا اهلل والصالة والسالم على أشزف األوبياء. 222Cell Biolgy 1
الحمد هلل رب العالميه الذي هداوا لهذا وما كىا لىهتدي لىال أن هداوا اهلل والصالة والسالم على أشزف األوبياء 222Cell Biolgy 1 Lecture 14 222Cell Biolgy 2 DNA replication DNA replication is a semi-conservative
More information7.014 Problem Set 4 Answers to this problem set are to be turned in. Problem sets will not be accepted late. Solutions will be posted on the web.
MIT Department of Biology 7.014 Introductory Biology, Spring 2005 Name: Section : 7.014 Problem Set 4 Answers to this problem set are to be turned in. Problem sets will not be accepted late. Solutions
More informationLecture for Wednesday. Dr. Prince BIOL 1408
Lecture for Wednesday Dr. Prince BIOL 1408 THE FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Genes are expressed as proteins A gene is a segment of DNA that
More informationGene function at the level of traits Gene function at the molecular level
Gene expression Gene function at the level of traits Gene function at the molecular level Two levels tied together since the molecular level affects the structure and function of cells which determines
More informationProtein Synthesis. DNA to RNA to Protein
Protein Synthesis DNA to RNA to Protein From Genes to Proteins Processing the information contained in DNA into proteins involves a sequence of events known as gene expression and results in protein synthesis.
More informationAnswers to Module 1. An obligate aerobe is an organism that has an absolute requirement of oxygen for growth.
Answers to Module 1 Short Answers 1) What is an obligate aerobe? An obligate aerobe is an organism that has an absolute requirement of oxygen for growth. What about facultative anaerobe? 2) Distinguish
More informationMolecular Genetics Quiz #1 SBI4U K T/I A C TOTAL
Name: Molecular Genetics Quiz #1 SBI4U K T/I A C TOTAL Part A: Multiple Choice (15 marks) Circle the letter of choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. One mark for each correct
More informationChapter 12: Molecular Biology of the Gene
Biology Textbook Notes Chapter 12: Molecular Biology of the Gene p. 214-219 The Genetic Material (12.1) - Genetic Material must: 1. Be able to store information that pertains to the development, structure,
More informationBIOL 1030 Introduction to Biology: Organismal Biology. Fall 2009 Sections B & D. Steve Thompson:
BIOL 1030 Introduction to Biology: Organismal Biology. Fall 2009 Sections B & D Steve Thompson: stthompson@valdosta.edu http://www.bioinfo4u.net 1 DNA transcription and regulation We ve seen how the principles
More informationFrom Gene to Protein. How Genes Work (Ch. 17)
From Gene to Protein How Genes Work (Ch. 17) What do genes code for? How does DNA code for cells & bodies? how are cells and bodies made from the instructions in DNA DNA proteins cells bodies The Central
More informationDNA is the MASTER PLAN. RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan
Sec. 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Roles of DNA and RNA DNA is the MASTER PLAN RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan 1 RNA uses the information from DNA to make proteins Differs from DNA: 1. Ribose
More informationGene Expression: Transcription, Translation, RNAs and the Genetic Code
Lecture 28-29 Gene Expression: Transcription, Translation, RNAs and the Genetic Code Central dogma of molecular biology During transcription, the information in a DNA sequence (a gene) is copied into a
More informationThe Nature of Genes. The Nature of Genes. The Nature of Genes. The Nature of Genes. The Nature of Genes. The Genetic Code. Genes and How They Work
Genes and How They Work Chapter 15 Early ideas to explain how genes work came from studying human diseases. Archibald Garrod studied alkaptonuria, 1902 Garrod recognized that the disease is inherited via
More informationBioinformatics. ONE Introduction to Biology. Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University Biology/CS 123A Fall 2012
Bioinformatics ONE Introduction to Biology Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University Biology/CS 123A Fall 2012 Biology Review DNA RNA Proteins Central Dogma Transcription Translation
More informationAnalyzed Fungi Neurospora crassa mutants. Mutants were UNABLE to grow without Arginine (an amino acid) Other biochemical experiments indicated:
From Gene to Protein Beadle and Tatum Analyzed Fungi Neurospora crassa mutants Mutants were UNABLE to grow without Arginine (an amino acid) Other biochemical experiments indicated: Precursor Ornithine
More informationRNA Expression of the information in a gene generally involves production of an RNA molecule transcribed from a DNA template. RNA differs from DNA
RNA Expression of the information in a gene generally involves production of an RNA molecule transcribed from a DNA template. RNA differs from DNA that it has a hydroxyl group at the 2 position of the
More informationThe Structure of RNA. The Central Dogma
12-3 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis The Structure of RNA The Central Dogma Phenotype A gene is a SEQUENCE of DNA that codes for a protein (or functional RNA). Phenotype is the individual s observable trait
More informationFig Ch 17: From Gene to Protein
Fig. 17-1 Ch 17: From Gene to Protein Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation RNA is the intermediate between genes and the proteins for which they code Transcription is the synthesis of RNA
More informationProblem Set 8. Answer Key
MCB 102 University of California, Berkeley August 11, 2009 Isabelle Philipp Online Document Problem Set 8 Answer Key 1. The Genetic Code (a) Are all amino acids encoded by the same number of codons? no
More information3.1 Storing Information. Polypeptides. Protein Structure. Helical Secondary Structure. Types of Protein Structure. Molecular Biology Fourth Edition
Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Molecular Biology Fourth Edition Robert F. Weaver Chapter 3 An Introduction to Gene Function 3.1 Storing Information Producing a protein from DNA information involves both
More informationBig Idea 3C Basic Review
Big Idea 3C Basic Review 1. A gene is a. A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein. b. A sequence of amino acids that codes for a protein. c. A sequence of codons that code for nucleic acids. d. The end
More informationChapter 3 An Introduction to Gene Function 3.1 Storing Information 3.2 Replication 3.3 Mutation
Chapter 3 An Introduction to Gene Function 3.1 Storing Information 3.2 Replication 3.3 Mutation 3.1 Storing Information [Central Dogma] Producing a protein from DNA => by transcription and translation
More informationControl of Gene Expression
Control of Gene Expression 1 How Gene Regulation Works 2 Control of Gene Expression Controlling gene expression is often accomplished by controlling transcription initiation Regulatory proteins bind to
More informationGenes and How They Work. Chapter 15
Genes and How They Work Chapter 15 The Nature of Genes They proposed the one gene one enzyme hypothesis. Today we know this as the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis. 2 The Nature of Genes The central
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Chapter 17 Genes to Proteins Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. The following questions refer to Figure 17.1, a simple metabolic
More informationRegulation of gene expression. (Lehninger pg )
Regulation of gene expression (Lehninger pg. 1072-1085) Today s lecture Gene expression Constitutive, inducible, repressible genes Specificity factors, activators, repressors Negative and positive gene
More informationThe Nature of Genes. The Nature of Genes. Genes and How They Work. Chapter 15/16
Genes and How They Work Chapter 15/16 The Nature of Genes Beadle and Tatum proposed the one gene one enzyme hypothesis. Today we know this as the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis. 2 The Nature of Genes
More informationChapter 17. From Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein One Gene One Enzyme Hypothesis Archibald Garrod 1 st to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions ; alkaptonuria Beadle
More informationTRANSCRIPTION. Renáta Schipp
TRANSCRIPTION Renáta Schipp Gene expression Gene expression: - is the process by which information from a gene is used for the synthesis of gene products. These products are proteins, but in the case of
More informationFROM GENE TO PROTEIN. One Gene One Enzyme Hypothesis 3/12/2013. Basic Principles of Transcription & Translation
One Gene One Enzyme Hypothesis FROM GENE TO PROTEIN C H A P T E R 1 7 Archibald Garrod 1 st to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions ; alkaptonuria
More informationBiol 3301 Genetics Exam #2A October 26, 2004
Biol 3301 Genetics Exam #2A October 26, 2004 This exam consists of 40 multiple choice questions worth 2.5 points each, for a total of 100 points. Good luck. Name SS# 1. Which of the following statements
More informationCh. 10 Notes DNA: Transcription and Translation
Ch. 10 Notes DNA: Transcription and Translation GOALS Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA Summarize the process of transcription Relate the role of codons to the sequence of amino acids that
More informationGENE REGULATION slide shows by Kim Foglia modified Slides with blue edges are Kim s
GENE REGULATION slide shows by Kim Foglia modified Slides with blue edges are Kim s 2007-2008 Bacterial metabolism Bacteria need to respond quickly to changes in their environment STOP GO if they have
More informationTranscription. The sugar molecule found in RNA is ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA.
Transcription RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a key intermediary between a DNA sequence and a polypeptide. RNA is an informational polynucleotide similar to DNA, but it differs from DNA in three ways: RNA generally
More informationFrom Genes to Protein
From Genes to Protein Transcription and Translation Metabolism Teaches Us About Genes Metabolic defects studying metabolic diseases suggested that genes specified proteins alkaptonuria (black urine from
More informationWinter Quarter Midterm Exam
1. For a science fair project, two students decided to repeat the Hershey and Chase experiment, with modifications. They decided to label the nitrogen of the DNA, rather than the phosphate. They reasoned
More informationGene Expression and Regulation - 1
Gene Expression and Regulation - 1 We have been discussing the molecular structure of DNA and its function in DNA replication and in transcription. Earlier we discussed how genes interact in transmission
More informationFrom Gene to Protein. Chapter 17
From Gene to Protein Chapter 17 What you need to know: The key terms: gene expression, transcription, and translation. The major events of transcription. How eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription.
More informationTranscription. By : Lucia Dhiantika Witasari M.Biotech., Apt
Transcription By : Lucia Dhiantika Witasari M.Biotech., Apt REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION 11/26/2010 2 RNA Messenger RNAs (mrnas) encode the amino acid sequence of one or more polypeptides specified by
More informationPlease sign below if you wish to have your grades posted by the last five digits of your SSN
BIO 226R EXAM II (Sample) PRINT YOUR NAME SSN Please sign below if you wish to have your grades posted by the last five digits of your SSN Signature BIO 226R Exam II has 6 pages, and 27 questions. There
More informationNOTES Gene Expression ACP Biology, NNHS
Name Date Block NOTES Gene Expression ACP Biology, NNHS Model 1: Transcription the process of genes in DNA being copied into a messenger RNA 1. Where in the cell is DNA found? 2. Where in the cell does
More informationChapter 4: How Cells Work
Chapter 4: How Cells Work David Shonnard Department of Chemical Engineering 1 Presentation Outline: l l l l l Introduction : Central Dogma DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating DNA Transcription:
More informationChapter 4: How Cells Work
Chapter 4: How Cells Work David Shonnard Department of Chemical Engineering 1 Presentation Outline: Introduction : Central Dogma DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating DNA Transcription: Sending the
More informationBEADLE & TATUM EXPERIMENT
FROM DNA TO PROTEINS: gene expression Chapter 14 LECTURE OBJECTIVES What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? How Does Information Flow from Genes to Proteins? How Is the Information Content in
More informationChapter 11. Gene Expression and Regulation. Lectures by Gregory Ahearn. University of North Florida. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..
Chapter 11 Gene Expression and Regulation Lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.. 11.1 How Is The Information In DNA Used In A Cell? Most genes contain
More informationTranscription is the first stage of gene expression
Transcription is the first stage of gene expression RNA synthesis is catalyzed by RNA polymerase, which pries the DNA strands apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides The RNA is complementary to the
More informationSCBC203 Gene Expression. Assoc. Prof. Rutaiwan Tohtong Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science PR318
SCBC203 Gene Expression Assoc. Prof. Rutaiwan Tohtong Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science PR318 Rutaiwan.toh@mahidol.ac.th 1 Gene Expression Gene expression is a process where by the genetic
More informationSelf-test Quiz for Chapter 12 (From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype)
Self-test Quiz for Chapter 12 (From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype) Question#1: One-Gene, One-Polypeptide The figure below shows the results of feeding trials with one auxotroph strain of Neurospora
More informationThe Central Dogma. DNA makes RNA makes Proteins
The Central Dogma DNA makes RNA makes Proteins TRANSCRIPTION DNA RNA transcript RNA polymerase RNA PROCESSING Exon RNA transcript (pre-) Intron Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM FORMATION OF
More informationTranscription in Eukaryotes
Transcription in Eukaryotes Biology I Hayder A Giha Transcription Transcription is a DNA-directed synthesis of RNA, which is the first step in gene expression. Gene expression, is transformation of the
More informationProtein Synthesis. Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy
Protein Synthesis Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy STRUCTURE OF RNA RNA, adenine forms a base pair with
More informationBCH 4054 Fall 2000 Chapter 31 Lecture Notes
BCH 4054 Fall 2000 Chapter 31 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 31 Transcription and Regulation of Gene Expression 2 Messenger RNA Central Dogma (Francis Crick, 1958) DNA RNA Protein (Fig 31.1) Jacob-Monod Hypothesis:
More information