Building Enclosure Performance for Existing and New Buildings

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Alfred Mosley
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1 Building Enclosure Performance for Existing and New Buildings 2015 HESNI Annual Conference Rick Ziegler, PE

2 Industry Construction Defect Claims Building Envelope - 70% Plumbing - 12% Freezing - 4% Fire Sprinklers - 3% Building Envelope 70% HVAC/Electric - 3% Structure - 1.5% Concrete - 1.5% Flooring - 0.8% FoundaJon - 0.8% *Per data from the American Contractor s Insurance Group

3 Agenda Building Enclosure Fundamentals Existing Buildings New Construction Discussion/Questions

4 Environmental Separation Control heat flow Control air flow Control vapor flow Control rain Control groundwater Control light and solar radiation Control noise and vibration Control insects, rodents, and vermin Control fire Provide strength and rigidity Provide blast resistance Be durable

5 Fundamentals Water/Drainage Air Control Durability Vapor Control Thermal ProtecJon

6 Water/Air Control Fluid Applied Felt Sheet Mechanically Applied Attached Roof Below Grade Waterproofing Mechanically Attached

7 Air Barrier Materials Materials with air permeability psf air pressure differenjal Plywood Oriented Strand Board Extruded InsulaJon Board Foil- back InsulaJon Board Closed Cell Spray Foam Open Cell Spray Foam Exterior/Interior Gypsum Board Cement Board Fully Adhered Roof Membrane Portland cement or gypsum plaster Concrete Fully Grouted Concrete Block Sheet Steel or Aluminum Built- up Roofing Membrane Mod- bit Roofing Membrane

8 Air Barrier Materials Not All Air Barriers are Equal Stucco Air barrier per IECC C Must be flashed per IBC

9 ASHREA 1478 RP Roof to wall intersection Exterior soffits, wings, and canopies connected to buildings Fenestration connections to opaque walls and roof Separation of building and vented attics Structural beam penetrations of the enclosure Double facades Weatherstripping

10 Barrier and Cavity Walls Barrier Assembly Mechanically Attached Roof Cavity/Drainage Assembly

11 Vapor Control Layers per the Code Vapor Retarders per the 2012 IBC: Class I Perm rajng less than.1 Class II Perm rajng between.1 and 1 Class III Perm rajng greater than 1 Class I or II required on interior side of walls in climate zones 5, 6, 7, 8 and marine 4

12 Vapor Diffusion Vs. Air Leakage * At 40% RH over course of winter in Canada

13 Agenda Building Enclosure Fundamentals Existing Buildings New Construction Discussion/Questions

14 Existing Buildings - Failures - Maintenance - Energy Performance

15 Moisture Problems Condensation Water Leakage

16 Failures Biological growth Leakage into wall cavity

17 Repairs Sealant applied incorrectly

18 Investigations

19 Investigations

20 Investigations Project History Occupant interviews Maintenance logs Conditions during failure - Wind speed/direction - Precipitation - Building pressures - Temperatures - Failure descriptions

21 Investigations Document Reviews

22 On-site Observations and Testing

23 On-site Observations and Testing

24 Repair Plans Options 1) Isolated repairs 2) Proactive/comprehensive repairs 3) Removal and replacement

25 Maintenance Programs Understand the fundamentals Identify a schedule Develop maintenance logs Know where to look

26 Maintenance Failed Sealants Fasteners on roof membrane

27 Maintenance Infrared Scans Debris blocking roof drain

28 Energy Performance Energy Cost Savings ($/yr) $45,000 $40,000 $35,000 $30,000 $25,000 $20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $0 Energy Savings Based on Total Building Air Leakage 0.40 cfm/sf 0.25 cfm/sf 0.10 cfm/sf

29 Energy Performance Building pressures Infrared Thermography Smoke testing

30 Whole Building Air Leakage Testing Spray Rack Testing (Chamber) Spray Nozzle Testing

31 Modifications Verify with WUFI Wärme und Feuchte InstaJonär

32 Modifications Verify with THERM

33 Agenda Building Enclosure Fundamentals Existing Buildings New Construction Discussion/Questions

34 New Construction

35 Envelope Failures Curling of spray foam Self- adhered flashing pulling away from drip edge

36 Envelope Failures Comprehensive flashing repairs

37 Commissioning HVAC Electrical Plumbing Fire Protection Security Medical Gas Building Automation Controls Building Envelope

38 Enclosure Commissioning (BECx) Building Enclosure Systems Fenestration Air barriers Vapor barriers Roofing Below grade Claddings Waterproofing Sealants Insulation

39 BECx Phases Pre-Design Design Pre-Construction Construction Operations and Maintenance

40 Pre-Design Phase Owner s Project Requirements Selection of enclosure systems Basis of Design Energy Modeling

41 Pre-Design Energy Modeling and OPR

42 Design Phase

47 Test Protocols Testing Considerations OPR and difficulty in achieving Mock-up and field testing budget Complexity of design Quantity of systems Trade expectations Most realistic testing building will experience

48 Test Protocols ASTM E1105: 3.2.3: Penetration of water beyond a plane parallel to the glazing (the vertical plane) intersecting the innermost projection of the test specimen

50 Pre-Construction Phase Typical Shop Drawing Detail Coordinated Shop Drawing Detail

51 Pre-Construction Phase Laboratory Mock-up On-site Stand Alone Mock-up

52 Mock-up Air Leakage Testing Prior to Cladding Installation Mock-up Water Leakage Testing Prior to Cladding Installation

53 Mock-up Testing Mock-up Air Leakage Testing Prior to Cladding Installation

54 Construction Phase Finalize field functional performance test plan Review contractor s quality control Field functional performance testing Construction observations/inspections BECx meetings

61 Qualitative Air Barrier Testing Quantitative Air Barrier Testing

62 ASTM D 4541 Air Barrier Adhesion Testing Air Barrier Adhesion Testing

63 Spray Rack Testing (Chamber) Spray Nozzle Testing

64 Operations and Maintenance Phase Warranty Documentation Maintenance Plan Final BECx Report Post Occupancy Site Visit

65 THANK YOU QUESTIONS? COMMENTS? Rick Ziegler, PE

Building Enclosure Commissioning

Building Enclosure Commissioning John Runkle, P.E. Vice President Building Sciences October 5, 2016 Program Outline Defining the Enclosure Building Science Concepts Façade Design State of the Practice