Course 817. Steel Erection Safety

Transcription

1 Curse 817 Steel Erectin Safety

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3 OSHAcademy Curse 817 Study Guide Steel Erectin Safety Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. N prtin f this text may be reprinted fr ther than persnal use. Any cmmercial use f this dcument is strictly frbidden. Cntact OSHAcademy t arrange fr use as a training dcument. This study guide is designed t be reviewed ff-line as a tl fr preparatin t successfully cmplete OSHAcademy Curse 817. Read each mdule, answer the quiz questins, and submit the quiz questins nline thrugh the curse webpage. Yu can print the pst-quiz respnse screen which will cntain the crrect answers t the questins. The final exam will cnsist f questins develped frm the curse cntent and mdule quizzes. We hpe yu enjy the curse and if yu have any questins, feel free t r call: OSHAcademy NW Greenbrier Parkway, Suite 230 Beavertn, Oregn instructr@shatrain.rg +1 (888) Disclaimer This dcument des nt cnstitute legal advice. Cnsult with yur wn cmpany cunsel fr advice n cmpliance with all applicable state and federal regulatins. Neither Geigle Safety Grup, Inc., nr any f its emplyees, subcntractrs, cnsultants, cmmittees, r ther assignees make any warranty r representatin, either express r implied, with respect t the accuracy, cmpleteness, r usefulness f the infrmatin cntained herein, r assume any liability r respnsibility fr any use, r the results f such use, f any infrmatin r prcess disclsed in this publicatin. GEIGLE SAFETY GROUP, INC., DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Taking actins suggested in this dcument des nt guarantee that an emplyer, emplyee, peratr r cntractr will be in cmpliance with applicable regulatins. Ultimately every cmpany is respnsible fr determining the applicability f the infrmatin in this dcument t its wn peratins. Each emplyer s safety management system will be different. Mapping safety and envirnmental management plicies, prcedures, r peratins using this dcument des nt guarantee cmpliance regulatry requirements. Revised: Octber 4, 2017

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5 Curse 817 Cntents Curse Intrductin... 1 Curse Objectives... 1 Mdule 1: Site Preparatin... 3 Apprval and Cmmencement... 3 Site Layut... 3 Pre-Planning... 4 Site-Specific Erectin Plan... 4 The Site-Specific Erectin Plan Prcess... 5 The Site-Specific Erectin Plan Cmpnents... 5 Mdule 1 Quiz... 7 Mdule 2: Cranes... 9 Histing and Rigging... 9 Histing Equipment... 9 Pre-Shift Inspectin... 9 Operatr and Rigger Inspectin Respnsibilities Wrking Under Lads Multiple Lift Rigging Prcedures Mdule 2 Quiz Mdule 3: Structural Stability Structural Steel Assembly Case Reprt Multi-Stry Structures Walking/Wrking Surfaces... 17

6 Curse 817 Shear Cnnectrs Cated Surfaces Plumbing-Up Metal Decking Histing, Landing and Placing Metal Deck Bundles Rf and Flr Hles and Openings Cvering Rf and Flr Openings Installatin f Metal Decking Derrick Flrs Mdule 3 Quiz Mdule 4: Structural Stability (Cntinued) Clumn Anchrages Erectin Stability Anchr Rds (Anchr Blts) Beams and Clumns Releasing the Lad Cantilevered Members Diagnal Bracing Duble Cnnectins at Clumns Clumn Splices Perimeter Clumns Mdule 4 Quiz Mdule 5: Structural Stability (Cntinued) Open Web Steel Jists... 30

7 Curse 817 General Requirements Installing Stabilizing Jists Steel Jists and Steel Jist Girders Erectin f Steel Jists Erectin Bridging Landing and Placing Lads Real-Wrld Accident Mdule 5 Quiz Mdule 6: Metal Buildings and Overhead Hazards Metal Buildings Systems-Engineered Metal Buildings Cnstructin Lads Girts r Eave Struts Purlins and Girts Overhead Hazards Falling Object Prtectin The Hazards Assciated with Placing Jists Mdule 6 Quiz Mdule 7: Fall Prtectin General Requirements Cnnectrs Cntrlled Decking Zne (CDZ) Cntrl Lines What OSHA Inspects... 46

8 Curse 817 Mdule 7 Quiz Mdule 8: Steel Erectin Safety Training Qualified Persns Case Reprt Fall Hazards Special Training Case Reprt Why Quality Steel Erectin Cnstructin is Imprtant Mdule 8 Quiz Definitins Endntes... 60

9 Curse 817 Curse Intrductin Despite being cvered since 1971 under the riginal steel erectin standard, America's 56,000 steel erectrs cntinue t suffer 35 fatal accidents per year, a rate f ne death per 1,600 wrkers. OSHA estimates 30 f thse deaths, as well as nearly 1,150 annual lst-wrkday injuries, can be averted by cmpliance with prvisins f the OSHA s 1926 Subpart R Standard, develped with industry and labr thrugh negtiated rulemaking. The Bureau f Labr and Statistics lists steel erectin as ne f the tp 10 mst hazardus ccupatins. Steel erectin wrk includes heavy duty high rise structures, metal buildings, and even signs. Steel erectin is ften the skeletal cre f bridges, ffice buildings, cmmercial, retail, and industrial structures. OSHA published Subpart R, , the current steel erectin rule. The OSHA steel erectin standard is intended t prtect emplyees frm steel erectin hazards when invlved in the cnstructin, alteratin, r repair f: single-stry buildings multi-stry buildings bridges ther structures where steel erectin ccurs The requirements apply t all emplyers engaged in steel erectin unless therwise specified. It des nt cver electrical transmissin twers, cmmunicatin and bradcast twers, r tanks. See examples f steel erectin activities here. Curse Objectives After cmpleting this curse and successfully passing the final exam, yu shuld be able t: Describe initial site preparatin activities including site layut and pre-planning. List the cmpnents f a site-specific erectin plan. Identify crane histing and rigging hazards and best practices during steel erectin. Describe crane peratr and rigger inspectin respnsibilities. Discuss methds f preventing structural cllapse. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 1 f 60

10 Curse 817 Identify safe wrk practices related t walking/wrking surfaces and decking. Identify safe wrk practices related t installatin f beams, bracing, bridging, jists, girders and clumns. Describe safe prcedures fr landing and placing lads n decking and jists. Describe the hazards and safe practices fr erecting systems-engineered buildings. Identify fall prtectin systems used in steel erectin peratins. Define and list safety requirements fr a Cntrlled Decking Zne (CDZ) Describe general and special safety training requirements fr steel erectin peratins. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 2 f 60

11 Curse 817 Mdule 1: Site Preparatin This mdule discusses initial site Layut, site-specific erectin plans and cnstructin sequences detailed within OSHA s 29 CFR Prper cmmunicatin between the cntrlling cntractr and the steel erectr prir t the beginning f the steel erectin peratin is essential t emplyee safety. Many accidents invlving cllapse can be averted if adequate pre-erectin cmmunicatin and planning ccurs. Site preparatin, including site layut, pre-planning f verhead histing peratins, and (in sme cases) site-specific erectin plans help t ensure safety during the initial stages f steel erectin. Apprval and Cmmencement The cntrlling cntractr must prvide written ntificatin t the steel erectr ensuring that: Cncrete in ftings, piers, and walls has been cured t a level that will prvide adequate strength, as required by the American Sciety fr Testing and Materials (ASTM), t supprt any frces impsed during steel erectin. Anchr blt repairs, replacements and mdificatins were dne with the apprval f the prject Structural Engineer f Recrd (SER). A steel erectin cntractr shuld nt erect steel unless he r she has received written ntificatin that the cncrete in the ftings, piers and walls, r the mrtar in the masnry piers and walls has attained, either: 75 percent f the intended minimum cmpressive design strength, r sufficient strength t supprt the lads impsed during steel erectin. This determinatin shuld be based n an apprpriate ASTM standard test methd f fieldcured samples. The cntrlling cntractr shuld keep a cpy f the written ntificatin(s) required by this sectin n the site fr review until cmpletin f the prject. Site Layut In rder fr the steel erectr t perfrm necessary peratins in a safe manner, the cntrlling cntractr must prvide and maintain: Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 3 f 60

12 Curse 817 Adequate access rads int and thrughut the site that will be used fr safely delivering and mving: derricks cranes trucks ther necessary equipment the material t be erected Means and methds fr pedestrian and vehicular cntrl. A firm, prperly graded, drained area, readily accessible t the wrk with adequate space fr the safe strage f materials and the safe peratin f the erectr s equipment. Pre-Planning All histing peratins in steel erectin must be pre-planned t ensure: Emplyees are nt wrking directly belw suspended lads, except fr: emplyees engaged in the initial cnnectin f the steel emplyees necessary fr the hking and unhking f the lad Where emplyees must wrk under the lad, the materials being histed are: rigged t prevent unintentinal displacement prevented frm slipping by the use f hks with self-clsing safety latches r their equivalent rigged by a qualified rigger Site-Specific Erectin Plan Emplyers may elect, because f cnditins specific t the wrksite, t develp alternate means f prviding the emplyee prtectin. If a site-specific erectin plan is used, it must: Be develped by a qualified persn; Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 4 f 60

13 Curse 817 Identify the site; Be available at the wrk site; and Be signed by the qualified persn respnsible fr its develpment and any mdificatins. The Site-Specific Erectin Plan Prcess Pre-cnstructin cnference(s) and site inspectin(s) are held between the erectr and the cntrlling cntractr, and thers such as the prject engineer and fabricatr befre the start f steel erectin. The purpse f these cnference(s) is t develp and review the site-specific erectin plan. The Site-Specific Erectin Plan Cmpnents In this prcess, the fllwing elements are cnsidered: The sequence f erectin activity, develped in crdinatin with the cntrlling cntractr, including the fllwing: material deliveries material staging and strage crdinatin with ther trades and cnstructin activities A descriptin f the crane and derrick selectin and placement prcedures, including the fllwing: site preparatin path fr verhead lads, and critical lifts, including rigging supplies and equipment A descriptin f steel erectin activities and prcedures, including the fllwing: stability cnsideratins requiring temprary bracing and guying erectin bridging terminus pint ntificatins regarding repair, replacement and mdificatins f anchr rds (anchr blts) Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 5 f 60

14 Curse 817 clumns and beams (including jists and purlins) cnnectins decking, and rnamental and miscellaneus irn A descriptin f the prcedures used t cmply with (a). A descriptin f the falling bject prtectin prcedures that will be used t cmply with A descriptin f the fall prtectin prcedures that will be used t cmply with A descriptin f the special prcedures required fr hazardus nn-rutine tasks. A certificatin fr each emplyee wh has received training fr perfrming steel erectin peratins as required by A list f the qualified and cmpetent persns. A descriptin f the prcedures that will be used in the event f rescue r emergency respnse. See 1926 Subpart R, Appendix A fr mre guidelines fr establishing the cmpnents f a sitespecific Erectin Plan. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 6 f 60

15 Curse 817 Mdule 1 Quiz Use this quiz t self-check yur understanding f the mdule cntent. Yu can als g nline and take this quiz within the mdule. The nline quiz prvides the crrect answer nce submitted. 1. Prper cmmunicatin between the cntrlling cntractr and the prir t the beginning f the steel erectin peratin is essential t emplyee safety. a. safety manager b. steel erectr c. OSHA inspectr d. lcal gvernment agency 2. Which f the fllwing must be cured t a level that will prvide adequate strength, as required by the ASTM? a. Mrtar b. Steel c. Asphalt d. Cncrete 3. Emplyees may wrk directly belw suspended lads if. a. they are engaged in initial cnnectin f the steel b. they are inspecting the lad c. they are perfrming flagging peratins d. they have been apprved by the hst emplyer 4. If a site-specific erectin plan is used, it must. a. determine the cst f the prject b. include apprval by an OSHA cnsultant c. be develped by a qualified persn d. be available at the crprate headquarters Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 7 f 60

16 Curse The site-specific erectin plan shuld include all the fllwing cmpnents, except. a. The sequence f erectin activity b. A cpy f 1910 Subpart G, Appendix A c. A descriptin f the crane and derrick selectin and placement prcedures d. A descriptin f steel erectin activities and prcedures Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 8 f 60

17 Curse 817 Mdule 2: Cranes Histing and Rigging Rigging and histing f steel members and materials are essential parts f the steel erectin prcess. Hwever, in additin t the dangers usually assciated with cranes and derricks, steel erectin als presents special hazards. These hazards include the use f cranes t hist emplyees, suspend lads ver certain emplyees, and perfrm pre-lifts. Histing Equipment Histing equipment is cmmercially manufactured lifting equipment designed t lift and psitin a lad f knwn weight t a lcatin at sme knwn elevatin and hrizntal distance frm the equipment s center f rtatin. Nte: A "cme-a-lng, is nt cnsidered lifting equipment. It is a mechanical device usually cnsisting f a chain r cable attached at each end. It is used t facilitate mvement f materials thrugh leverage and is nt cnsidered histing equipment. Pre-Shift Inspectin Cranes being used in steel erectin activities must be visually inspected prir t each shift by a cmpetent persn. The inspectin must include bservatin fr deficiencies during peratin. At a minimum, this inspectin must include the fllwing: All cntrl mechanisms - lk fr maladjustments. Cntrl and drive mechanism - lk fr excessive wear f cmpnents and cntaminatin by: lubricants eater ther freign matter Safety devices - lk fr defects, including but nt limited t: bm-angle indicatrs bm stps Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 9 f 60

18 Curse 817 bm kick ut devices, anti-tw blck devices, and lad mment indicatrs where required Air, hydraulic, and ther pressurized lines, particularly thse which flex in nrmal peratin - lk fr: deteriratin, and leakage Hks and latches - lk fr: defrmatin chemical damage cracks wear Wire rpe reeving - lk fr cmpliance with histing equipment manufacturer's specificatins. Electrical apparatus - lk fr: malfunctining signs f excessive deteriratin dirt misture accumulatin Hydraulic system - lk fr prper fluid level Tires - lk fr prper inflatin and cnditin; Grund cnditins arund the histing equipment - lk fr: Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 10 f 60

19 Curse 817 prper supprt, including grund settling under and arund utriggers grund water accumulatin similar cnditins Histing equipment - lk fr: level psitin, and level psitin after each mve and setup. If any deficiency is identified, the cmpetent persn must immediately determine if it is a hazard. If the cmpetent persn determines a hazard exists, the histing equipment must be remved frm service until the deficiency has been crrected. Operatr and Rigger Inspectin Respnsibilities The peratr must be respnsible fr thse peratins under the peratr's direct cntrl. Whenever there is any dubt as t safety, the peratr must have the authrity t: Stp all histing activities. Refuse t handle lads until safety has been assured. A qualified rigger (a rigger wh is als a qualified persn) must inspect the belw-hk rigging prir t each shift. Fr mre infrmatin n inspectins see OSHA s Steel Erectin etl page. Wrking Under Lads As mentined earlier, rutes fr suspended lads must be pre-planned t make sure n emplyee is required t wrk directly belw a suspended lad except when they initially cnnect steel r hking/unhking lads. When anyne wrks under suspended lads, the lads must be rigged by a qualified rigger, materials being histed must be rigged t prevent unintentinal displacement, and self-clsing safety latches must be used. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 11 f 60

20 Curse 817 Multiple Lift Rigging Prcedures Multiple lifts are hazardus fr many reasns, including the risk f: unhitching a lad beneath a suspended lad, separate lads snagging, lads becming unbalanced, and exceeding the safe wrking lad limits. A multiple lift may nly be perfrmed if the fllwing criteria are met: A multiple lift rigging assembly is used. A maximum f five (5) members are histed per lift. Only beams and similar structural members are lifted. All emplyees engaged in the multiple lift have been trained in the fllwing prcedures: The nature f the hazards assciated with multiple lifts, and The prper prcedures and equipment t perfrm multiple lifts. N crane is permitted t be used fr a multiple lift where such use is cntrary t the manufacturer's specificatins and limitatins. Multiple-lift rigging assembly capacity, fr the ttal assembly and fr each individual attachment pint, must: Be certified by the manufacturer r a qualified rigger. Be based n the manufacturer's specificatins. Have a 5-t-1 safety factr fr all cmpnents. The ttal lad must nt exceed: The rated capacity f the histing equipment specified in the histing equipment lad charts. The rigging capacity specified in the rigging rating chart. The multiple lift rigging assembly must be rigged with members: Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 12 f 60

21 Curse 817 Attached at their center f gravity and maintained reasnably level; Rigged frm tp dwn; and Rigged at least 7 feet (2.1 m) apart. The members n the multiple lift rigging assembly must be set frm the bttm up. Cntrlled lad lwering must be used whenever the lad is ver the cnnectrs. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 13 f 60

22 Curse 817 Mdule 2 Quiz Use this quiz t self-check yur understanding f the mdule cntent. Yu can als g nline and take this quiz within the mdule. The nline quiz prvides the crrect answer nce submitted. 1. Accrding t the text, which f the fllwing is designed t lift and psitin a lad f knwn weight t a lcatin at sme knwn elevatin? a. Cme-alng b. Lifting equipment c. Scissr lift d. Frklift 2. When inspecting lifting equipment air, hydraulic, and ther pressurized lines, particularly thse which flex in nrmal peratin, be sure t check fr. a. discharge rutes b. prper dcumentatin and tags c. prper clratin d. deteriratin and leakage 3. What must the cmpetent persn d if he r she determines a lifting/histing equipment hazard exists? a. Reprt the hazard t the safety department b. Immediately schedule preventive maintenance c. Remve the histing equipment frm service d. Tell peratrs abut the hazard and t be careful 4. When perfrming a multiple lift, a maximum f members may be histed per lift. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 14 f 60

23 Curse The multiple lift rigging assembly must be rigged at least apart. a. 5 (1.3 m) b. 6 (1.8 m) c. 7 (2.1 m) d. 8 (2.7 m) Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 15 f 60

24 Curse 817 Mdule 3: Structural Stability Structural stability must be maintained at all times during the steel erectin prcess. Structural Steel Assembly Since structural cllapse is secnd nly t falls as a cause f fatalities in this industry, stability is essential t the successful erectin f any steel structure, including single-stry, multi-stry, and bridges. This sectin f the standard utlines the wrk practices that will prevent cllapse due t lack f stability. In additin, it addresses slipping and tripping hazards and certain kinds f fall hazards encuntered when wrking n steel structures. Case Reprt A crew f steelwrkers was cnnecting a steel beam t a steel clumn n the seventh level f an airprt structure. The base f the clumn was secured t a sheer cncrete wall by temprary welds t an embedded steel plate. When the crew encuntered a prblem cnnecting the beam t the clumn, a decisin was made t pull the tp f the clumn ne inch t the nrth t facilitate the cnnectin. The pull was perfrmed by tensining a guy wire, using a cme-alng, applying a frk at the clumn being cnnected, and using a sleeper. One wrker was seated n the beam that was being cnnected, while anther was standing at the base f the clumn, atp the cncrete wall. When the frce f the tensining caused the temprary welds at the clumn base t fracture, the clumn cllapsed, and the tw wrkers fell t their death. Multi-Stry Structures Rules fr steel erectin safety fr multi-level structures can be fund in OSHA Standard (b). Permanent flrs: Permanent flrs must be installed as the erectin f structural members prgresses, with n mre than eight stries between the erectin flr and the upper-mst permanent flr. Unfinished blting r welding: Unfinished blting r welding abve the fundatin (r the uppermst secured flr) is nt permitted t exceed the lesser f: fur flrs 48 feet (14.6 m) Exceptins are allwed where structural integrity is accunted fr in the design. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 16 f 60

25 Curse 817 Safety Nets and Flrs: Safety nets r a fully planked r decked flr must be maintained directly under any erectin wrk being perfrmed, within the lesser f: tw stries 30 feet (9.1 m) Walking/Wrking Surfaces Tripping hazards: T prevent tripping hazards, d nt attach the cmpnents listed belw if they prject frm the tp flanges f beams, jists, r beam attachments until after the metal decking, r ther walking/wrking surface, has been installed. shear cnnectrs (such as headed steel studs, steel bars, r steel lugs) reinfrcing bars defrmed anchrs threaded studs, unless they are factry installed and all wrkers, including cnnectrs and deckers, use fall prtectin at all times. Shear Cnnectrs When shear cnnectrs are used in the cnstructin f cmpsite flrs, rfs and bridge decks, they must be laid ut and installed after the metal decking has been installed. The metal decking will then serve as a wrking platfrm. Shear cnnectrs may nt be installed frm within a cntrlled decking zne (CDZ). Cated Surfaces Wrkers are nt be permitted t walk the tp surface f any structural steel member installed after July 18, 2006 that has been cated with paint r similar material, unless all the fllwing are met: The cating has achieved a minimum average slip resistance f.50 in labratry tests. The tests were based n the apprpriate ASTM standard test methd and cnducted by a qualified labratry. Dcumentatin f the test results is available at the site and t the steel erectr. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 17 f 60

26 Curse 817 Plumbing-Up It s imprtant t make sure the structure being erected is plumb r exactly vertical. The prcess f lining up the building elements in a precise vertical directin is called plumbing up. When a cmpetent persn deems it necessary, plumbing-up equipment must be installed during the steel erectin prcess t ensure the stability f the structure. When plumbing-up equipment is used, it must be in place and prperly installed befre the structure is laded with cnstructin material such as lads f jists, bundles f decking, r bundles f bridging. Plumbing-up equipment may be remved nly with the apprval f a cmpetent persn. Metal Decking Histing, Landing and Placing Metal Deck Bundles Fllw these requirements when histing, landing, and placing metal decking bundles: Bundle packaging and strapping may nt be used fr histing unless specifically designed fr that purpse. If lse items such as dunnage, flashing, r ther materials are placed n tp f metal decking bundles intended t be histed, they must be secured t the bundles. When bundles f metal decking are landed n jists, all bridging must be installed and anchred, and all jist-bearing ends attached. (See Open web steel jists in Mdule 5 fr exceptins.) Metal decking bundles must be landed n framing members s that enugh supprt is prvided t allw the bundles t be unbanded withut disldging the bundles frm the supprts. At the end f the shift r when envirnmental r jbsite cnditins require, metal decking must be secured against displacement. Rf and Flr Hles and Openings Metal decking at rf and flr hles and penings must be installed as fllws: Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 18 f 60

27 Curse 817 Framed metal deck penings must have structural members turned dwn t allw cntinuus deck installatin, except where prevented by structural design cnstraints r cnstructability. Openings such as rf and flr hles must be decked ver. Where large size, cnfiguratin, r ther structural cnstraints d nt allw penings t be decked ver (e.g. elevatr shafts, stair wells, etc.), emplyees must be prtected in accrdance with the fall prtectin prvisins f this standard. When metal decking hles and penings are cut, they must: Immediately and permanently be filled with the intended equipment r structure. Immediately be cvered. Cvering Rf and Flr Openings Cvers fr rf and flr penings must be capable f supprting, withut failure, twice the weight f the emplyees, equipment, and materials that may be impsed n them at any ne time. All cvers must be: Secured when installed t prevent accidental displacement by the wind, equipment r emplyees. Painted with high-visibility paint, r Marked with the wrd "HOLE" r "COVER" t prvide warning f the hazard. Installed smke dme r skylight fixtures are nt cnsidered cvers, unless they meet the apprpriate strength requirements. Where planks r metal decking arund clumns d nt fit tightly, wire mesh, exterir plywd, r equivalent material must be installed, and must be f sufficient strength t: prvide fall prtectin fr persnnel prevent bjects frm falling thrugh Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 19 f 60

28 Curse 817 Installatin f Metal Decking Metal decking must be laid tightly and immediately secured t prevent accidental mvement r displacement. Structural members must fully supprt metal decking panels during initial placement. Derrick Flrs T supprt the intended flr lading, a derrick flr must be fully decked and/r planked, and the steel member cnnectins cmpleted. Temprary lads placed n a derrick flr must be distributed ver the underlying supprt members s as t prevent lcal verlading f the deck material. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 20 f 60

29 Curse 817 Mdule 3 Quiz Use this quiz t self-check yur understanding f the mdule cntent. Yu can als g nline and take this quiz within the mdule. The nline quiz prvides the crrect answer nce submitted. 1. Structural cllapse is secnd nly t as a cause f fatalities in the steel erectin industry. a. electrcutin b. falls c. crush accidents d. heat stress 2. When erecting multi-level structures, hw many stries are allwed between the flr being erected and the upper-mst permanent flr? a. 5 stries b. 6 stries c. 7 stries d. 8 stries 3. The prcess f lining up the building elements in a precise vertical directin is called. a. truing the line b. aligning vertical members c. plumbing up d. balance testing 4. Bill, the wrksite supervisr, discvers a flr hle n the 2 nd stry flr. What shuld he d? a. Place a warning sign near the hle b. Make sure it s decked ver c. Cver it with ¼ inch plywd d. Nthing, it s part f the design Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 21 f 60

30 Curse What must be dne t prevent accidental mvement r displacement f metal decking? a. Install mvement sensrs under the decking b. Place warning signs displaying Lse Decking c. Arrange the decking s that it cannt misalign d. It must be laid tightly and immediately secured Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 22 f 60

31 Curse 817 Mdule 4: Structural Stability (Cntinued) Clumn Anchrages Inadequate anchr rd and blt installatin has been identified as a primary cntributing factr t structural cllapses. T prevent structural cllapse, it is critical erectrs use the prper use f anchr rds (anchr blts) t ensure clumn stability. This sectin is cvered by OSHA Standard Erectin Stability When perfrming steel erectin peratins, it is very imprtant t fllw these best practices: All clumns must be anchred by a minimum f 4 anchr rds (anchr blts). Each clumn anchr rd (anchr blt) assembly, including the clumn-t-base plate weld and the clumn fundatin, must be designed t resist a minimum eccentric gravity lad f 300 punds lcated 18 inches frm the extreme uter face f the clumn in each directin at the tp f the clumn shaft. Clumns must be set n elements that adequately transfer the cnstructin lads, such as the fllwing: level finished flrs pre-gruted leveling plates leveling nuts shim packs All clumns must be evaluated by a cmpetent persn t determine whether guying r bracing is needed. If guying r bracing is needed, it must be installed. Anchr Rds (Anchr Blts) Apprval by the prject structural engineer f recrd is required befre anchr rds (anchr blts) can be: repaired replaced field-mdified Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 23 f 60

32 Curse 817 Befre the erectin f a clumn, the cntrlling cntractr must prvide written ntificatin t the steel erectr if there has been any f the fllwing: repair replacement mdificatin f the anchr rds f that clumn Beams and Clumns Inapprpriate r inadequate cnnectins f beams and clumns is hazardus and can lead t cllapses and wrker fatalities. This sectin describes requirements fr cnnecting beams and clumns, in rder t minimize the hazard f structural cllapse during the early stages f the steel erectin prcess. The requirements f this sectin are detailed in OSHA Standard Releasing the Lad During the final placing f slid web structural members, the lad must nt be released frm the histing line until: The members are secured with at least tw blts per cnnectin, f the same size and strength as shwn in the erectin drawings. These blts are drawn up wrench-tight. The equivalent, as specified by the prject structural engineer f recrd, except as specified in 29 CFR (b). Cantilevered Members A cantilever is a rigid structural element, such as a beam r a plate, anchred at nly ne end t a (usually vertical) supprt frm which it is prtruding. When subjected t a structural lad, the cantilever carries the lad t the supprt where it is frced against by a mment and shear stress. The image belw shws the cantilever arms n a suspended truss bridge. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 24 f 60

33 Curse 817 Cantilever cnstructin allws fr verhanging structures withut external bracing, in cntrast t cnstructins supprted at bth ends with lads applied between the supprts, such as a simply supprted beam fund in a pst and lintel system. A cmpetent persn must determine if mre than tw blts are necessary t ensure the stability f cantilevered members. If additinal blts are needed, they must be installed. Diagnal Bracing Cantilever arms n a suspended truss bridge Surce: U.S. Marines Slid web structural members used as diagnal bracing must be secured by: at least ne blt per cnnectin drawn up wrench-tight the equivalent, as specified by the prject structural engineer f recrd Duble Cnnectins at Clumns When tw structural members n ppsite sides f a clumn web, r a beam web ver a clumn, are cnnected sharing cmmn cnnectin hles: At least ne blt with its wrench-tight nut must remain cnnected t the first member, r A shp-attached, r field-attached seat r equivalent cnnectin device is supplied with the member in rder t secure the first member and t prevent the clumn frm being displaced. (See Appendix H f the OSHA Standard fr examples f equivalent cnnectin devices.) Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 25 f 60

34 Curse 817 If a seat r equivalent device is used: The seat (r device) must be designed t supprt the lad during the duble cnnectin prcess. Befre the nuts n the shared blts are remved t make the duble cnnectin, it must be adequately blted r welded t bth: a supprting member the first member Clumn Splices Each clumn splice must be: designed t resist a minimum eccentric gravity lad f 300 punds lcated 18 inches frm the extreme uter face f the clumn in each directin lcated at the tp f the clumn shaft Perimeter Clumns Perimeter clumns must nt be erected unless: They extend a minimum f 48 inches abve the finished flr, t permit installatin f perimeter safety cables prir t erectin f the next stry. They have tw sets f hles, r ther devices that: are inches abve the finished flr, and als at the midpint between the finished flr and the tp cable permit installatin f perimeter safety cables as required by 29 CFR (a)(2) In multi-stry structures, when hles in the clumn web are used fr perimeter safety cables, the clumn splice shuld be placed sufficiently high s as nt t interfere with any attachments t the clumn necessary fr the clumn splice. Clumn splices are recmmended t be placed at every ther r furth levels as design allws. Clumn splices at third levels are detrimental t the erectin prcess and shuld be avided if pssible. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 26 f 60

35 Curse 817 EXCEPTION: Where cnstructability des nt allw, the abve requirements can be waived. (See Appendix F f ) Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 27 f 60

36 Curse 817 Mdule 4 Quiz Use this quiz t self-check yur understanding f the mdule cntent. Yu can als g nline and take this quiz within the mdule. The nline quiz prvides the crrect answer nce submitted. 1. T prevent structural cllapse it is critical that erectrs use the prper use f t ensure clumn stability. a. plumbing equipment b. anchr rds (anchr blts) c. mtin stabilizers d. ties and anchr studs 2. When perfrming steel erectin peratins, all clumns must be anchred by a minimum f. a. 2 anchr plates with blts b. 4-ft plate with blts c. 2 crss beams d. 4 anchr rds/blts 3. Befre anchr rds (anchr blts) can be repaired, replaced r field-mdified, wh must first apprve the actin? a. Prject safety superintendent and erectr b. Lcal planning cmmittee c. Prject structural engineer f recrd d. Cmpetent erectr r cnnectr 4. A is a rigid structural element, such as a beam r a plate, anchred at nly ne end t a (usually vertical) supprt frm which it is prtruding. a. prtruding member b. cantilever c. nn-anchred beam d. structural verhang Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 28 f 60

37 Curse Perimeter clumns must extend a minimum f, t permit installatin f perimeter safety cables prir t erectin f the next stry. a. 2 feet abve the upper-mst flr b. 24 inches abve the flr being wrked c. 5 feet abve and 3 feet belw any flr d. 48 inches abve the finished flr Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 29 f 60

38 Curse 817 Mdule 5: Structural Stability (Cntinued) Open Web Steel Jists Sme f the mst serius risks facing the irnwrker are encuntered during the erectin f pen web steel jists, particularly landing lads n unbridged jists and imprperly placing lads n jists. Based n a recent analysis f OSHA data, mre than half f irnwrker fatalities due t cllapse are related t the erectin f steel jists. Mre infrmatin can be btained by reading OSHA Standard General Requirements Where steel jists are used and clumns are nt framed in at least tw perpendicular directins with slid web structural steel members, a steel jist must be field-blted at the clumn t prvide lateral stability t the clumn during erectin. Field-blting Clumns The purpse f this requirement is t prevent jists frm cllapsing due t insufficient stability f the clumns that are supprting them. A field-blted jist is required in rder t prvide that stability at a clumn that is nt framed in at least tw directins with slid web structural steel members (see, fr example, clumn A in the image abve). This requirement des nt apply t a clumn in a line parallel t the jists that des nt help bear the jists (such as clumns B and C in the image abve). Clumn supprt in this cntext Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 30 f 60

39 Curse 817 means the clumn is supprted in tw axes s the clumn cannt fall (clumn D in the diagram abve is framed in tw directins with slid web members). Installing Stabilizing Jists When installing the stabilizing jist: Prvide a vertical stabilizer plate fr steel jists n each clumn, which must: Be at least 6 inches by 6 inches. Extend at least 3 inches belw the bttm chrd f the jist. Have a inch hle t prvide an attachment pint fr guying r plumbing cables. Stabilize the bttm chrds t prevent rtatin during erectin. D nt release histing cables until: The seat at each end f the steel jist is field-blted. Each end f the bttm chrd is restrained by the clumn stabilizer plate. EXCEPTION: Where cnstructability des nt allw a steel jist t be installed at the clumn, install an alternate means f stabilizing jists n bth sides near the clumn that must: Prvide equivalent stability t a steel jist field-blted at the clumn. Be designed by a qualified persn. Be shp-installed. Be included in the erectin drawings. D nt release histing cables until the seat at each end f the steel jist is field-blted and the jist is stabilized. Where steel jists at r near clumns span 60 feet r less, the jist must be designed with sufficient strength t allw ne emplyee t release the histing cable withut the need fr erectin bridging. Where steel jists at r near clumns span mre than 60 feet: The jists need t be set in tandem with all bridging installed. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 31 f 60

40 Curse 817 An alternative methd f erectin may be used, which: Prvides equivalent stability t the steel jist. Is designed by a qualified persn. Is included in the site-specific erectin plan. A steel jist r steel jist girder must nt be placed n any supprt structure that is nt stabilized. When steel jists are landed n a structure, they must be secured t prevent unintentinal displacement prir t installatin. Any mdificatin that affects the strength f a steel jist r steel jist girder must be made with the apprval f the prject structural engineer f recrd. When cnnecting individual steel jists t steel structures in bays 40 feet r lnger (see exceptin belw): The cnnectins must be fabricated t allw fr field-blting during erectin. The cnnectins must be initially field-blted unless cnstructability des nt allw. EXCEPTION: These requirements d nt apply when steel jists are preassembled int panels. Steel jists and steel jist girders must nt be used as anchrage pints fr a fall-arrest system unless written apprval t d s is btained frm a qualified persn. A bridging terminus pint must be established befre bridging is installed. Steel Jists and Steel Jist Girders There are three distinct series f jists, the K, LH/DLH and Jist Girders. K-Series Jists: K-series jists are pen web steel jists that are simply supprted unifrmly laded trusses that can supprt a flr r rf deck. These jists have a maximum length f 60 feet. The maximum unifrm lad fr K-series jists is 550 punds per linear ft (plf). LH/DLH-Series Jists: The LH r Lng Span and DLH r Deep Lng Span jists are als simply supprted unifrmly laded trusses. The LH series may supprt a flr r rf deck. The DLH series may supprt nly a rf deck. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 32 f 60

41 Curse 817 The LH series is 18 t 48 in depth, has a maximum span f 96 feet and the maximum unifrm lading is up t 1000 plf. The DLH series is 52 t 72 in depth, has a maximum span f 144 feet and maximum unifrm lading f 700 plf. Jist Girders: Jist girders are simply supprted, primary lad carrying members. Lads are applied thrugh steel jists and evenly spaced alng the jist girder tp chrd. They may span up t 60 feet. Each end f "K" series steel jists must be finally attached t the supprt structure with a minimum f: tw ⅛-inch fillet welds 1 inch lng tw ½-inch blts r an equivalent cnnectin Each end f "LH" and "DLH" series steel jists and steel jist girders must be finally attached t the supprt structure with a minimum f: tw ¼-inch fillet welds 2 inches lng tw ¾-inch blts r an equivalent cnnectin Except fr panelized jists, each steel jist must be attached t the supprt structure, with at least ne end n bth sides f the seat: immediately upn placement in the final erectin psitin befre additinal jists are placed Panels that have been pre-assembled frm steel jists must be attached with bridging t the structure at each crner befre the histing cables are released. Erectin f Steel Jists Fr steel jists in OSHA Standard Tables A and B that require bridging: Attach bth sides f the seat f ne end f each steel jist t the supprt structure befre histing cables are released. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 33 f 60

42 Curse 817 Fr jists mre than 60 feet: Bth ends f the jist must be attached as specified in steel jists and steel jist girders. The prvisins f erectin bridging must be met befre the histing cables are released. Only ne emplyee is allwed n steel jists that d nt require erectin bridging under OSHA Standard Tables A and B, until all bridging is installed and anchred. Emplyees are nt allwed n steel jists where the span f the steel jist is equal t r greater than the span shwn in OSHA Standard Tables A and B except in accrdance with erectin bridging prvisins. When permanent bridging terminus pints cannt be used during erectin, additinal temprary bridging terminus pints are required t prvide stability. Erectin Bridging Where the span f the steel jist is equal t r greater than the span shwn in OSHA Standard Tables A and B, the fllwing applies: A rw f blted diagnal erectin bridging must be installed near the mid-span f the steel jist. Histing cables must nt be released until this blted diagnal erectin bridging is installed and anchred. N mre than ne emplyee is allwed n these spans until all ther bridging is installed and anchred. Where the span f the steel jist is 60 feet thrugh 100 feet, the fllwing applies: All rws f bridging must be blted diagnal bridging. Tw rws f blted diagnal erectin bridging must be installed near the third pints f the steel jist (e.g. ⅓ jist-length) frm each end. Histing cables must nt be released until this blted diagnal erectin bridging is installed and anchred. N mre than tw emplyees are allwed n these spans until all ther bridging is installed and anchred. Where the span f the steel jist is 100 feet thrugh 144 feet, the fllwing applies: Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 34 f 60

43 Curse 817 All rws f bridging must be blted with diagnal bridging. Histing cables must nt be released until all bridging is installed and anchred. N mre than tw emplyees are allwed n these spans until all bridging is installed and anchred. Fr steel members spanning mre than 144 feet, the erectin methds used must be in accrdance with 29 CFR Where any steel jist that requires bridging is a bttm chrd bearing jist: A rw f blted diagnal bridging must be prvided near the supprts. This bridging must be installed and anchred befre the histing cables are released. When blted diagnal erectin bridging is required, the fllwing applies: The bridging must be indicated n the erectin drawing. The erectin drawing must be the exclusive indicatr f the prper placement f this bridging. Shp-installed bridging clips, r functinal equivalents, must be used where the bridging blts t the steel jists. When tw pieces f bridging are attached t the steel jist by a cmmn blt, the nut that secures the first piece f bridging must nt be remved frm the blt in rder t attach the secnd. Bridging attachments must nt prtrude abve the tp chrd f the steel jist. Landing and Placing Lads During the cnstructin perid, the emplyer placing a lad n steel jists must ensure the lad is distributed s as nt t exceed the carrying capacity f any steel jist. Except as nted belw, n cnstructin lads are allwed n the steel jists until all bridging is installed and anchred and all jist-bearing ends are attached. The weight f a bundle f jist bridging must nt exceed a ttal f 1,000 punds, and: A bundle f jist bridging must be placed n a minimum f three steel jists that are secured at ne end. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 35 f 60

44 Curse 817 The edge f the bridging bundle must be within 1 ft f the secured end. N bundle f decking may be placed n steel jists until: All bridging has been installed and anchred. All jist bearing ends are attached, unless a qualified persn has first determined the structure r prtin f the structure is capable f supprting the lad and dcumented it in the site-specific erectin plan. The bundle f decking is placed n a minimum f three steel jists. The jists supprting the bundle f decking are attached at bth ends. At least ne rw f bridging is installed and anchred. The ttal weight f the bundle f decking des nt exceed 4,000 punds. Placement f the bundle f decking is within 1 ft f the bearing surface f the jist end. The edge f any cnstructin lad must be placed within 1 ft f the bearing surface f the jist end. Real-Wrld Accident Three emplyees were using a crane t unlad stacks f metal rf decking nt pen web steel jists. The jists were nt bridged, supprted r restrained against mvement. After the lad was set dwn n the jists, the emplyees began t release the slings. After the first sling was released, the lad shifted and ne f the jists fell ver. This caused the jist t cllapse and fall 40 feet t the grund. One f the emplyees was tied ff t this jist, and he was pulled ff the rf. Tw ther jists rlled ver and cllapsed, landing n the emplyee. The emplyee suffered severe head injuries but survived. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 36 f 60

45 Curse 817 Mdule 5 Quiz Use this quiz t self-check yur understanding f the mdule cntent. Yu can als g nline and take this quiz within the mdule. The nline quiz prvides the crrect answer nce submitted. 1. Based n a recent analysis f OSHA data, what was the cause f mre than half f irnwrker all fatalities due t cllapse? a. Open web purlins b. Erectin f steel jists c. Mtin stabilizers d. Ties and anchr studs 2. When installing stabilizing jists, d nt release histing cables until the seat at each end f the steel jist is. a. stabilized and plumbed b. stabilized with purlins c. shp-blted and girted d. field-blted and stabilized 3. Wh must apprve any mdificatin that affects the strength f a steel jist r steel jist girder? a. Prject supervisr r hst emplyer b. Cmpetent persn wh is a cnnectr c. Prject structural engineer f recrd d. Certified safety prfessinal 4. During the cnstructin perid, the emplyer placing a lad n steel jists must ensure that the lad is distributed s as nt t exceed. a. recmmendatins f the prject supervisr b. the carrying capacity f any steel jist c. OSHA limitatins d. the ability f the cnnectrs t manage Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 37 f 60

46 Curse The edge f any cnstructin lad must be placed within f the bearing surface f the jist end. a. 43 inches b. 2 feet c. 18 inches d. 1 ft Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 38 f 60

47 Curse 817 Mdule 6: Metal Buildings and Overhead Hazards Mre than 50% f industrial buildings in steel erectin are systems-engineered. These metal structures use different types f steel members and a different erectin prcess than typical steel erectin. They als present certain unique hazards, such as thse assciated with anchr blts, cnstructin lads, and duble cnnectins. The primary surces f infrmatin fr metal buildings is frm OSHA Standard and the infrmatin fr verhead hazards cmes frm OSHA Standard Metal Buildings Systems-Engineered Metal Buildings All f the requirements cntained in 1926 Subpart R apply t systems-engineered metal buildings, except fr (clumn anchrage) and (pen web steel jists). All structural clumns must be anchred by at least fur anchr blts. Rigid frames must have 50% f their blts, r the number f blts specified by the manufacturer (whichever is greater) installed and tightened n bth sides f the web adjacent t each flange befre the histing equipment is released. Cnstructin Lads Cnstructin lads may be placed n a structural steel framewrk when the framewrk is safely blted, welded r therwise adequately secured. Cnstructin lads are prhibited frm: Being placed n any inadequately secured structural steel framewrk. Being placed beynd any area 8 feet (2.5 m) frm the center-line f the primary supprt member. Girts r Eave Struts In girt and eave strut-t-frame cnnectins, when girts r eave struts share cmmn cnnectin hles: At least ne blt must remain securely in place fr the cnnectin f the first member. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 39 f 60

48 Curse 817 A field-attached seat r similar cnnectin device supplied by the manufacturer may be used in lieu f the blt t secure the first member s that the girt r eave strut is always secured against displacement. Bth ends f all cld-frmed r steel jists must be fully blted/welded t the supprt structure befre: releasing the histing cables allwing an emplyee n the jists allwing any cnstructin lads n the jists Purlins and Girts Purlins and girts are prhibited frm: Being used as an anchrage pint fr a fall-arrest system, unless written apprval is btained frm a qualified persn. Being used as a walking/wrking surface when installing safety systems, until: All permanent bridging is installed. Fall prtectin is prvided. Overhead Hazards A real, everyday hazard psed t steel erectin emplyees is lse items that have been placed alft, and that can fall and strike emplyees wrking belw. The fllwing requirements have been implemented t prtect emplyees frm falling bjects. Falling Object Prtectin Securing lse items alft. Secure unused equipment, tls and materials while alft s they d nt fall. Prtectin frm falling bjects ther than materials being histed. The cntrlling cntractr must bar ther cnstructin prcesses belw steel erectin activities, unless verhead prtectin fr emplyees wrking belw is prvided. Cpyright 2017 Geigle Safety Grup, Inc. Page 40 f 60