Forest/Grassland, Secondary / Vegetation. not used

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1 Table 1 Biodiversity damage potential (BDP) characterization factors (median) of occupation per land use type, 1. and 3. quartile and number of data points (n). For n<5, no characterization factors are provided /4.1.1 Forest/Grassland, not used Secondary Vegetation 1.2. Forest, used 4.2. Pasture/meadow 5.1 Annual crops 5.2. Permanent crops 6. Agriculture, mosaic (Agroforestry) 7. Artificial areas Total world average Biome 1 (Sub-)tropical moist broadleaf forest Biome 2 (Sub-)tropical dry broadleaf forest Biome 4 Temperate broadleaf forest Biome 5 Temperate coniferous forest Biome 7 (Sub-)tropical grassland & savannah Biome 8 Temperate grassland & savannah Biome 10 Montane grassland & shrublands Characterization factors, global Median quartile quartile n Characterization factors, per biome Median quartile quartile n Median quartile quartile n Median quartile quartile n Median quartile quartile n Median quartile quartile n Median quartile quartile n Median quartile quartile n

2 Table 1 (continued) /4.1.1 Forest/Grassland, not used Secondary Vegetation 1.2. Forest, used 4.2. Pasture/meadow 5.1 Annual crops 5.2. Permanent crops 6. Agriculture, mosaic (Agroforestry) 7. Artificial areas Biome 12 Mediterranean forests & shrublands Biome 13 Deserts & xeric shrublands Arthropods Other invertebrates All vertebrates Birds Characterization factors, per biome (continued) Median quartile quartile n Median quartile quartile n Characterization factors, per taxonomic group Median quartile quartile n Median quartile quartile n Median quartile quartile n Median quartile quartile n Other vertebrates Median quartile quartile n

3 Table 1 (continued) /4.1.1 Forest/Grassland, not used Secondary Vegetation 1.2. Forest, used 4.2. Pasture/meadow 5.1 Annual crops 5.2. Permanent crops 6. Agriculture, mosaic (Agroforestry) 7. Artificial areas All plants Vascular plants Characterization factors, per taxonomic group (continued) Median quartile quartile n Median quartile quartile n Moss Median quartile quartile n data Swiss data () Characterization factors, per data source Median quartile quartile n Median quartile quartile n

Table 2 Results of 2-sided Mann-Whitney U test testing the difference of median S rel of all combinations of land use types (full dataset). *** p-values<0.001; ** p-values<0.01; * p-values<0.

1 Land use type Reference Secondary vegetation Used forest Pasture Annual crop Permanent crop Agroforestry Secondary vegetation *** Used forest *** ns Pasture *** ** ns Annual crops *** *** *** ***

4 Table 2 Results of 2-sided Mann-Whitney U test testing the difference of median S rel of all combinations of land use types (full dataset). *** p-values<0.001; ** p-values<0.01; * p-values<0.05; ( * ) p-values<0.1; ns p-values > 0.1 Land use type Reference Secondary vegetation Used forest Pasture Annual crop Permanent crop Agroforestry Secondary vegetation *** Used forest *** ns Pasture *** ** ns Annual crops *** *** *** *** Permanent crops *** *** ** * Agroforestry *** ns ns ns *** ** Artificial area *** * ns ns ** ns ns Table 3 Peason s correlation coefficients r between indicators for a subset of data from biome (sub-) tropical moist broadleaf forest S rel MSA Sørensen s S s Shannon s H (rel) Fisher s α (rel) S rel MSA Sørensen s S s Shannon s H (rel) Fisher s α (rel) 1 ( * ) Fig. 1 UNEP/SETAC framework for calculating land use occupation and transformation impacts (adapted from Milà i Canals et al., 2007 and Koellner et al., 2012-b). 4

Fig. 2 Map of geographic location of studies included in this study (indicated as black dots). The colors indicate different WWF biomes relative species richness ( S rel ) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.

5 Fig. 2 Map of geographic location of studies included in this study (indicated as black dots). The colors indicate different WWF biomes relative species richness ( S rel ) Vascular plants Moss Arthropods Other invertebrates Birds Other vertebrates Reference Second. vegetation p<0.1 Used forest p<0.01 Pasture p<0.01 Annual crops p<0.001 Permanent crops p<0.05 Artificial area p<0.01 Agroforestry p<0.001 Fig. 3 Box and whisker plot of relative species richness per land use type and taxonomic group and test statistics of Kruskal-Wallis test (S rel = f(lu x taxa)) for full dataset. In contrast to the results presented in Fig 3 (main article), the taxonomic groups plants were split into vascular plants and moss and vertebrates were split into birds and other vertebrates (see also Table 5 for an overview of the underlying data sources). 5

6 relative species richness ( S rel ) Vascular plants Moss Mollusks Reference Second. vegetation (a) n.s. (b) n.s. Used forest (a) p<0.05 (b) n.s. Pasture (a) p<0.001 (b) p<0.05 Annual crops (a) p<0.001 (b) n.s. Permanent crops (a) p<0.05 (b) n.s. Artificial both (a) p<0.001 (b) n.s. Artificial HI (a) p<0.05 (b) p<0.1 Artificial LI (a) p<0.01 (b) n.s. Fig. 4 Box and whisker plot for the Swiss data of relative species richness per land use type and taxonomic group. (a) test statistics of Kruskal-Wallis test S rel = f(lu x taxa); (b) Comparison of the LU effect across the two biomes temperate broadleaf forest and temperate coniferous forest (test statistics of Kruskal-Wallis test S rel = f(lu x biome)). Results for all artificial area ( Artificial both ) were split into high (HI: land use types Urban, continuously built ; 7.2 Industrial area ; 7.4 Dump site ) and low intensity (LI: land use types Urban, discontinuously built ; 7.6 Traffic area ; Urban, green areas ). There was no significant difference between Artificial HI and Artificial LI for the overall data nor for any taxonomic group (Mann-Whitney U test, not shown). ns not significant. 6

7 Table 4 Representation of species groups in this study compared to global estimates of species richness Data representation of this study Estimated species numbers (Heywood and Watson 1995) Invertebrates 31% 70% Arthropodes 20% 65% Insects 19% 59% Coleoptera 6% Hymenoptera 6% Lepidoptera 5% Other insects 2% Other arthropods 2% 7% Other Invertebrates 11% Mollusks 8% 1% Other invertebrates 3% 3% Vertebrates 26% 0.4% Birds 14% Other vertebrates 12% Amphibians 4% Mammals 8% Reptiles 0% Plant 43% 2% Vascular plants 34% Herbaceous plants 13% Trees 13% Mosses 9% Virus 3% Bacteria 7% Fungi 11% Protozoa 1% Algea 3% Others 2% Total 100% 100% 7

8 Table 5 Number of data points included in this study per species group, land use type and dataset ( and ). Reference Secondary vegetation Used forest Pasture Annual crops Permanent crops Agroforestry Artificial area Invertebrates Arthropodes Insects Coleoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Other insects Other arthropods Other Invertebrates Mollusks Other invertebrates Vertebrates Birds Other vertebrates Amphibians Mammals Reptiles Plant Vascular plants Herbaceous plants Trees Mosses Total Total Total

9 impacts on biodiversity in LCA: a global approach. Int J LCA. DOI: /s Table 6 Overview of land use classification of (2004) data as applied in Koellner and Scholz (2008) and classification applied in this study (based on Koellner et al., 2012-a). CORINE Plus classification (Koellner & Scholz, 2008) 1 Artificial surfaces 10 Built up land 11 Urban fabric CORINE Plus description (type of intensity) 111 Continuous urban fabric Buildings cover most of the land. Roads and artificially surfaced area cover almost all the ground. Non-linear areas of vegetation and bare soil are exceptional. At least 80% of the total area is sealed. (artificial_hi) 112 Discontinuous urban fabric Most of the land is covered by structures. Buildings, roads and artificially surfaced areas associated with areas with vegetation and bare soil, which occupy discontinuous but significant surfaces. Less than 80% of the total area is sealed. (artificial_hi) 12 Industrial, commercial and transport 121 Industrial or commercial units Artificially surfaced areas (with concrete, asphalt, tamacadam, or stabilized, e.g., beaten earth) devoid of vegetation occupy most of the area in question, which also contains buildings and/or areas with vegetation. (artificial_hi) 122 Road and rail networks and associated land Motorways, railways, including associated installations (stations, platforms, embankments). Minimum width to include: 100 m. Simplified classification used in this paper 7 Artificial area (High intensity) 7 Artificial area (Low intensity) 7 Artificial area (High intensity) 7 Artificial area (Low intensity) 132 Dump sites Landfill or mine dump sites, industrial or public. (artificial_hi) 7 Artificial area (High intensity) 14 Artificial, non-agricultural areas with vegetation 141 Green urban areas Areas with vegetation within urban fabric. Includes parks and cemeteries with 7 Artificial area vegetation. (artificial_li) (Low intensity) 142 Sport and leisure facilities Camping grounds, sports grounds, leisure parks, golf courses, racecourses, etc. Includes formal parks not surrounded by urban zones. (artificial_li) 2 Agricultural areas 21 Arable land 7 Artificial area (Low intensity) UNEP/SETAC classification (Koellner et al, 2012-a) Urban, continuously built Urban, discontinuously built 7.2 Industrial area 7.6 Traffic area 7.4 Dump site Urban, green areas Urban, green areas 211 Non-irrigated arable land Cereals, legumes, fodder crops, root crops and fallow land. Includes flower and 5.1 Annual crop Arable, non-irrigated tree (nurseries) cultivation and vegetables, whether open field, under plastic or glass (includes market gardening). Includes aromatic, medicinal and culinary plants. Excludes permanent pastures. 211b Integrated Chemical-synthetic and organic fertilizer as well as pesticides are applied. 5.1 Annual crop Arable, non-irrigated, intensive However, the input of these substances is reduced Wheat, Maize (agri_hi) 211e Agricultural fallow Agricultural fallow. (non-use) 5.1 Annual crop Arable, fallow 211f Artificial meadow Artificial meadow in rotation system. (agri-hi) 4.2 Pasture/meadow 4.2 Pasture/meadow 22 Permanent crops 9

10 impacts on biodiversity in LCA: a global approach. Int J LCA. DOI: /s CORINE Plus classification (Koellner & Scholz, CORINE Plus description (type of intensity) Simplified classification used in this UNEP/SETAC classification (Koellner et 2008) paper al, 2012-a) 221 Vineyards Areas planted with vines. 5.2 Permanent crop 5.2 Permanent crops 222 Fruit trees and berry plantations Parcels planted with fruit trees or shrubs: single or mixed fruit species, fruit 5.2 Permanent crop 5.2 Permanent crops trees associated with permanently grassed surfaces. Includes chestnut and walnut groves. 222a Intensive orchards Orchards with small growing fruit trees. (agri_hi) 5.2 Permanent crop Permanent crops, intensive 222b Organic orchards Orchards with meadows and large fruit trees. (agri_li) 5.2 Permanent crop Permanent crops, extensive 23 Pastures and meadows 231 Pastures and meadows Dense, predominantly graminoid grass cover, of floral composition, not under a rotation system. Mainly used for grazing, but the fodder may be harvested mechanically. Includes areas with hedges (bocage), e.g., oat grass meadow (Arrhenatherion, Polygono), fertilized moist meadow (Calthion). 231a Intensive pasture and meadows Meadows mechanically harvested 3 times or more per year, fertilizer applied, perhaps on former arable land. (agri_hi) 24 Heterogeneous agricultural areas 244 Agroforestry areas Annual crops or grazing land under the wooded cover of forestry species. (agri_li) 3 Forests and semi-natural areas 31 Forests 311 Broad-leafed forest Vegetation formation composed principally of trees, including shrub and bush understories, where broad-leafed species predominate. (Presence of conifers 0-10%) 312 Coniferous forest Vegetation formation composed principally of trees, including shrub and bush understories, where coniferous species predominate. (Presence of conifers %) 4.2 Pasture/meadow 4.2 Pasture/meadow 4.2 Pasture/meadow Pasture/meadow, intensive 6 Agroforestry 6 Agriculture, mosaic 1.11 Forest, Reference 1 Forest 1.11 Forest, Reference (for montane and subalpine regions) 1.22 Used Forest (for colline regions) 312a Coniferous plantations Plantations of fast growing tree species like Picea abies. (forest_hi) 1.22 Used Forest Forest, intensive 312b Semi-natural coniferous forests Natural or semi-natural forests, where coniferous species predominate Forest, Reference Forest, primary (forest_li) 313 Mixed forest Vegetation formation composed principally of trees, including shrub and bush 1.11 Forest, Reference 1 Forest understories, where broad-leafed and coniferous species co-dominate. (forest_li) 313b Mixed coniferous forest Forests with presence of conifers 51-90%. (forest_li) 1.22 Used Forest Forest, intensive 32 Shrub and/or herbaceous vegetation associations 321 Semi-Natural grassland Low productivity grassland. Often situated in areas of rough uneven ground. Frequently includes rocky areas, briars, and heath land., e.g., xeric grassland (Xero-Bromium), mesoxeric grassland (Meso-Bromium), mat-grass pasture (Violion), moor-grass meadow (Molinion). (agri_li) 322 Moors and heath land Vegetation with low and closed cover, dominated by bushes, shrubs and herbaceous plants (heath, briars, broom, gorse, laburnum, etc.). (non-use) 1 Forest 4.11 Grassland, Reference Grassland, natural 3 Shrub land, Reference 3 Shrub land 10

11 impacts on biodiversity in LCA: a global approach. Int J LCA. DOI: /s CORINE Plus classification (Koellner & Scholz, CORINE Plus description (type of intensity) 2008) 324 Transitional woodland/shrub Bushy or herbaceous vegetation with scattered trees. Can represent either woodland degradation or forest regeneration/colonization. (non-use) 33 Open spaces with little or no vegetation Simplified classification used in this UNEP/SETAC classification (Koellner et paper al, 2012-a) 1.12 Secondary forest Forest, secondary 331 Beaches, dunes, and sand plains Beaches, dunes and expanses of sand or pebbles in coastal or continental areas, 8 Bare area, Reference 8 Bare area including beds of stream channels with torrential regime. (non-use) 332 Bare rock Scree, cliffs, rocks and outcrops. (non-use) 8 Bare area, Reference 8 Bare area 333 Sparsely vegetated areas Includes steppes, tundra and badlands. Scattered high-attitude vegetation. (nonuse) 4 Wetlands 41 Inland wetlands 8 Bare area, Reference 8 Bare area 411 Inland marshes Low-lying land usually flooded in winter, and more or less saturated by water 2.2 Wetlands, Reference 2.2 Wetlands, inland all year round. (non-use) 412 Peat bogs Land consisting mainly of decomposed moss and vegetable matter. May or may 2.2 Wetlands, Reference 2.2 Wetlands, inland not be exploited. e.g., raised bog (Sphagnetum), intermediate mires (e.g., Scheuchzerietum) and fens (Caricetum). (non-use) 51 Inland waters 511 Water courses Natural or artificial watercourses serving as water drainage channels. Includes canals. Minimum width to include: 100 m. 10 Water bodies, Reference 10 Water bodies 11

12 References Heywood VH, Watson RT (1995) Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Koellner T, Scholz RW (2008) Assessment of land use impacts on the natural environment. Part 2: Generic characterization factors for local species diversity in Central Europe. Int J Life Cycle Assess 13(1): Koellner T, de Baan L, Beck T, Brandão M, Civit B, Goedkoop MJ, Margni M, Milà i Canals L, Müller-Wenk R, Weidema B, Wittstock B (2012-a) Principles for Life Cycle Inventories of land use on a global scale. Int J Life Cycle Assess (this issue) Koellner T, de Baan L, Beck T, Brandão M, Civit B, Margni M, Milà i Canals L, Saad R, de Souza DM, Müller-Wenk R (2012-b) UNEP-SETAC Guideline on Global Land Use Impact Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in LCA. Int J Life Cycle Assess (this issue) Milà i Canals L, Bauer C, Depestele J, Dubreuil A, Freiermuth Knuchel R, Gaillard G, Michelsen O, Müller-Wenk R, Rydgren B (2007) Key Elements in a Framework for Land Use Impact Assessment Within LCA. Int J Life Cycle Assess 12(1):

CORINE land cover nomenclature definitions

By: Roula Trigou/ HOS CORINE land cover nomenclature definitions 1. Artificial surfaces 1.1. Urban fabric 1. 1. 1. Continuous urban fabric Most of the land is covered by areas of urban centres. Buildings,