Developments and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO 2) capture and storage technology

Transcription

1 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 16 Developments and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO 2) capture and storage technology Volume 2: Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage and utilisation Edited by M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer CRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED Oxford Cambridge New Delhi

2 Contents Contributor contact details xiii Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xvii Foreword by Lord Oxburgh xix 1 Overview of carbon dioxide (CO 2) capture and storage technology 1 S. BOUZALAKOS and M. MERCEDES MAROTO-VALER, University of Nottingham, UK 1.1 Introduction Greenhouse gas emissions and global climate change Carbon management and stabilisation routes Development and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO 2) capture and transport technology Development and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO 2) storage and utilisation technology Future trends Sources of further information and advice Acknowledgements References 22 Part 1 Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 2 Screening and selection criteria, and characterisation techniques for the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 27 S. BACHU, Alberta Innovates Technology Futures, Canada 2.1 Introduction Screening for storage suitability and site selection Site characterisation 43 Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010

3 vi Contents 2.4 Estimation of carbon dioxide (CO 2) storage capacity Future trends Sources of further information and advice References 53 3 Carbon dioxide (CO 2) sequestration in deep saline aquifers and formations 57 R. J. ROSENBAUER and B. THOMAS, US Geological Survey, USA 3.1 Introduction Saline aquifers Trapping mechanisms Modeling of carbon dioxide (CO 2) sequestration Carbon dioxide (CO 2) sequestration pilot sites Future trends Conclusions Acknowledgements References 88 4 Carbon dioxide (CO 2) sequestration in oil and gas reservoirs and use for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) 104 B. VEBA and A.R. KOVSCEK, Stanford University, USA 4.1 Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO 2) enhanced recovery mechanisms Co-optimization of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon storage Future trends: geologic storage in tight rocks Summary and conclusions Sources of further information and advice References Carbon dioxide (CO 2) sequestration in unmineable coal seams and use for enhanced coalbed methane recovery (ECBM) 127 M. MAzzorn and RONNY PINI, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, G. STORTI, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, and L. BURLINI, ETH Zurich, Switzerland 5.1 Introduction Storage in unmineable coal seams Enhanced coalbed methane recovery Competitive adsorption Swelling and permeability Mass transfer and enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) modeling 148

4 Contents vii 5.7 Field tests Future trends Sources of further information and advice References 159 Part II Maximising and verifying carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage in underground reservoirs 6 Carbon dioxide (CO 2) injection design to maximise underground reservoir storage and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) 169 R. Qi, T.C. LAFORCE and M.J. BLUNT, Imperial College London, UK 6.1 Carbon storage in geological formations Experiments of capillary trapping Field-scale design of storage in aquifers Storage in oilfields Discussion and conclusions Future trends Sources of further information and advice Acknowledgements References Capillary seals for trapping carbon dioxide (CO 2) in underground reservoirs 185 T.A. MECKEL, The University of Texas at Austin, USA 7.1 Introduction Calculations of anticipated capillary pressures and seal capacities Monte Carlo predictions of capillary pressure within a reservoir seal Discussion Conclusions Future trends Sources of further information and advice Acknowledgements References Measurement and monitoring technologies for verification of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage in underground reservoirs 203 R.A. CHADWICK, British Geological Survey, UK 8.1 Introduction 203

5 viii Contents 8.2 Background to storage site monitoring Detection and measurement of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the subsurface Detection and measurement of carbon dioxide (CO 2) leakage to surface Conclusions and future trends Sources of further information and advice References Mathematical modeling of the long-term safety of carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in underground reservoirs 240 K. PRUESS, J. BIRKHOLZER and Q. ZHOU, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, USA 9.1 Introduction Coupled processes: a challenge for mathematical models Ilustrative modeling applications Conclusions Acknowledgements References 261 Part III Terrestrial and ocean sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and environmental impacts 10 Terrestrial sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 271 R. LAL, The Ohio State University, USA 10.1 Introduction The terrestrial Pool and its role in the global carbon cycle Emissions from agricultural versus other activities Basic principles of carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems Potential of terrestrial sequestration Challenges of terrestrial sequestration Extrapolation Soil and terrestrial carbon as indicators of climate change Conclusions References Ocean sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 304 D. GOLOMB and S. PENNELL, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA 11.1 Introduction History of carbon dioxide (CO 2) deep ocean storage proposals 305

6 Contents ix 11.3 Legal constraints of deep ocean storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) Sources of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2) for ocean storage Ocean structure Properties of carbon dioxide (CO 2) Modeling of carbon dioxide (CO 2) release Injection of carbon dioxide, water and pulverized limestone (CO2/H20/CaCO3) emulsion Future trends Conclusions Sources of further information and advice References Environmental risks and impacts of carbon dioxide (CO 2) leakage in terrestrial ecosystems 324 M. D. STEVEN, K. L. SMITH and J. J. COLLS, University of Nottingham, UK 12.1 Introduction Leak scenarios Impacts of terrestrial leakage Atmospheric enrichment of carbon dioxide (CO 2) Leak monitoring techniques Conclusions and future trends Sources of further information and advice References Environmental risks and performance assessment of carbon dioxide (00 2) leakage in marine ecosystems 344 J. BLACKFORD, S. WIDDICOMBE and D. LOWE, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK, and B. CHEN, Heriot Watt University, UK 13.1 Introduction The physical and chemical behaviour of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the marine system Marine ecosystem impacts of carbon dioxide (CO 2) leakage Leak monitoring options Mitigation of leaks Future trends Sources of further information and advice References 368

7 x Contents Part IV Advanced concepts for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage and utilisation 14 Industrial utilization of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 377 M. ARESTA and A. DIBENEDETTO, University Of Bah, Italy 14.1 Introduction The conditions for using carbon dioxide (CO 2) The carbon dioxide (CO 2) sources and its value Technological uses of carbon dioxide (CO 2) Biological enhanced utilization Carbon dioxide (CO 2) conversion as 'storage' of excess electric energy or intermittent energies Production of chemicals Conclusions and future trends Sources of further information and advice References Biofixation of carbon dioxide (CO 2) by microorganisms 411 B. WANG and C.Q. LAN, University of Ottawa, Canada 15.1 Introduction Basic principles and methods Carbon dioxide (CO 2) fixation microorganisms: chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs Carbon dioxide (CO 2) fixation by microalgae Advantages and limitations Future trends References Mineralisation of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 433 R. ZEVENHOVEN and J. FAGERLUND, Abo Akademi University, Finland 16.1 Introduction Basic principles and methods Technologies and potential applications Related issues Future trends Sources of further information and advice References 453 Appendix: Energy efficiency of mineral carbonation processes 460

8 Contents xi 17 Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 463 JEFFREY C. S. Wu, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan 17.1 Introduction Fundamentals of photocatalysis Renewable energy from photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2) Advantages and limitations of photocatalytic processes Future trends Sources of further information and advice References 497 Index 503