What is a revolution?! " a sudden and momentous change. " Examples?

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2 What is a revolution? " a sudden and momentous change. " Examples?

3 " The French Revolution occurred over 100 years after the English Revolution in " Why then?

4 France in the late 18 th Century # In the 1700s France was the most advanced country in Europe. # It had the largest population and economy. # French culture was widely admired and imitated. # France had many problems, which caused revolt.

5 Causes for Revolt " Spread of Enlightenment ideas growing sense that people should have a say in their government that people have natural rights that the old ways should be questioned

6 Causes for Revolt " Absolute monarchy with weak monarch Louis XVI was more interested in hunting than ruling France spent money recklessly, and refused financial reforms made political decisions too slow, too late seen as being under the thumb of his wife, Marie Antoinette

7 Causes for Revolt " Helping out American Revolutionaries soldiers return to France and wonder why they were helping Americans fight for freedoms that they didn t have at home

8 Causes for Revolt " Really poor, really hungry people " the majority of the diet of most French people is bread " there are bread shortages because of both agricultural conditions and price controls

9 Causes for Revolt " The lavish lifestyle of the monarchy and nobility led to bitterness on the part of the people because the king and nobility were not required to pay taxes.

10 Imagine you barely have enough money for bread for your family, but you re paying taxes for the king to live here. Not happy.

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22 The Estate System " France is divided into three social classes 1st - clergy - have a lot of money and power 2nd - nobility - have a lot of money and power 3rd - everyone else - have very little money and no power

23 People Under the Old Regime (1789)

24 Key Vocabulary " Bourgeoisie the middle class, doctors, lawyers, businessmen " Clergy- The body of people ordained for religious service.

25 The Old Regime " The French social structure before the revolution is referred to as the Old Regime. " Country was ruled by an absolute monarch " Classes of people= privileged and unprivileged Privileged- did not pay taxes and treated well Unprivileged- did pay taxes and treated badly

26 What does this political cartoon say about conditions in France under the Old Regime?

27 Tensions between Estates " The Third Estate consisted commoners including the bourgeoisie or middle class, the city workers, and the peasants. " The bourgeoisie resented the First and Second Estates and wanted reform, especially of the tax laws, because the Third Estate was burdened with paying the majority of taxes. " The largest group within the Third Estate was the peasantry. Peasants were treated harshly under the Old Regime. " For instance, it was illegal for peasants to hunt or fish. " Peasants could not hunt even rabbits or birds that were eating their crops.

28 What was the government like? " Read packet and fill in grid on front as a pod

29 Fall of the Beginning " King Louis XVI needs more money (because only the poor people are getting taxed) " Rich people don t want to get taxed " King calls the Estates General and tells them to work it out

30 Estates General " =Advisory group to king where each of the social classes (Estates) gets one vote " This kept the Third Estate in a weak position, because the First and Second Estates could always outvote them to protect the interests of the clergy and nobility. " Problems with this: almost never called wayyyyyy more poor people, they have the same vote as the rich nobles

31 Estates General meet at Versailles in May of 1789 " Not shockingly, the Estates General can t fix the tax problem. " The Third Estate demanded that the Estates meet together and that each delegate have one vote. " King Louis XVI refuses to let them do this.

32 Tennis Court Oath " 3rd Estate (poor people) leave the Estates General and say a) they re the real government (call themselves the National Assembly) b) they re going to write a constitution for France this is called the Tennis Court Oath (since they reassembled in a large indoor tennis court on the palace grounds) June 20 th, 1789

33 Tennis Court Oath, Jacques Louis David

34 Why do people go along with this? " Poor people are literally starving because of crop conditions - what have they got to lose? " King Louis XVI reclaimed absolute power: sends an army to Versailles to dissolve the assembly " Many Parisians feared that Louis was going to crush the revolution and destroy the National Assembly

35 Storming of the Bastille " takeover of the Paris prison/armory on July 14 th, 1789 " both practical (got guns) and symbolic (released political prisoners) " following this, there were riots in both the countryside and the city (peasants feared retribution), and the king doesn t stop them these riots were called The Great Fear " Nobles were attacked and records of feudal dues and owed taxes were destroyed

36 Declaration of the Rights of Man " By the end of August the National Assembly had adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man. " French Bill of Rights this is significant because it incorporates Enlightenment ideas explains the relationship between government and citizen, rather than explicitly state what the role of the government is

37 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

38 " Men are born free and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be based only on public utility. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to? " The sources of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation; no body, no individual can exercise authority that does not proceed from it in plain terms. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to? " The sources of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation; no body, no individual can exercise authority that does not proceed from it in plain terms. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to?

39 " Liberty consists in the power to do anything that does not injure others; accordingly, the exercise of the rights of each man has no limits except those that secure the enjoyment of these same rights to the other members of society. These limits can be determined only by law. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to? " The law has only the rights to forbid such actions as are injurious to society. Nothing can be forbidden that is not interdicted by the law, and no one can be constrained to do that which it does not order. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to? " Law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to take part personally, or by their representatives, and its formation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in its eyes, art equally eligible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacities, and without other distinction than that of their virtues and talents. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to?

40 " No man can be accused, arrested, or detained, except in the cases determined by the law and according to the forms it has prescribed. Those who procure, expedite, execute, or cause arbitrary orders to be executed, ought to be punished: but every citizen summoned were seized in virtue of the law ought to render instant obedience; he makes himself guilty by resistance. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to? " The law ought only to establish penalties that are strict and obviously necessary, and no one can be punished except in virtue of a law established and promulgated prior to the offense and legally applied. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to? " Every man being presumed innocent until he has been pronounced guilty, if it is thought indispensable to arrest him, all severity that may not be necessary to secure his person ought to be strictly suppressed by law. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to?

41 " No one should be disturbed on account of his opinions, even religious, provided their manifestation does not upset the public order established by law. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to? " The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man; every citizen can then freely speak, write, and print, subject to responsibility for the abuse of this freedom in the cases is determined by law. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to? " The guarantee of the rights of man and citizen requires a public force; this force then is instituted for the advantage of all and not for the personal benefit of those to whom it is entrusted. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to?

42 " A general tax is indispensable for the maintenance of the public force and for the expenses of administration; it ought to be equally apportioned among all citizens according to their means. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to? " All the citizens have a right to ascertain, by themselves or by their representatives, the necessity of the public tax, to consent to it freely, to follow the employment of it, and to determine the quota, the assessment, the collection, and the duration of it. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to? " Society has the right to call for an account of his administration by every public agent. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to?

43 " Any society in which the guarantee of the rights is not secured, or the separation of powers not determined, has no constitution at all. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to? " Property being a sacred to and inviolable right, no one can be deprived of it, unless illegally established public necessity evidently demands it, under the condition of a just and prior indemnity. What does this mean? What conditions in France is this responding to?

44 March on Versailles " October 5, 1789 " A group of women marched from Paris to Versailles who wanted bread prices to go down " They went to the Royal Paradise with all of its luxuries to demand food for themselves and their families. Result= Forced royal family to relocate to Paris along with National Assembly Royal family spent next several years in the Tuileries Palace as virtual prisoners

45 March on Versailles

46 Declaration of the Rights of Woman Journalist Olympe de Gouges argued in her Declaration of the Rights of Woman that women are equal citizens and should benefit from governmental reforms just as men did. Madame Jeanne Roland also served as a leader in the women s rights movement, and was able to heavily influence her husband (a government official). Women did gain some rights during the French Revolution, but these were designed for purposes other than liberating women. Women could inherit property, but only because doing so weakened feudalism and reduced wealth among the upper classes. Divorce became easier, but only to weaken the Church s control over marriage.

47 End of Special Privileges Church lands were seized, divided, and sold to peasants Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) required that Church officials be elected by the people, with salaries paid by the government 2/3 of Church officials fled the country rather than swear allegiance to this All feudal dues and tithes were eradicated All special privileges of the First and Second Estates were abolished

48 In September 1791, the Assembly gave France its first constitution which: " Established a limited monarchy with a separation of powers: an executive branch (the king), legislative assembly (which made the laws), and a new judicial court system " Created a constitutional monarchy which lasts until 1791

49 National Assembly in 1791 " In October, 1791, the newly elected legislative assembly met for the first time. Its members sat according to their political philosophies: " The more moderate revolutionaries sat on the right side of the hall, while the most radical sat on the left. " The radicals ( leftists ) were guided by a group known as the Jacobins, whose leader was Maximilien Robespierre.

50 Changes under the National/ Legislative Assembly Abolishment of guilds and labor unions Abolition of special privileges Constitution of 1791 Declaration of the Rights of Man Equality before the law (for men) Many nobles left France and became known as émigrés Reforms in local government Taxes levied based on the ability to pay

51 Political Spectrum

52 Political Spectrum

53 National Assembly

54 Change

55 This constitutional monarchy did not last long. " Well, the king s not happy because he wants more power.

56 " Foreign governments aren t happy because they are worried that the revolution is going to spread. " Also, Marie Antoinette (the queen) is actually Austrian, so the Austrians would like to defend her. " So, Europe (Austria, Prussia, and Russia) declare war on France in April, 1792.

57 " French people like that they re getting a say in government, but they would like MORE of a say. " Worried that the king is going to try to come back to power and want him gone.

58 RADICALIZATION " The French Revolution goes off the rails in 1792

59 " Get rid of constitutional monarchy and create a republic even poor illiterate people get the right to vote what are those French thinking?

60 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are executed in 1793

61 Reign of Terror

62 Maximillian Robespierre " Assigned control over Paris as the leader of the Committee of Public Safety (ruled between July 1793 and July 1794) " Started killing anyone even a little bit against the revolution (or accused of being against the revolution) " Executed 40,000

63 " Still, as they re killing everyone, they re talking about and trying to apply Enlightenment ideals: get rid of religion submit to the general will - Rousseau s idea

64 Whoops Undo " The death of Robespierre in 1794 signaled the end of the radical revolutionary phase " Constitution of 1795 " Take away the right to vote from a lot of the people who had recently earned it " Get rid of the republic and create the Directory in men who have almost all the power

65 Okay, so France is better, right? " Actually, people are still hungry " and still want more rights " oh yeah, and is still at war with the rest of Europe

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67 Next, Napoleon Bonaparte Saves the day