Industrialization and Westernization in Africa and Asia

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1 Industrialization and Westernization in Africa and Asia Chapters 26 and 27 Unit 5: Decline of the Ottoman Empire Ottomans experienced political and economic decline in the 19 th century Competition with the European goods negatively affected artisans Balkan territory lost after revolutions and Russian threat increased TanzimatReforms ( ) introduced western style education, law, and trade Sultan Abdul Hamid s failed to repeal reforms The coup of 1908 reestablished constitution with sultanas figurehead 1

2 Khedives in Egypt Napoleon s conquest of Egypt in 1798was a watershed Muhammad Ali established a European style monarchy and his descendants ruled until 1953 Egypt s economy was dependent on cotton exports to Europe The Suez Canal increased European interest in the region British and French helped Egypt when they experienced financial difficulties Fixed cotton prices and purchased shares of the canal Mahdist Revolt in Sudan Egyptloosely controlled Nile Rivervalley through Sudan from base at Khartoum Muhammad Ahmed led an Islamist rebellion against Egyptian and British intervention British began attacks against the Mahdistforces in 1896and used advanced weaponry in the Battle of Omdurman in

3 2/26/2016 Qing Dynasty ( ) Manchus from north of the Great Wall founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644 Like previous dynasties, the Qing adopted the civil service administrative system and Confucian ideals Qing were the final dynasty with the mandate of heaven Opium and Imperialism British East India Co. traded Indian opium into China An estimated 12 million people were addicted to the drug and imports tripled between 1820 and 1840 Opium Wars ( ): Chinese attempted to blockade ships and destroy the opium trade Treaty of Nanjing forced China to open more ports to European trade European powers established spheres of influence along the coast 3

4 Rebellion and decline The increased European influence and cost of wars undermined Qing authority Taiping Rebellion successfully captured Southern territory in the 1850s and 1860s Self-strengthening movement encouraged western industry in the provinces Boxer Rebellion in 1900wanted to expel foreigners from China Qing drafted European armies to put down the rebellion Russian Industrialization Czars remained autocratic rulers of Russia throughout the 19 th century Decembrist uprising of 1825 and the Polishnational uprisingin 1830were suppressed Duringthe Crimean War, the Russians realized their need to industrialize in order to compete militarily with Europe The war was a logistical and medical failure for both sides 4

5 Russian Reform In1861, Alexander II emancipated the serfs, but kept political power Serfs could receive land but only after paying a fee Literacy rates and labor population increased Radicals, especially the intelligentsia, pushed for more social and political changes Anarchists wanted to abolish formal govt. Alexander II was assassinated by terrorist bombin 1881 Revolution of 1905 Japanese defeat in 1904 sparked protests on the homefront On Bloody Sunday, January 9, 1905 Tsar Nicholas II ordered troops to fire on protestorsoutside the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg Tsar was forced to accepta constitutional monarchyand share power with a legislative body called the Duma BolshevikParty: Russian communists led by Vladimir Lenin 5

6 End of Japanese Isolation In 1853, American Commodore MatthewPerry arrived in Tokyo to open trade Americans threatened to bombard the cityif the shogunatedid not agree Britain, Russia, and Holland were all trading after 1856 Civil war broke out betweenthe samurai and the shogunate Americans provided weapons to the samurai Meiji Restoration New emperor, Mutsuhito, took power in 1868 Samurai were sent to study western economic and political systems Constitution of 1889 established a parliament and civil service bureaucracy Diet passed laws and approved budgets Voting based on property rights (5% of male population) Industrialization and capitalism grew quickly Imported raw materials and machinery from the west 6

7 Japanese Expansion First test of Japanese westernization was the Sino-Japanese War ( ) Japan exercised influence over Korea Superior navy allowed them to gaincontrol of Manchuriaafter the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 Japan s successwas also due to nationalism 7