Science 10 Review Answer Motion that is unchanging in speed or direction. Rate of change of the line on the graph

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1 Science 10 Review Answer 2015 Motion Unit 1. Vocabulary we learned in this unit: Uniform Motion Metric System Acceleration Distance Slope Vector Scalar Position Displacement Gravity Friction Motion that is unchanging in speed or direction Base 10 measurement system Changing speed How far something has gone Rate of change of the line on the graph A measurement with size, units, and direction A measurement with only size and units Where an object is located How far an object is from its starting point The force that exists between any mass A force that opposes motion 2. Conversion a) Convert the following to metres 32 cm 32cm ( 1m 10 2 cm ) = = m 200 km 200 km ( 103 m 1km ) = 200x103 = m 1.45 mm 1. 45mm ( 1m 10 3 mm ) = = m 13 hm 13hm ( 102 m 1hm ) = 13x102 = 1300m

2 Speed (m/s) Distance(km) 3. Look at the following graph and answer the questions below. Distance(km) vs Time(min) Time(min) a) What is the position of the object at 5 min? 5.0 km b) Calculate the slope of the graph. m = y 2 y 1 10 km 0km = = 10km = 1km/min x 2 x 1 10 min 0min 10min c) What is the average speed of the vehicle? m = v ave = 1. 0 km/min d) Describe this vehicle s motion. This vehicle is moving with constant uniform motion 4. Use the following graph to answer the questions below Speed (m/s) Vs. Time (s) B C A Time (s) a) describe the motion in each of the intervals A Speeding up at a constant rate. B Staying at one speed C Slowing down at a constant rate

3 b) Calculate the accelerations during each of the three time intervals. A: a = m = y 2 y 1 = 120m/s 0m/s = 120m/s = 6. 0 m/s 2 x 2 x 1 20 s 0s 20 s B: a = m = y 2 y 1 = 120m/s 120m/s = 0m/s = 0 m/s2 x 2 x 1 40 s 20s 20 s C: a = m = y 2 y 1 = 60m/s 120m/s = 60m/s = 3. 0 m/s 2 x 2 x 1 60 s 40s 20 s c) Calculate the distance travelled in each of the 3 time intervals.(hint: find the area the space below each interval A: d = A = l x w 2 = 120 m x 20 s s 2 = 1200 m B: d = A = l x w = 120 m x 20 s = 2400 m s l x w C: d = A = (l x w) + ( ) = (60 m 2 s x 20s) + (60 m x 20s s 2 )= 1200 m m = 1800 m 5. Answer each of the following with a one or two sentence answer. a) If an object covers larger and larger distances in the same time intervals, what has happened to the average speed? The average speed is increasing. b) What does the slope of a distance time graph represent? Slope of a distance time graph gives you speed. c) In uniform or constant speed, the speed is the same during each time interval. In constant acceleration what is the same in each time interval? Acceleration woul;d be the same in each interval d) How can you tell from a speed-time graph if an object is accelerating? If the graph is not showing a horizontal line the object is acceleration e) What is the difference between a vector and a scalar? A scalar has size and units a vector has size, units, and direction f) Which friction makes a ball player stop as he slides into home plate? This would be static friction 6. Solve the following problems using the formulas you have in your notes: a) An object can move up to a maximum of 7.9 m/s. What is the minimum time needed for the object to move 3.20 m at it s maximum speed? t = d m = = s v 7. 9 m/s

4 b) A race car, travelled 925 m at an average speed of 105 m/s. i. What length of time did this take? t = d v = 925 m = s 105 m/s ii. Convert 105 m/s to kilometres per hour. 105 m 1 km x 60 s 60x60 km ( s 10 3 ) (60 ) = 105 m 1 h 10 3 = 378 km/h h c) A squid can accelerate rapidly by squirting a stream of water for propulsion. A squid initially moving at 0.3 m/s accelerates at 4.9 m/s 2 to a final speed of 5.2 m/s. What is the elapsed time during the acceleration? t = v 2 v 1 a = 5. 2 m s 0. 3 m s 4. 9 m/s 2 = 1. 0 s d) A car traveling at a constant rate approaches the top of a hill. The car rolls down the hill at an acceleration of 3.5 m/s 2 for 12.0 s and reaches a final speed of 45 m/s. i. What was the initial speed of the car before accelerating down the hill? v 1 = v 2 at = 45 m s 3. 5 m 12. 0s = 3. 0 m/s s2 ii. Convert the final speed to km/hr m 1 km x 60 s 60x60 km ( s 10 3 ) (60 ) = 3. 0 m 1 h 10 3 h = 11 km/h 7. You have to choose between two cars; Car A and Car B. Comparing their costs and mileages how far do you have to drive the cheaper car to make up the cost difference of the more expensive car? (gas costs $1.20/L) Car A $18000 Car B $21500 Average Mileage 6.1 L/100 km Average Mileage 5.2 L/100 km ( $3500 $1. 20/L ) ( 2917L 6. 1L/100km ) d = 48700km 8. Answer the following vector questions finding the final displacement. a) A lion is pacing in its cage at the zoo. If it travels 12 m [East] and then 15 m [West] what is his final displacement? d tot = d 1 + d 2 = 12 m [E] + 15 m [W] = 12m[W] + 15m[W] = 3m[W] b) Use a scale diagram to find the final displacement of a person who skis 35 km [North] then 20 km [West] and finally 15 km [South].

5 Climate and Ecology Unit 1. What is the Greenhouse effect? Gases in the atmosphere trap the heat from the sun and warm up the Earth 2. Define weather and climate. Weather is the daily outside conditions in an area Climate is the daily conditions averaged over a large amount of time (many years) 3. How does the Earth s tilt and its revolutions around the sun affect weather? The tilt of the Earth causes uneven heating of the Earth s surface. As the Earth revolves around the Sun different parts point at the Sun. When part of the Earth is tilted towards the Sun it is summer in that part of the Earth. 4. What is the difference between an equinox and a solstice? An equinox is the time of the year when the Earth is tilted in such a way that the day and night is the same length. A solstice is when the Earth is at its maximum tilt so either day or night is its longest. 5. How is the Earth tilted for the Summer Solstice? Winter Solstice? Summer solstice has the Earth tilted towards the sun. Longest day Winter solstice has the Earth tilted away from the sun. Shortest day 6. What does abiotic and biotic mean? (Give 3 examples of each) Abiotic refers to the nonliving parts of the environment Biotic refers to the living parts of the environment 7. What is biodiversity? Why is it beneficial to have a very diverse ecosystem? Biodiversity is a measurement of the number of different organisms in an ecosystem. A diverse ecosystem is more robust and can bounce back from any sort of difficulties or catastrophes. 8. Where does all the energy of an ecosystem come from? All energy originates from the sun 9. What is Photosynthesis? What organisms use it? Photosynthesis is the process by which plants (and some organisms) convert sunlight into sugars. Organisms then use it to support their growth and lives. 10. How much energy can move onto the next organism of a food chain? Where does most of the lost energy go? Only 10% of the energy an organism takes in can move on to the next organism in a food chain. Most of the energy is lost as heat. 11. What is trophic level? What does a high number on the trophic level mean? Trophic level is a statement as to where an organism is in a food chain. It refers to the feeding level. A high number means a higher position in the food chain.

6 12. What does a pyramid of numbers measure? A pyramid of numbers measures the number of organisms at each trophic level 13. What does Biomass measure? Biomass measures the amount of dry material that makes up the organisms at a trophic level 14. A food chain shows the path energy takes in an ecosystem. What do the arrows in the food chain indicate? Arrows in a food chain point the direction that the energy flows 15. What is an Autotroph? An autotroph is an organism that makes its own food 16. What is a heterotroph? A heterotrophy is an organism that eats other organisms 17. How is a food web different from a food chain? A food chain shows only one path for energy in an ecosystem, a food web shows all of the paths 18. What are the four factors that determine the size of a population? Births is the birthrate Deaths is the death rate Immigration is the amount of organisms that move into an area Emigration is the amount of organisms moving out of an area 19. What is the difference between an open and closed population? An open population allows organisms to move in and out of an area. A closed population does not allow this. 20. What is the carrying capacity of an environment? This is the amount of an organism that an environment can support. 21. What happens to a population that surpasses its carrying capacity? When a population surpasses its CC its numbers will begin to crash 22. What are some factors that limit a population s size? Density Dependant - Availability of food, water, shelter, and space; competition for resources, predation, parasitism, and disease. Density Independent Unusual Weather, Natural Disasters, and Human Activity 23. What is Bioaccululation? The accumulation of chemicals in a organisms body 24. What is Biomagnification? The increase in concentration of a chemical/poison as you climb a food chain 25. Species become endangered for 5 main reasons. What are they (HIPPO)? Habitat Destruction, Invasive Species, Population Pressures, Pollution, Overharvesting

7 26. What are the five levels of at risk that we use to classify a species? Extinct, Extirpated, Endangered, Threatened, At Risk 27. In the carbon cycle photosynthesis has a similar but opposite process, what is it Cellular respiration converts sugars into energy for an organism to use. 28. Define Herbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore, and Detritivore. Herbivore Eats plants, Carnivore Eats Meat, Omnivore Eats both, Detritivore Eats decomposing matter 29. What is the difference between Habitat and niche? Habitat is where something lives. All the biotic and abiotic factors in the area where the organism lives. Niche is how something lives. All the physical, chemical, and biological factors that a species needs to survive. 30. How does competition change a population? Competition occurs when two organisms fight for the same resources. The results are: Niche Partitioning the species divide the resources by splitting the habitat. Evolutionary response to avoid dying out one of the species changes to specialize for a different resource 31. What are the three difference forms of Symbiosis? Mutualism Both organisms benefit from working together Commensalism One of the organisms benefits while the other receives nothing from the relationship but is not harmed. Parasitism One of the organisms feeds off of the other, but keeps the prey organism alive for a long time. 32. What bare the three types of survivorship curve, and what do they mean? A survivorship curve shows the number of surviving members of a species over time from a set of births. Type I Low infant mortality and a high survivorship rate Type II Survivorship rate that is the same at all ages Type III High infant mortality.

8 Label the carbon cycle Label the water cycle

9 Label the nitrogen cycle 33. What is ecological footprint? An ecological footprint is a measurement of how much of the Earth is needed to support a person`s lifestyle 34. What are some things you can do to reduce your footprint? Carpool, buy local, take public transport, eat less meat, recycle, use less water Chemical Change Unit 1. Classify the following as to the type of matter it is. a) pineapple juice Mechanical Mixture b) aluminum Element c) chicken stir fry Mechanical Mixture d) pepsi Solution e) sodium hydroxide Compound 2. What are the three subatomic particles that make up atoms. Electron, Proton, Neutron

10 3. What are 4 indicators of a chemical change? Colour Change, Bubbles, Precipitate, Energy change 4. Using your periodic table and your ionic charges sheet, determine the formulas of the following compounds. a) Calcium and phosphorus Ca 3P 2 b) Iron (III) and Chlorine FeCl 3 c) Aluminum and Oxygen Al 2O 3 5. Name the compounds from question #5. a) Calcium phosphide b) Iron (III) chloride c) Aluminum oxide 6. Name the following polyatomic compounds. a) Be(NO 3) 2 Beryllium nitrate b) KClO 3 Potassium chlorate 7. Determine the formula for the following subatomic compounds. a) Calcium carbonate CaCO 3 b) Aluminum hydroxide- AlOH 3 8. Name or determine the formulas for the following molecular compounds. a) Carbon tetrachloride CCl 4 b) NI 3 Nitrogen triiodide c) Oxygen difluoride - OF 2 d) CS 2 - Carbon disulfide 9. What is the law of conservation of mass? Matter cannot be created or destroyed. The mass you start with is the mass you end with 10. Balance the following equations. 2 Al + 3 NiCl 2 2 AlCl Ni 2 Fe 2O Cl 2 4 FeCl O 2 2 Al + 3 I 2 2 AlI What is a benefit of a skeletal equation over a word equation? A skeletal equation takes less space to write than a word equation

11 12. What are the five types of reaction and how do you tell them apart? Synthesis A + B AB Decomposition AB A + B Single Replacement A + BC AC + B Double Replacement AD + BC AC + BD Combustion C xh y + O 2 CO 2 + H 2O 13. Write word equations for the following reactions. State what kind of reaction each one is. a) Sodium metal plus chlorine gas combine to form solid sodium chloride. Sodium (s) + Clorine (g) Sodium chloride (s) b) When sodium metal is placed in a beaker of water, hydrogen gas and a sodium hydroxide solution are formed. Sodium(s) + Water(l) Hydrogen(g) + Sodium hydroxide(aq) c) Water can be broken into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas by running electricity through it. Water(l) Hydrogen(g) + Oxygen(g) 14. Write the skeleton equations for the above reactions and balance them. a) 2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl b) 2 Na + 2 H2O 2 NaOH + H2 c) 2 H2O O2 + 2 H2 15. What are the four factors that affect the rate of reaction? Describe how each one affects the rate. Temperature (increasing temp increases the rate of reaction) Concentration (increasing concentration increases the rate of reaction) Surface area (increasing surface area increases the rate of reaction) Catalyst (adding a catalyst increases the rate of reaction)