Patrick J. Gibson. Chris Martens, Niels Lindquist, Brian Popp, Nyssa Silbiger, Dan Hoer
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1 Patrick J. Gibson Chris Martens, Niels Lindquist, Brian Popp, Nyssa Silbiger, Dan Hoer Linking Science to Management on the Florida Keys Marine Ecosystem Duck Key, FL October 21, 2010
2 Collaborators Chris Martens, Niels Lindquist, Brian Popp Rich Camilli, Bob Byrne, Jim Hench, Johanna Rosman, Howard Mendlovitz, Dan Hoer, Meredith Kintzing, Nyssa Silbiger, Melissa Southwell, Jeremy Weisz, Sherwood Liu, Lori Adornato, Pam Hallock- Muller, Ute Hentschel, Bonnie Chang, Carol Arnosti, Joe Boyer, Brian White, many, many others. Funding Sources NSF, NOAA, NURC/ARB, PADI Foundation
3 Coral Reef Decline Insert Your Favorite Coral Cover Plot Here
4 Why Sponges? (Sponge 101) Massive Pumping: over 50,000 times their volume/day. Host diverse microbial communities. Aerobic and anaerobic tissue environments. Dominant reef animal: >20 times live coral biomass. Passive alteration of water chemistry. Active alteration of reef structure through bioerosion.
5 Sponge Nutrient Cycling - Discoveries: 1. Sponges with large associated microbial communities use primarily DOM as a C source. 2. Sponge respiration drives localized acidification. 3. Sponges host coupled nitrification-denitrification. 4. Coral reef sponge and algae populations create a positive feedback loop that encourages their proliferation at the expense of hard corals.
6 In situ Instrumentation A Cabled Observatory Aquarius Reef Base infrastructure facilitates a unique system for in situ real time reef observation and experimentation The underwater lab: TETHYS Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometer (O 2, N 2, Ar, CO 2 ) SEAS Spectrophotometric Auto Analyzers (ph, NO x ) AADI String Optode System (10 O 2, C, T, P, Turbidity, Current) Nortek ACDPs and ADVs.
7 The Underwater Lab ADV TETHYS MIMS SBE CTD s with O2 & PAR UniSense O2 SEAS ph & NOx Enclosure
8 Realtime Data Flow Continuous, realtime data monitoring with instrument control from the ARB habitat or base.
9 Diver Collections, Field and Lab Experiments
10 Sponge Stoichiometry C 106 N 21 P + ~150O 2 106CO 2 + (21NH 4+ ~20NO - 3 ~1N 2 ) +1P + water, etc
11 DOC Uptake 30 DOC difference between paired ambient and excurrent water. Mean DOC Uptake (μm) Xm Is Vg Sv High Microbial Abundance Low Microbial Abundance Cp Cv Nd
12 Respiration and ph um O ph 6:00 AM 12:00 PM 6:00 PM 12:00 AM 6:00 AM 12:00 PM Left Scale: Right Scale: um O2 ph Sep , 2008
13 Localized Acidification 8 ph Ambient Water Excurrent Water Enclosure Experiment 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 Sept
14 Aragonite Saturation ph sampling height above bottom = CO 3 (μm) = 270; Ω-arag = 4.2 CO 3 (μm) = 175; Ω-arag = m 0.05 m 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 July 13-14, 2010 Comparison of ph 0.05 m above boring sponges vs. 5 m above in water column. High rates of sponge respiration diminish reef calcification. Carbonate accretion stops at Ω-arag <3.3. (Kleypas et al. 1999, Kleypas & Langdon 2006, Hoegh-Goldberg et al. 2007)
15 Local vs. Global Change Conch Reef BBL experiences localized minima in carbonate system parameters: ph < 7.9 Ω-arag < 2.6 Equivalent to IPCC Global Ocean ph projections beyond Is Conch Reef 50 years ahead of schedule? IPCC 2007
16 Sponge Stoichiometry C 106 N 21 P + ~150O 2 106CO 2 + (21NH 4+ ~20NO - 3 ~1N 2 ) +1P + water, etc
17 The Nitrogen Cycle
18 Nitrification Y :00 AM 6:00 AM 12:00 PM 6:00 PM 12:00 AM 6:00 AM July 10-12, 2010 Y Pumping Rate (cm s -1 ) O2 Demand (10uM) NOx (um)
19 Reef N Flux Budget- X. muta only Estimated mmol NO X L sponge -1 day L X.muta m -2 of reef 2.4 mmol NO X m -2 day -1 Reef Sediment Flux = 0.41 (±0.22) mmol N m -2 day -1
20 Ecosystem Interactions Space (hard substrate) is a limiting resource of reef ecosystems. Degraded reef ecosystems feature reduced hard coral populations which create this resource. Positive and negative feedbacks exist which compound the effects of resource limitation.
21 Sponge-Algal Feedbacks Grow Dictyota macroalgae in seawater labeled with H 13 CO 3 and 15 NH 4. DOM 13CO2 15NO3- Add algae to aquarium with HMA sponge. Sample aquarium water for DI 13 C as evidence of DOM respiration. Remove labeled algae and add fresh unlabelled algae & allow to grow. Sample algae for 15 N label as evidence of uptake of sponge derived 15 NO 3-. Run controls for algal respiration, microbial respiration, treatment effects.
22 Sponge Respiration of Algal DOC 3 Del 13C Normalized Time Step TREAT NO ALGAE NO SPONGE NO TREAT STERILE
23 Algal Uptake of Sponge DIN δ 15 N ( 0 / 00 ) C/N Ratio Total %N Del 15N Algal Uptake of Sponge DIN X. muta excurrent Ambient water Dictyota Algae Growth Conditions N. Silbiger unpublished
24 Sponge Stoichiometry C 106 N 21 P + ~150O 2 106CO 2 + (21NH 4+ ~20NO - 3 ~1N 2 ) +1P + water, etc
25 Reef Ecosystem Feedback DIN Sponges DOC Algae Corals
26 Take-Home Messages Sponges dominate much of the Keys reef ecosystem. Rapid metabolic processes can alter reef water quality. Feedbacks between reef ecosystem components may be accelerating system change. More attention should be paid to the functional role of sponge populations on the reef.
27 Thank You! DIN Sponges DOC Algae Corals
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