New Framework for the Utilization of Nuclear Energy in the 21st Century

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1 Vienna, September 20th 2006 New Framework for the Utilization of Nuclear Energy in the 21st Century Special Event at the 50th IAEA General Conference September 2006 SECTION 2.A Assurances of Supply Brazilian utility perspective

2 There is a Brazil that many people know Amazon forest Football Carnival Coffee It keeps being successful, but there is still more to know 2

3 and another Brazil that you must know Innovation, technology, competitiveness and productivity 3

4 including the Nuclear Brazilian Industry Mining & Milling Conversion Enrichment UO2 powder Pellets Fuel Elements Generation A synergic mix of: large uranium reserves fuel cycle technology PWR technology Non-proliferation Could give an important contribution to Assurances of supply Locally and Globally 4

5 SUMMARY 1. Nuclear power in Brazilian Electric System Brazilian nuclear industry and ELETRONUCLEAR unique role: complementing hydro power 2. The future of nuclear power in Brazil assuring electric system Renewability & Reliability 3. Brazilian nuclear fuel industry current status fortunate combination of uranium and technology full application of NPT regime: a unique case 4. Assurance of supply and non-proliferation future of Brazilian nuclear fuel industry Brazilian contribution for IAEA policies Vienna,, 09/20/2006 5

6 BRAZILIAN NUCLEAR INDUSTRY MONOPOLY ESTABLISHED BY CONSTITUTION MINISTRY OF MINES AND ENERGY MINISTRY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY MINISTRY OF DEFENSE ELETROBRÁS (holding) BRAZILIAN NUCLEAR ENERGY COMMISION CNEN RESEARCH INSTITUTES NAVY CTMSP AIR FORCE CTA/IEAv ARMY CTEx/IEA ELETRONUCLEAR NUCLEAR FUEL INDUSTRY INB CONVENTIONAL UTILITIES Furnas, Chesf,,... NUCLEAR HEAVY EQUIPMENT NUCLEP NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY RESEARCH INSTITUTES IPEN, CDTN, IEN, IRD, CRCN Vienna,, 09/20/2006 6

7 ELETRONUCLEAR MISSION WORKING ON 3 TIME FRAMES 1. TODAY : Operation & Maintenance Angra 1 (PWR 657 MW) Angra 2 (PWR 1350 MW) 2. TOMORROW: Engineering, Procurement, Construction & Commissioning Angra 3 (PWR 1350 MW) 3. FUTURE: Research & Development New NPPs (national PWR concept) Vienna,, 09/20/2006 7

8 100 MILLION MWH GENERATED MILESTONE REACHED ON FEBRUARY ,1 100,4 ANGRA 2 45% ANGRA 1 55% 5,3 5,4 6,4 7,0 8,9 1,9 0,1 0, Availability factors: Angra 1: 82,44% Angra 2: 82,97% 11,1 12,6 14,3 14,8 14,8 17,3 19,8 22,9 30,2 36,2 26,2 2,6 50,6 33,6 64,4 41,4 37,4 13,1 23,0 77,7 44,8 33,0 89,3 48,9 40,4 52,6 46,5 53,1 47, Vienna,, 09/20/2006 8

9 TOP 15 WORLD ELECTRIC GENERATORS BRAZIL IS ONE OF THE MAIN WORLD ELECTRICITY PRODUCERS Hydro Nuclear Renewables Thermal USA China Japan Russia Canada Índia Germany France United Kingdom Brazil South Korea Italy Spain Australia South Africa Brazil: 10 a place source: International Energy Annual Billion kilowatts.hour Vienna,, 09/20/2006 9

10 TOP 15 WORLD ELECTRIC GENERATORS but its consumption per inhabitant is very low kilowatts.hour per inhabitant Canada USA Australia Japan France South Korea Germany United Kingdom Russia Spain Italy South Africa Portugal Brasil China India Brasil: : 90 a place source: International Energy Annual 2003 Vienna,, 09/20/

11 TOP 15 WORLD HYDRO GENERATORS GREATEST CONTRIBUTION OF HYDRO POWER Canada Brasil China USA Russia Norway Japan Sweden Índia France Venezuela Paraguay Áustria Italy Argentina Hydro Nuclear Renewables Thermal 99% 47% 67% 100% 64% 44% 60% 83% 15% 11% 11% 21% 8% 17% Brasil: : 2 a place Only Norway and Paraguay have a relative contribution of hydro power greater than Brazil source: International Energy Annual % Billion kilowatts.hour Vienna,, 09/20/

12 ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN BRAZIL an unique renewable matrix Source Installed capacity Generation (DEC/2005) (2005) MW % MWavg % Hydro , ,4 Thermal conventional , ,1 Nuclear , ,5 Total , ,0 Hydro Thermal conventional Nuclear 2,2% 21,6% 76,2% 2,5% 5,1% 92,4% Vienna,, 09/20/

13 HYDROPOWER REQUIRES SYSTEM INTEGRATION HAVING CONTINENTAL DIMENSIONS EQUIVALENT TO EUROPE km Manaus Fortaleza Recife Brasília Belo Horizonte Salvador Itaipu Rio de Janeiro São Paulo Porto Alegre Angra NPPs Vienna,, 09/20/

14 ELECTRIC SYSTEM EVOLUTION IN THE 90 s NEED FOR THERMAL REGULATION Installed Hydropower installed hydro capacity increasing Reservoir capacity but without a proportional increase in the water stock Vienna,, 09/20/

15 ELECTRIC SYSTEM EVOLUTION IN THE 90 s NEED FOR THERMAL REGULATION RELATIONSHIP RESERVOIR CAPACITY / TOTAL CHARGE THERMAL GENERATION Mainly due to charge reduction (and an increase thermal generation) 2001 S U P P L Y C R I S E Vienna,, 09/20/

Bassin Current average hydro capacity factor: 55% Future average Amazon hydro capacity factor:

16 ELECTRIC SYSTEM EVOLUTION IN THE 90 s NEED FOR THERMAL REGULATION AHE Rio Madeira BOLIVIA Madeira River AHE Santo Antônio AHE Jirau This tendency will be amplificated by new projects in Amazon Bassin Current average hydro capacity factor: 55% Future average Amazon hydro capacity factor: 20-25% AHE Belo Monte Rio Xingu Project AHE MADEIRA MW Project AHE BELO MONTE MW Vienna,, 09/20/

17 ELECTRIC SYSTEM EVOLUTION IN THE 90 s NEED FOR THERMAL REGULATION BRAZILIAN THERMAL OPTIONS The main thermal fuels available in the country 1. Coal 2. Biomass 3. Natural Gas 4. Crude Oil 5. Uranium Vienna,, 09/20/

18 ELECTRIC SYSTEM EVOLUTION IN THE 90 s NEED FOR THERMAL REGULATION Costs (R$/MWh) R$ 700,00 R$ 600,00 R$ 500,00 R$ 400,00 R$ 300,00 R$ 200,00 R$ 100,00 Gas Diesel Coal Fuel Oil Biomass Nuclear R$ 0,00 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Capacity Factor (%) There will be a place for all thermal options Minimum cost according capacity factor range But costs are not the only decision factor: Price volatility Assurance of supply must be considered too Vienna,, 09/20/

19 ELECTRIC SYSTEM EVOLUTION IN THE 90 s NEED FOR THERMAL REGULATION 250 Forecast GW avrg Keeping constant nuclear share of thermal capacity market (today: 30%) Total Hydro Thermal Conventional Nuclear Vienna,, 09/20/

20 NEXT STEP: ANGRA 3 TO BE CONNECTED TO THE GRID IN 2013 Angra 2 Angra 1 Angra 3 Vienna,, 09/20/

21 BEYOND ANGRA MW INSTALLED MW INSTALLED MW IN 30 YEARS Vienna,, 09/20/

22 BRAZILIAN URANIUM RESOURCES ONE OF THE MAIN RESERVES IN THE WORLD Prospected area: only 30% of national territory up to 100 meters deep 6th. WORLD RESERVE Vienna,, 09/20/

23 BRAZILIAN URANIUM RESOURCES ONE OF THE MAIN RESERVES IN THE WORLD After prospected all the national territory, probably Brazil should be among the 3 MAJOR WORLD RESERVES Vienna,, 09/20/

24 NUCLEAR FUEL INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL URANIUM + TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES USEXA - NAVY (CONSTRUCTION) INB LEI and USIDE - NAVY (OPERATION) CONVERSION (PROJECT) INB URANIUM MINNING AND MILLING LAGOA REAL (OPERATION) One of the few countries having both: 1. large uranium reserves 2. full technological capability for local fuel production ELETRONUCLEAR INB ENRICHMENT RESENDE (CONSTRUCTION) INB LABGENE NAVY (CONSTRUCTION) ANGRA 1/2/3 PWR FUEL FABRICATION RESENDE (OPERATION) LABMAT and LADICON - NAVY (OPERATION) Vienna,, 09/20/

ones Itataia mine (phosphate and uranium production) should

25 NUCLEAR FUEL INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL MEDIUM TERM VISION Lagoa Real mine assures supply for Angra NPPs and at least 3 new ones Itataia mine (phosphate and uranium production) should be developed for international markets Vienna,, 09/20/

26 NUCLEAR FUEL INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL The profits obtained through Itataia should be invested in industrial development: 1. Prospecting MEDIUM TERM VISION 2. Conversion USEXA 3. Enrichment Aiming to achieve 1. auto-sufficiency 2. added value exports RESENDE Enrichment facility Vienna,, 09/20/

Latin America LONG TERM VISION Assuring regional supply 1.

27 NUCLEAR FUEL INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL Continental integration 1. Mercosur 2. South America 3. Latin America LONG TERM VISION Assuring regional supply 1. Uranium supplier 2. Integral nuclear fuel services supplier (open cycle) FULL SCOPE SAFEGUARDS Vienna,, 09/20/

28 NON PROLIFERATION IN BRAZIL UNIQUE SUCCESS EXPERIENCE Vertical "We must abandon the unworkable notion that it is morally reprehensible for some countries to pursue weapons of mass destruction, yet morally acceptable for others to rely on them for security - and indeed to continue to refine their capacities and postulate plans for their use." (Mohamed ElBaradei) Horizontal Over and above this paradox, Brazil is making an irreprehensible homework in non proliferation issues Vienna,, 09/20/

NON PROLIFERATION IN BRAZIL UNIQUE SUCCESS EXPERIENCE Brazilian Constitution proscribe all non-pacific uses of nuclear energy Member of NPT Member of Tlatelolco Treaty All nuclear installations fully

29 NON PROLIFERATION IN BRAZIL UNIQUE SUCCESS EXPERIENCE Brazilian Constitution proscribe all non-pacific uses of nuclear energy Member of NPT Member of Tlatelolco Treaty All nuclear installations fully safeguarded Multilateral agreements ( ) (Brazil Argentina ABACC) + IAEA ABACC bilateral regional agency IAEA full escope (NPT ) A remarkable record of more than 25 years without technical deviations or suspicious events Vienna,, 09/20/

proliferant neither part of any international black-marketing Has produced 20% batches for

30 NON PROLIFERATION IN BRAZIL UNIQUE SUCCESS EXPERIENCE LEI As Japan, Germany and Holland, has 2+1 enrichment plants fully safeguarded Brazilian centrifuge program was never suspected being proliferant neither part of any international black-marketing Has produced 20% batches for research reactor fuel under full scope safeguards USIDE RESENDE Enrichment facility Vienna,, 09/20/

31 CONCLUDING REMARKS PEPPERING THE DISCUSSION 1. Any solution envisaging to limit access of some countries to technology will mean assuming the bankruptcy of international non-proliferation regime Unfortunately: in technical grounds, it can work very well Brazilian example shows it clearly Vienna,, 09/20/

32 CONCLUDING REMARKS TRYING TO ANSWER THE DISCUSSION PAPER 2. Having large uranium reserves, technology and fully safeguarded industrial facilities for all open fuel cycle steps Brazil could play an important role in future IAEA assurance of supply mechanisms as a regional production center Vienna,, 09/20/

33 Amazon forest Football Carnival Coffee Innovation, technology, competitiveness and productivity Mining Conversion Enrichment UO2 powder Pellets Fuel Elements Generation 33

The Brazilian Nuclear Program. Marcos N. Martins Director of Research and Development Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission

The Brazilian Nuclear Program. Marcos N. Martins Director of Research and Development Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission The Brazilian Nuclear Program Marcos N. Martins Director of Research and Development Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission LAS/ANS Symposium, jun/2010 BRAZIL Population: 193.000.000 Area: 8,514,215 km 2