Climate effects on jellyfish populations: a review
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1 Climate effects on jellyfish populations: a review Jennifer E. Purcell Western Washington University Funding by NSF ADVANCE
2 Why should we care about jellyfish? Important consumers of ichthyoplankton and zooplankton (both predators and competitors of fish) Great abundances interfere with fishing Clog power plant intakes Cause health concerns for swimmers, reduce tourism Generally detrimental to human enterprise, except for jellyfish fisheries
3 Chrysaora hysoscella Namibia Aequorea aequorea Norway Periphylla periphylla
4 Pelagia noctiluca in the Mediterranean Sea [from Goy et al. (1989)] Years with Years without Warm temperature Low rainfall High atmospheric pressure
5 Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in Rhode Island Mnemiopsis first appearance [Sullivan et al. (2001) data] Days after May s 1980s and Average May temperature (deg C) Significantly earlier appearance, prolonged season and greater numbers with warmer temperatures
6 Scyphomedusan Chrysaora melanaster in the SE Bering Sea [from Brodeur et al. (1999)] Biomass of Large Medusae in Bering Sea Surveys Biomass (thousand mt) Entire survey area SE Middle Shelf NW Middle Shelf Year Warm surface layer and increased stratification leading to greater production Release of competition with Age-1 walleye pollock (significant inverse correlation of jellyfish and forage fish biomass)
7 Significant negative correlation between jellyfish abundance in the North Sea and NAO index [Lynam et al. (2004)] Calm conditions Cool SST Aurelia aurita west of Denmark r 2 = 0.70 Aurelia aurita east of Scotland r 2 = 0.53 Cyanea lamarckii west of Denmark r 2 = 0.74
8 Chrysaora quinquecirrha in Chesapeake Bay From Cargo & King (1991) From Purcell & Decker (2005) Total medusa abundance NAO Index (Dec-Mar) Low Jan-Jun streamflow High salinity Warm May temperature Negative NAO index
9 Asexual budding of benthic stage strobilation polyp budding polyps E ephyra
10 Chrysaora quinquecirrha in Chesapeake Bay [from Purcell et al. (1999)] Salinities between 10 and 25 Warm temperature increases number of ephyrae and reduces time to budding
11 Hydrozoan Moerisia lyonsi in Chesapeake Bay [from Ma & Purcell (submitted)] Mortality Asexual reproduction mortality at the end of experiment 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% salinity temperature ( C) Asexual reproduction rate salinity temperature ( C) After 7 d following direct transfer from 20 o C and 10 salinity Moderate salinities Warm temperatures
12 daily production daily production daily production A polyp bud medusa bud day E C day day 3 factors favorable temperature = 29 C salinity = 5 food = 13.4 prey d -1 medusae/total buds = factors favorable temperature = 20 C salinity = 5 food = 11.1 prey d-1 medusae/total buds = factor favorable temperature = 20 C salinity = 25 food =7.8 medusae/total buds = 0
13 Aurelia spp. around the world [map from Dawson & Martin (2001)]
14 Aggregations of Aurelia labiata in Prince William Sound, AK = 770 From Purcell et al. (2000)
15 Aurelia labiata total polyp & ephyra production 104 d 7, 10, 15 o C 20, 27, 34 ppt (n = 24) No. buds and ephyrae produced Buds Ephyrae 7deg20 7deg27 7deg34 10deg20 10deg27 10deg34 15deg20 15deg27 15deg34 Treatment Temp. Salinity Interaction # Buds < <0.01 <0.001 # Ephyrae < NS NS Total < NS NS Ephy/total < < <0.0001
16 Aurelia labiata ephyra production over time (n = 24) No. ephyrae produced o C 27 sal 10 o C 27 sal 15 o C 27 sal 0 Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Date Temp. Salinity Interaction # days to strobilation # days of strobilation < NS <0.01 < <0.05 <0.01
17 17 Jan 04 Aurelia labiata 10 polyps cm Feb disks polyp -1 est. 4,550 ephyrae
18 Conclusions Jellyfish abundances generally increase in warm temperatures, correlated with climate Both temperature and salinity significantly affect asexual reproduction Warmer temperatures increase the numbers of jellyfish produced, the proportion of medusae, and decrease the time to initiate and complete strobilation The amount of food available also is a critical factor
19 How humans may be increasing jellyfish populations Action Global warming Eutrophication (sewage, fertilizers) Depleting commercial species (fishing) Introducing species Building structures (marinas, oil rigs) Effect Faster population growth Increased food and turbidity, reduced prey size and oxygen favor jellies over fish More food for jellies and removal of predators More food, no predators More substrate for polyps
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