APES Summer Assignment

Transcription

1 APES Summer Assignment Ms. Daniels & Ms. Wenzel Due Monday, September 25, 2017 If you have any questions, please contact Ms. Daniels Ms. Wenzel or Mr. Lynch

2 Part I: Chapter 1 & Chapter 2 Questions Read Chapter 1 Studying the State of Our Earth and Chapter 2 Environmental Systems. These two chapters contain review material from your previous years of science study. After reading these two chapters, please answer the questions found below. You may access your teachers notes for the first two chapters at the following links: Ms. Daniels: Friedland_and_Rele Ms. Wenzel: Questions to be answered: (Please place the answers on the scantron provided.) 1. Which of the following is an example of a biotic component of an ecosystem? a. Soil b. Water c. Nitrogen d. Sunflower e. Rock 2. As a solid or liquid, water has its lowest density at what temperature (Celsius)? a. 0 b. 32 c. 100 d. 4 e The earth is regulated by feedback loops. These loops are: a. Positive b. Negative c. Both positive and negative d. Getting weaker e. In steady states 4. 7 square miles is equal to acres. (1 square mile = 640 acres) a b c d e. 4, Which of the following is NOT an example of an anthropogenic factor? a. Burning of fossil fuels for electricity b. Burning of fossil fuels in vehicles c. Volcanic eruptions d. Deforestation for planting crops e. Over-harvesting of ocean resources

3 6. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere help a. Keep UV light from reaching Earth b. Regulate temperatures near Earth s surface c. Heat to be released back to space d. Keep the ozone layer intact e. The earth to stay cooler 7. The population of the US is approximately 307,000,000. If Americans consume approximately 50 billion bottles of water each year, how many bottles is that per capita? a. 1 b. 7 c. 50 d. 100 e If there are 364,000 infants born per day and 152,000 people die per day, the net result is 212,000 new inhabitants on Earth each day. What is the approximate net gain of new inhabitants on Earth in one year? a. 1 million b. 7 million c. 9.6 billion d billion e. 77 million For Questions 9-11, match the following words with their correct definition. 9. Accuracy a. how close to one another the repeated measurements are 10. Precision b. how much a measured value differs from a true value 11. Uncertainty c. how close a measured value is to the actual or true value 12. What type of chemical reaction occurs when one atom loses an electron and another atom gains an electron? a. Covalent bond b. Ionic bond c. Hydrogen bond d. Polar bond e. Energy bond 13. Household bleach with a ph of 13 is how many times more basic than pure water with a ph of 7? a. 100 b. 1,000 c. 6 d. 6,000 e. 1,000,000

4 14. Energy in the form of coal is an example of I. Potential energy II. Kinetic energy III. The first law of thermodynamics a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II e. I, II, and III 15. As you eat your lunch and you change the pizza into energy in the form of heat, you are demonstrating a. Potential energy b. Kinetic energy c. Energy of motion d. The first law of thermodynamics e. The second law of thermodynamics 16. A sample of radioactive waste has a half-life of 20 years and an activity level of 4 curies. After how many years will the activity level of this ample be 0.5 curies? a. 40 years b. 60 years c. 80 years d. 100 years e. 120 years 17. Most energy on Earth comes from a. Plants b. Hydroelectric power c. Geothermal sources d. The Sun e. Entropy 18. Which of the following is not a type of organic biological molecule? a. Lipid b. Carbohydrate c. Salt d. Nucleic acid e. Protein 19. A wooden log that weighs 1.00 kg is placed in a fireplace. Once lit, it is allowed to burn until there are only traces of ash, weighing 0.04 kg, left. Which of the following best describes the flow of energy? a. The potential energy of the wooden log was converted into the kinetic energy of heat and light b. The kinetic energy of the wooden log was converted into 0.04 kg of ash c. The potential energy of the wooden log was converted into 1.00 J of heat d. Since the ash weighs less than the wooden log, matter was converted directly into energy e. The burning of the 1.00 kg wooden log produced 0.96 kg of gases and 0.04 kg of ash 20. Which of the following statements about atoms and molecules is correct? a. The mass number of an element is always less than its atomic number b. Isotopes are the result of varying numbers of neutrons in atoms of the same element c. Ionic bonds involve electrons while covalent bonds involve protons d. Inorganic compounds never contain the element carbon e. Protons and electrons have roughly the same mass

5 Part II: Scientific Notation, Metric System, Conversions, & Dimensional Analysis On the AP Environmental Science exam, you will be required to use basic math and conversion skills without using a calculator. The problems found below will help you practice these techniques which you should already be able to do. Please show all work for each problem. Put all work and answers on a separate sheet of paper. Convert the following into scientific notation: 1. 16, Convert the following numbers as indicated: cm = km km = mm m = dm cm = m kw = W Percent Change Use the following equation to assist in solving the next two problems: Percent Change = Past Present x 100 Past 12. Calculate the percent increase in world grain production per person between 1950 and 2000 using the following data table. Year Per capita world grain production (kg) The total fertility rate (TFR) of a country is the average number of births per women in that country. In Madagascar, the TFR went from 6.0 in 1995 down to 5.0 in What is the percent change in the TFR in Madagascar from ?

6 Dimensional Analysis: Dimensional Analysis is also called factor-label method. It is a mathematical system using conversion factors to move from one unit of measurement to a different unit of measurement. For example, you can use dimensional analysis to calculate how many seconds are in a day. 1 day x 24 hours x 60 min x 60 seconds = 86, 400 seconds 1 day 1 hour 1 minute A good video to go over dimensional analysis can be found here: Solve the following problems using dimensional analysis: For questions 14-17, use the data in the data table below: The biomass of the forest increases at an annual rate of kg/ha The forest biomass is 50% carbon by mass Each year the district uses gallons of fuel for heating and for hot water 10 kg of carbon dioxide is produced when 1 gallon of fuel oil is burned 1.0 kg of carbon dioxide contains.27 kg of carbon The cost of putting 1 ha of the forest in conservancy is $ Calculate the mass of carbon, in kg, that is accumulated and stored in 1.0 ha of forest in one year. 15. Calculate the mass of carbon, in kg, that is emitted by the school as a result of its fuel-oil consumption in one year. 16. Calculate the number of hectares (ha) of forest the school district needs to conserve in order to offset the carbon released in one year by the school burning its fuel oil. 17. Calculate the amount of money the school district must raise for the conservation project. For questions 18 20, use the data in the data table below: Assume that the total global area of corals growing in reefs is square meters Assume that corals only grow vertically and that the average vertical growth rate of corals is 3 mm/year Assume that the average density of calcium carbonate in the corals is 2000 kg/cubic meters 18. Calculate the current annual global increase in volume, in cubic meters, of calcium carbonate in coral reefs. 19. Calculate the current annual global increase in mass, in kg, of calcium carbonate in coral reefs. 20. Because of ocean acidification, it is expected that in 2050 the mass of calcium carbonate deposited annually in coral reefs will be 20% less than is deposited currently. Calculate how much less calcium carbonate in kg, is expected to be deposited in 2050 than would be deposited if ocean water ph were to remain at its current value.

7 Part III: Current Events News Articles You must find 10 articles over the summer pertaining to an environmental topic. The articles must come from sources such New York Times, Science News, or Newsday. All of these can be accessed online. You must print out the article and include the date of the article and where you found the article. The articles must be from June 2017 September 2017 and you may only have 2 articles from the same week. You must write a summary of the article and your reaction to the information in the article. Your article and summary must both be included when you turn in your assignment. The summary must be typed and double spaced.