Satellite Ecology initiative for ecosystem function and biodiversity analyses

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1 Satellite Ecology initiative for ecosystem function and biodiversity analyses Key topics: Satellite Ecology concept, networking networks, super-site, canopy phenology, mapping ecosystem functions Hiroyuki Muraoka (Gifu University, Japan) Shin Nagai, Rei-ichiro Ishii, Rikie Suzuki (JAMSTEC, Japan)

Ecosystem Organisms Primary production (NPP) and

2 Background: Ecosystem, Biodiversity and Climate change GEO Biodiversity Observation Network (BON) Climate Ecosystem Organisms Primary production (NPP) and biodiversity Vulnerability assessment of ecosystem functions GEO (2008)

Satellite Ecology concept for multiple-observations H 2 O

2 O Process interaction Meteorology Ecosystem Organisms Scale

plots HYDROLOGY Multiple evaluation of functions Site networks

3 Satellite Ecology concept for multiple-observations H 2 O REMOTE SENSING ECOPHYSIOLOGY CO 2 MICROMETEOROLOGY PEN FLUX CH 2 O Process interaction Meteorology Ecosystem Organisms Scale interaction Region Landscape Plots BIOGEO- CHEMISTRY Research plots HYDROLOGY Multiple evaluation of functions Site networks JaLTER + JapanFlux Monitoring sites 1000 Landscape (Muraoka et al. 2012)

4 SATECO initiative to link Earth, Ecosystem & Biodiversity obs. Earth system and ecosystems Biological and ecological processes Earth obs. Ecosystem obs. Biodiversity obs. Satellite remote sensing Ecosystem and landuse types Vegetation structure Temporal change in ecosystems Ecological process research, tower flux obs. and modeling Primary production (carbon cycling) Eco-hydrology Carbon & Nutrient cycling Species and genetic level research Plant species distribution Wildlife habitat assessment Biological interactions Concept by In-Situ/RS integration WG, J-BON (Muraoka et al. 2012)

5 Linking ecosystem functions and biodiversity by RS+model Satellite / Airborne Remote Sensing Forest ecosystem structure and functions Foliage density (LAI) Primary production (NPP) Habitat quality Carbon & Nutrient cycles Biodiversity & Ecosystem services

Vegetation structure and NPP as the indicator of biodiversity Ecosystem structure as the habitat for biodiversity Ecosystem function (primary production) as the resource for biodiversity

6 Vegetation structure and NPP as the indicator of biodiversity Ecosystem structure as the habitat for biodiversity Ecosystem function (primary production) as the resource for biodiversity Primary production as the indicator of climate change impacts on ecosystems Ecosystems -food web - biological interaction Climate, topography, landuse Vegetation structure and NPP Biodiversity NPP

7 GPP and bird species richness

Spatial scaling by RS+models based on plot-studies LENS concept by GEO BON (2008) Site (plot) level observation - micrometeorology - biodiversity, population dynamics - ecosystem structure / function

8 Spatial scaling by RS+models based on plot-studies LENS concept by GEO BON (2008) Site (plot) level observation - micrometeorology - biodiversity, population dynamics - ecosystem structure / function Model (statistic, process-based) Large scale observation -remote sensing - ecosystem/landuse - land surface (snow, etc) - climate climate ecosystem function biodiversity biogeochemistry Spatial and temporal dynamics - biodiversity and its change - ecosystem structure / function (Muraoka et al. 2012)

9 Challenge in Japan: cross-scale evaluation by multi-networks Research plots for ecosystem and biodiversity Ecosystem biodiversity relationships at plots Satellite RS & models (canopy phenology, NPP, etc.) Broad-scale ecosystem-biodiversity monitoring and understandings (human impacts, disturbance and climate change, etc.)

10 Takayama super-site (long-term, multidisciplinary obs.) Takayama Gifu Tokyo JapanFlux/AsiaFlux, JaLTER/ILTER-EAP TKY (Deciduous broadleaf) Since 1993 Eddy covariance TKC (Evergreen coniferous) Since 2005 Leaf physiology Leaf physiology Eddy covariance Tree growth Litter fall Spectral radiometer Soil respiration Soil respiration Canopy phenology

11 Networking networks at super-sites International Long-Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) CO 2 /water/heat flux measurements Network (FLUXNET) ILTER-EAP Takayama site (TKY)

SATECO-2 (FY2011 2014) Climate change impact assessment of forest

study Satellite remote sensing Observation and analysis of;

) In situ measurements photosynthesis, resp.

and forest photosynthesis, respiration, phenology Accurate

broadleaf forests Near-future prediction of warming impacts on

12 SATECO-2 (FY ) Climate change impact assessment of forest ecosystem functions by satellite-ecophysiology-modeling integrated study Satellite remote sensing Observation and analysis of; phenology and productivity over years (sign of changes?) In situ measurements photosynthesis, resp., phenology, pigments, N, optical properties, Model analysis Tree and forest photosynthesis, respiration, phenology Accurate assessment of current status of ecosystem functions in deciduous broadleaf forests Near-future prediction of warming impacts on ecosystem processes and functions Warming experiments tree, soil Vulnerability assessment of forest ecosystem functions to climate change

13 Multi-scale remote sensing of canopy processes MS700 Spectro-radiometer MS712 Spectro-radiometer ADFC Digital camera

14 In-situ leaf phenology and spectral vegetation index (VI) Spectro-radiometer GRVI 1 km Canopy image

Mapping leaf phenology by MODIS (Terra, Aqua) Leaf

0) 2006 2009 2006 2009 2007 2010 2007 2010 2008 2011

data enables us to map ecosystem functions.

15 Mapping leaf phenology by MODIS (Terra, Aqua) Leaf expansion date (GRVI > 0) Leaf senescence date (GRVI < 0) Careful in-situ examination of satellite RS data enables us to map ecosystem functions. Further validation of satellite RS data at ecological research sites is required.

16 GRVI EVI NDVI VIs and canopy productivity Leaf area index Spectral reflectance Leaf, canopy Leaf photosynthetic capacity LAI x Vcmax Daily maximum canopy GPP

17 From EVI to potential photosynthetic productivity (GPP) EVI(MODIS) May 20 Sep 27 Oct 23 Empirical model at TKY site EVI vs. GPP max May 20 Sep 27 Oct 23 potential GPP GPP max ( mol m -2 s -1 )

18 Networking networks for climate-ecosystem-biodiversity obs. Concepts to be shared Current efforts in Japan Integrations (data, viewpoints) Process interaction climate Ecosystem Biodiversity J-community (2007) In-situ/RS WG of J-BON (2009) Multiple assessment Scale interaction Region Landscape Research Collaborations ILTER-EAP ILTER J-BON AP-BON AsiaFlux FLUXNET Plots GEO BON, GEOSS, others

Linking with ILTER for NPP-biodiversity issues International Long Term Ecological Research (ILTER) is a 'network of networks', a global network of research sites located in a wide array of ecosystems

19 Linking with ILTER for NPP-biodiversity issues International Long Term Ecological Research (ILTER) is a 'network of networks', a global network of research sites located in a wide array of ecosystems worldwide that can help understand environmental change across the globe. ILTER s vision is a world in which science helps prevent and solve environmental and socio-ecological problems. Partner of GEO BON ILTER ILTER-EAP

20 SATECO initiative for In situ / RS integration Recommendations: networkings for cross-scale collaborations (I) Vertically deep laterally sparse network to find consequences among ecosystem composition, structure and functions for various ecosystems along the environmental gradients, by networking super-sites of existing research networks. (II) Vertically shallow laterally dense network to find the general relationships between the ecological aspects of plants, animals, birds and microorganisms (i.e., assessment of habitat quality and preferences, distribution patterns, etc.). (III) Integration of biological, ecological and physical data by GIS to achieve a comprehensive understanding on the ecosystem composition structure functions, and then to predict these changes under climate and human impacts. (Muraoka et al. 2012)

Figure TS.1. (IPCC AR4 WG II)

Figure TS.1. (IPCC AR4 WG II) IPCC AR4 WG II TS There is more evidence, from a wider range of species and communities in terrestrial ecosystems than reported in the Third Assessment, that recent warming is already strongly affecting