Principles for Borehole Construction and Rehabilitation in Sierra Leone

Transcription

1 Republic of Sierra Leone Principles for Borehole Construction and Rehabilitation in Sierra Leone May 2014 GOVERNMENT OF SIERRA LEONE

2 To be copleted

3 Republic of Sierra Leone Principles for Borehole Construction and Rehabilitation in Sierra Leone May 2014

4 Acknowledgents To be copleted

5 Contents Foreword...i Acronys and Abbreviations...ii Introduction... 1 Roles and Responsibilities in Borehole Construction and Rehabilitation... 3 Principle 1: Professionalis... 5 Principle 2: Siting... 6 Principle 3: Technology Selection and Construction Method... 8 Principle 4: Procureent... 9 Principle 5: Construction Principle 6: Supervision Principle 7: Water Quality Testing Principle 8: Contract Manageent Principle 9: Data Principle 10: Monitoring Appendix 1: Teplate for Meorandu of Understanding: Counity leaders, District Council, the contractor and NGO (if an NGO is involved) and Land Owner : Recoended Structure for Site Selection Report : Saple borehole specifications : Saple Contract (for one borehole) : Project Checklist for the Driller : Checklists of Drilling Steps for the Supervisor : Borehole Copletion Record... 41

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7 Foreword To be copleted Lain K.S. Soua Director, Water Directorate,, Sierra Leone i

8 Acronys and Abbreviations ii

9 Introduction The National Water and Sanitation Policy (2010), objective is to have systeatic and sustainable developent and use of groundwater resources. This includes the developent and disseination of procedures and guidelines governing groundwater developent and anageent. Sierra Leone has considerable untapped potential for borehole drilling which is starting to be exploited. These are in line with good international practices but take into account Sierra Leone s context. A step-wise approach is needed to introduce and adopt these principles. Ultiately, all stakeholders operating in the country ust respect these principles and adhere to all the andatory aspects. Boreholes in Sierra Leone ust be constructed to be cost-effective. This eans optiu value for oney invested over the long ter. Boreholes are drilled to function for a lifespan of 20 to 50 years. The lowest cost borehole is not always the ost cost-effective, particularly if construction quality is coproised to save oney. Poor construction quality including lack of proper borehole developent can lead to preature failure of the borehole or containation of the water supply. Boreholes that are subsequently abandoned by the users as a result are not cost-effective. In order for boreholes to be cost-effective they need to be properly sited, appropriately designed and specified, and then constructed and copleted using suitable ethods and equipent. Where the private enterprises undertake the drilling, procureent and contract anageent procedures need to be followed and supervision needs to be undertaken in a professional anner. Drillers, whether private, public or NGO, as well as supervisors need to ensure adequate construction quality. The have been drafted and agreed in 2013/14. At this tie Sierra Leone is undergoing considerable institutional refor. For exaple, posts within Governent are being filled and new staff ebers are being oriented and trained. At the tie of drafting these Principles, the institutional arrangeents and legal basis to certify drillers and hydrogeologists or to collate and process borehole drilling data were not yet in place. It is envisaged that these principles will be aended as the 1

10 institutional fraework changes, and would for the basis of a Code of Practice for Borehole Construction or equivalent, with a nuber of legally binding aspects. The principles are in line with the stages of a project cycle for Rural and Sall Town WASH prograing (Table 1). They specifically focus on stage 3 site selection and construction. TABLE 1: STAGES OF RURAL AND SMALL TOWNS WASH DEVELOPMENT, REHABILITATION AND MAINTENANCE THAT RELATE TO BOREHOLES Stage 1. Coordination, Planning and Reporting 2. Counity sensitisation, technology choice & obilisation 3. Site Selection and Construction 4. Counity or Private-Sector Manageent and Finance/Sustainability Copact 5. Monitoring & Post-construction Support 6. Guidelines for Water Quality Monitoring Provisions/Principles Provisions to be detailed in another guideline Provisions to be detailed in another guideline Provisions set out in: Technical Guidelines for the Construction and Maintenance of Hand Dug Wells and Rehabilitation Handpup installation guidelines Provisions to be detailed in another guideline Provisions to be detailed in another guideline Provisions to be detailed in another guideline 2

11 Roles and Responsibilities in Borehole Construction and Rehabilitation The roles and responsibilities for the different stakeholders involved in borehole construction and rehabilitation are as follows. The Counity ebers are the end users of the water supply. They ust be included in the process of technology selection and siting so that the finished water point can eet their needs. There are cases where the Counity is involved in supervision, but they should not be responsible for technical or contractual details unless their capacity has been built extensively. The Client is the organisation, household or counity that is contracting out the borehole construction. Their responsibility is to fulfil regulatory requireents and ensure that they have well trained Supervisors present on site for the full duration of drilling operations. Note that even if district local governent is not the client, it is still iportant for the to be involved in the process. District local governent should attend a pre-obilisation eeting, coenceent of drilling and the end of the construction, including pup testing. The Funding Organisation pays for the borehole. It ay be the Client (see above) or another organisation such as an international developent partner or NGO. The funding organisation should not ipose conditions that create perverse incentives or underine the long-ter sustainability of the finished borehole (e.g. by insisting that the cheapest bid is accepted regardless of quality). It should work within national or local governent systes. The Regulator (once established) issues perits and licences for siting, supervision, drilling or abstraction. Legal requireents should be established by the Client early on to avoid delays. The Project Manager is responsible for a wider project. The siting and drilling will usually be just one coponent within a project, coprising counity training/obilisation, pup technology choice, water point design and construction, and establishing or strengthening a rural water supply service. 3

12 The Supervisor is soeties called the Rig Inspector. Supervision is usually done either by the Client s staff or by a consultant. The Supervisor ay be a hydrogeologist, an engineer, or a technician. Although the Driller and the Supervisor work together to deliver the product, their roles are different. The Supervisor s responsibility is to ensure that the Driller adheres to the technical specification, akes all the required easureents, keeps all records accurately and ensures that health and safety procedures are adhered to. Annex 6 provides a checklist for the supervisor. The Driller, or Contractor, is the organisation that physically does the drilling. Soeties, this will be an independent private sector copany. In other cases, it will be an in-house tea working for a governent agency or NGO. The Driller s responsibility is to drill the borehole as specified. Each Driller should have a designated Record Taker who should reain on site at all ties, with the duty to collate all the easureents and coplete all the fors. Annex 5 provides a detailed checklist for the driller. 4

13 PRINCIPLE 1: Professionalis 1.1 The siting, supervision and construction of drilled boreholes in Sierra Leone is undertaken by copetent governent/ngo staff, consultants and contractors. 1.2 Enterprises that are registered in Sierra Leone are to be given priority when tendering for siting, supervision and drilling services in the country. 1.3 Once regulations are in place, all governent/ngo staff and consultants that undertake siting, supervision ust be registered and accredited by the appropriate authority/institution/association. 1.4 Once regulations for licencing are in place, all contractors and NGOs that undertake siting, supervision and drilling ust be registered and licenced by the appropriate authority/institution/association. 1.5 All external support agencies that finance borehole drilling prograes in Sierra Leone ust support the local drilling industry and the developent of local skills, for exaple through appropriate lots of work, payent schedules and on-job training or entoring. 5

14 PRINCIPLE 2: Siting 2.1 For all boreholes, a hydrogeological desk study ust be carried out and the detailed ethod for siting agreed. 2.2 For all boreholes, the risk of drilling a dry hole should be assessed. 2.3 Geophysical equipent should be used if it considerably iproves the likelihood of successful drilling. 2.4 Counity preference ust be considered when siting a borehole. The process for counity involveent is set out in the Meorandu of Understanding that is signed between the counity leaders, the District Council, the contractor and NGO (if an NGO is involved) and land owner (Annex 1). If the preferred sites are not suitable for technical reasons, this ust be explained to the counity. Alternative drilling sites or alternative technology options need to be proposed to the counity for consideration. 2.5 For all public/counity boreholes, the ownership of the land selected ust be deterined prior to the finalisation of site selection. The consent of the owners to use the land for the borehole and allow access indefinitely ust be set down in writing. If copensations are agreed they ust be settled before coenceent of any construction work. 2.6 There should be easy access for construction and aintenance equipent for the borehole. 2.7 The site ust be accessible all year round to all people in the counity. If possible the borehole should be centrally located within the counity. If this is not possible the borehole should not be ore than 500 fro the counity. For schools and health centres the boreholes ust be located within the preises. Household boreholes should preferably be located within the copound of the hoestead. 2.8 In order to ensure that the borehole is hygienic, it is andatory to site it beyond the iniu distance fro existing water points and containants (Table 2). It ust be located up strea of any possible pollutants. It ust not be sited where it could be flooded or in depressions with poor drainage. The site ust not be liable to erosion and it ust not be in an area where pesticides or fertilisers are being used. 6

15 TABLE 2: MINIMUM DISTANCE (M) FROM BOREHOLE Existing structures Miniu distance fro borehole () Existing public water points (well/borehole) 20 Other existing water wells or boreholes 10 Latrines/Septic tank/soak way 30 Streas, canals, irrigation ditches 20 Buildings 3 Approved or inforal solid waste dup, burial ground, lubricant depot 500 Coastline A short report by the agency/consultant who undertakes the siting ust be prepared for the client for each borehole explaining the reason for the selection of the final site (or sites) selected (Annex 2) In the case of borehole rehabilitation, an assessent ust be carried out to diagnose the proble and establish whether it is worth rehabilitating or not. It is essential to assess the following points: The duration the borehole worked for before breaking down. If it worked for several onths before it broke down it is likely that it can be rehabilitated but if it stopped working only after a few days after construction it ight be due to poor construction and ay be difficult to rehabilitate. Whether the source has failed due to a proble with the pup, or with the borehole itself. In case of siltation: whether this is due to inadequate borehole developent which could be redone; or whether this is due to poor construction such as inappropriate gravel packing and/or the wrong screen slot size. In such cases, it ay not be worth rehabilitating the borehole. The distance of the borehole to any potential containants should be checked. If the distance is less than that provided in Table 2, it ust not be rehabilitated. Borehole caera inspection, puping test and water quality test can aid deciding whether a borehole could be rehabilitated or not. 7

16 PRINCIPLE 3: Technology Selection and Construction Method 3.1 The ost cost-effective construction ethod for providing an all-year water supply of the desired quantity and quality should be considered first. Groundwater sources can be a hand dug well, a anually drilled borehole or a achine drilled borehole, depending on the geology and hydrogeology of the area as well as counity preferences. 3.2 The technology selection ust be undertaken in consultation with the counity in line with National Guidelines on Counity Mobilisation (by May 2014 these had not been developed). 3.3 In the case of a decision to go ahead with drilling, the specifications for borehole design ust ensure that the well is fit for purpose. The borehole diaeter, casing diaeter and well depth ust be designed to eet the requireents for the deliverable borehole yield. Annex 3 sets out saple borehole specifications. 8

17 PRINCIPLE 4: Procureent 4.1 Procureent procedures for siting, supervision and drilling contracts ust ensure that contracts are awarded to copetent consultants and drilling contractors. Once regulations are in place, only registered and accredited consultants and contractors will be eligible to tender. 4.2 Procureent for siting, supervision and drilling contracts should be undertaken through national systes where these are deeed sufficiently rigorous and transparent. NGOs and certain donor projects ay have their own procedures. However it is essential that they adhere to the and Rehabilitation. 4.3 Sierra Leone intends to support a strong, local drilling industry. In order to do this, bidding echaniss need to ensure that they can participate in the tender process such as appropriateness of lot size. 4.4 Borehole siting and drilling specifications ust be copleted prior to the procureent of borehole construction, so that realistic cost estiates can be prepared by all parties. 4.5 In order to keep drilling equipent obilisation costs down, drilling contracts packages should, where feasible, be for ultiple boreholes, preferably in reasonably close proxiity. 9

18 PRINCIPLE 5: Construction 5.1 Boreholes are to be constructed to be cost-effective, with an expected lifespan of 20 to 50 years. Construction ust adhere to specifications with respect to diaeter, depth, casing and screen, gravel pack/foration stabiliser, verticality, drilling additive and sanitary seal. 5.2 Procedures for borehole developent as set out in the drilling specifications ust be adhered to. The drilled borehole ust be developed until the water is free of solids, and fine aterials. (fines) and turbidity for a continuous period of 30 inutes. 5.3 Procedures for puping test, as set out in the drilling specifications as set out in the contract are adhered to. 5.4 All aborted boreholes ust be backfilled with drilling aterial and sealed according to the specifications. 10

19 PRINCIPLE 6: Supervision 6.1 Full tie supervision is the preferred option in Sierra Leone. There should be a trained and experienced supervisor on the site fro when the contractor obilises his equipent to the site through construction/rehabilitation and copletion to deobilisation. Annex 6 provides a detailed checklist for drilling supervisors. The responsibilities of the supervisor are: a) Make sure that the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders are clear to the counity and that the MoU between the Counity leaders, District Council, the contractor and NGO (if an NGO is involved) and Land Owner has been signed (Annex 1). b) Introduce the contractor to the counity, aking sure that the contractor can be contacted by the counity. Discuss the work schedule with all parties, agreeing changes and recording the as necessary. c) Cross-check that the site selected for the borehole adheres to Principle 2. In the case of a proble, the Project Manager should be consulted. d) Ensure that all safety easures are adhered to. e) Ensure that the design specifications are adhered to. f) Decide when to stop the excavation in case hard foration is struck and/or the borehole cannot be drilled deep enough to ensure sufficient water throughout the year, or in case of other reasons. g) Ensure that all the required data are collected in the approved forat (Annex 7) h) Ensure that records are subitted to the appropriate authorities. 11

20 6.2 Part tie ilestone supervision. If the Supervisor cannot be on site full tie, he/she should visit the construction site at crucial stages (ilestones) of the drilling process. These stages ust be carried out in the presence of the Supervisor. Consequences of not abiding by the ust be stated in the contract docuent. The ilestones are: obilisation check siting/site selection terination of drilling lining of the borehole borehole developent puping test sanitary seal deobilisation platfor construction and pup installation (note that this ay be delegated to another enterprise, governent departent or NGO staff, depending on the contract). 12

21 PRINCIPLE 7: Water Quality Testing 7.1 The water quality for all boreholes ust be tested in accordance with the Guidelines for Water Quality Monitoring (still under developent). 7.2 The procedures to be followed in the case of poor water quality are set out in the Guidelines for Water Quality Monitoring (still under developent). 13

22 PRINCIPLE 8: Contract Manageent 8.1 Manageent of the siting, supervision and drilling contract is in line with national systes where these have been established. 8.2 Contract docuents are straightforward and understandable. 8.3 Drilling construction is paid for according to a bill of quantities (Annex 4), with payent for dry boreholes being ade according to the work done. 8.4 The defects liability period ust be specified for each borehole. 8.5 In case of disputes between the client and contract, counication and arbitration procedures are clearly set out in the contract. 8.6 Payents are tiely, with interest paid in case of delays, as specified in the contract. 14

23 PRINCIPLE 9: Data 9.1 Once a borehole nubering syste for Sierra Leone has been established, all new boreholes drilled are to be nubered accordingly, in a anner that can be clearly distinguished for ten to twenty years. 9.2 All signed borehole drilling records (Annex 5) are to be subitted to the District Council and. 9.3 Once the regulatory fraework for drilling construction is established, renewal of drilling registration and accreditation is to be linked to the subission of drilling records (also referred to as drilling logs). 9.4 Over the coing years, the will establish a database for all drilling records. The data will feed into Sierra Leone s Groundwater Mapping work, thus ultiately iproving the understanding of the geology and hydrogeology of the country. 9.5 The drilling database, once in place will be available to the public. 15

24 PRINCIPLE 10: Monitoring 10.1 Regular visits to water users with copleted boreholes are ade by local governent staff to onitor the water user coittees and functionality of the water points after six onths and then at least once per year Post-construction onitoring activities and reporting are undertaken by local governent and NGO staff in accordance with the National WASH Monitoring Guidelines (not yet developed). 16

25 APPENDIX 1: Teplate for Meorandu of Understanding: Counity leaders, District Council, the contractor and NGO (if an NGO is involved) and Land Owner To be developed in consultation with organisations who have already set out siilar procedures. 17

26 APPENDIX 2: Recoended Structure for Site Selection Report The recoended structure (table of contents) of a site selection report is set out below. 1. Introduction 1.1 Background client, contractor, date coissioned, date copleted, location and purpose of report 1.2 Suary of the scope of work or ters of reference (cross reference to annex) 2. Methodology 2.1 Desk study aps, satellite iagery, reports and other literature reviewed, hydrogeological odel 2.2 Field work geological/hydrogeological reconnaissance, geophysical ethods used, if any 3. Findings 3.1 Previous work carried out by other workers, if any 3.2 Description of the physical characteristics of the project location Vegetation and cliate Topography Drainage ajor and inor Geology description of the rock types, geological structures, weathering pattern and products Hydrogeology discussion of borehole and well data; water bearing potential of the rock types, suary of aquifer types 18

27 3.3 Geophysical survey Detailed description of work carried out with sketches showing data collection points and ajor landarks Results of the survey; reasons for selection of particular sites for drilling 4. Conclusion and recoendation Bibliography Appendix 1: Appendix 2: Appendix 3: Site photographs Stateent of works or Ters of Reference by the client Geophysical data VES curves, EM graphs 19

28 APPENDIX 3: Saple borehole specifications Saple Well Design (un-consolidated foration to depth of ; at greater depths use steel casing) upvc plain casing (4" noinal diaeter) Sanitary seal Depth of sanitary seal 5 fro ground level Backfill to 5 fro ground level Backfill Gravel Pack or Foration Stabiliser inserted to a iniu of 3 above slotted casing Gravel Pack or Foration Stabiliser Screen Plain casing for sup (1.5) Botto plug Natural Ground Level Unconsolidated Foration Rest Water Level (RWL) Water bearing zone Drilled diaeter: 7 to 8" if gravel pack needed; can be 5 to 6" if foration stabiliser used. Casing diaeter ust accoodate the external diaeter of the pup cylinder. The pup should be positioned at the correct level above the screened section, taking into account the drawdown and seasonal variations. This is generally 2 below the lowest dynaic water level. Gravel pack or foration stabiliser*: Drilling diaeter needs to accoodate 2-4" thick gravel pack, or thinner foration stabiliser. The thickness of the gravel pack depends on the nature of the foration. A thick (3-4") annulus will be required in the case of very fine aterials such as ica, which will require a larger drilling diaeter (7-10"). Alternatively, it ay be possible to use a geotextile filter sock depending on the risk of biofouling. *See glossary for definition of gravel pack and foration stabiliser Not to Scale 20

29 Saple Well Design (sei-consolidated foration with risk of collapse to ; at greater depths use steel casing) upvc plain casing (4" noinal diaeter) Sanitary seal Depth of sanitary seal 5 fro ground level Natural Ground Level Drilled diaeter: 7 to 8" if gravel pack needed; can be 5 to 6" if foration stabiliser used. Casing diaeter ust accoodate the external diaeter of the pup cylinder. Backfill to 5 fro ground level Backfill Overburden/Unstable Bedrock Rest Water Level (RWL) The pup should be positioned at the correct level above the screened section, taking into account the drawdown and seasonal variations. This is generally 2 below the lowest dynaic water level. Foration Stabiliser inserted to a iniu of 3 above slotted casing Gravel Pack or Foration Stabiliser Screen Plain casing for sup (1.5) Botto plug Water bearing zone Consolodated Foration/Stable Bedrock Gravel pack or foration stabiliser*: Drilling diaeter needs to accoodate 2-4" thick gravel pack, or thinner foration stabiliser. The thickness of the gravel pack depends on the nature of the foration. A thick (3-4") annulus will be required in the case of very fine aterials such as ica, which will require a larger drilling diaeter (7-10"). Alternatively, it ay be possible to use a geotextile filter sock depending on the risk of biofouling. *See glossary for definition of gravel pack and foration stabiliser Not to Scale 21

30 Saple Well Design (consolidated foration casing and screen in bedrock ; at greater depths use steel casing) upvc plain casing (4" noinal diaeter) Sanitary seal Depth of sanitary seal 5 fro ground level Natural Ground Level Drilled diaeter: 7 to 8" if gravel pack needed; can be 5 to 6" if foration stabiliser used. Casing diaeter ust accoodate the external diaeter of the pup cylinder. Backfill to 5 fro ground level Backfill Foration Stabiliser inserted to a iniu of 3 above slotted casing Gravel Pack or Foration Stabiliser Screen Plain casing for sup (1.5) Botto plug Overburden/Unstable Bedrock Rest Water Level (RWL) Consolodated Foration/Stable Bedrock The pup should be positioned at the correct level above the screened section, taking into account the drawdown and seasonal variations. This is generally 2 below the lowest dynaic water level. Gravel pack or foration stabiliser*: Drilling diaeter needs to accoodate 2-4" thick gravel pack, or thinner foration stabiliser. The thickness of the gravel pack depends on the nature of the foration. A thick (3-4") annulus will be required in the case of very fine aterials such as ica, which will require a larger drilling diaeter (7-10"). Alternatively, it ay be possible to use a geotextile filter sock depending on the risk of biofouling. *See glossary for definition of gravel pack and foration stabiliser Not to Scale 22

31 APPENDIX 4: Saple Contract (for one borehole) Contract for the Drilling of 1 No Borehole at of District Between AND 23

32 For of Agreeent This Agreeent ade the day of between the of (Hereinafter called the Eployer) of the one part, and of (Hereinafter called the Contractor) (if a joint venture or consortiu list the all the partners with the lead partner first) Whereas the Eployer desires that the following works should be provided and executed by the Contractor, i.e. construction of a borehole, and has accepted a tender by the Contractor for the provision, execution and aintenance of such Works under the direction and to the reasonable satisfaction of the Eployer in the su of: (hereinafter called the Contract Su) Now this Agreeent is witnessed as follows: 1. In this Agreeent, words and expressions shall have the sae eanings as are respectively assigned to the in the Conditions of Contract hereinafter referred to, and they shall be deeed to for and be read and construed as part of this Agreeent. 2. In consideration of the payents to be ade by the Eployer to the Contractor as hereinafter entioned, the Contractor hereby covenants with the Eployer to execute and coplete the Works and reedy any defects therein in confority in all respects with the provisions of the Contract. 3. The Eployer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and copletion of the Works and the reedying of defects wherein the Contract Price or such other su as ay becoe payable under the provisions of the Contract at the ties and in the anner prescribed by the Contract. The parties have therefore caused this Agreeent to be executed in the presence of witnesses on the date stated above. The Coon Seal of the Eployer Witnessed by Signature Sealed and Delivered by the Contractor Witnessed by Signature Binding Signature of Eployer Binding Signature of Contractor 24

33 Technical Specifications 1. Project description/scope of Work The project consists of the construction of 1 no borehole in counity, district, Sierra Leone. The Contractor shall noinate one key person who shall be responsible for the assignent on behalf of the Contractor and shall be the Contractor s site representative. This person shall deonstrate the different aspects of drilling as ay be directed by the Supervisor. The person should therefore be a copetent hydrogeologist or drilling engineer with at least 10 years field experience and fluent in the English language. 2. Work schedule The Contractor, on acceptance of the contract, shall subit a coprehensive work schedule which should fall within the agreed period of contract execution to the Project Manager for approval before obilization of en, aterials and equipent to site. It shall so include the pre-obilisation eeting. This schedule shall be subject to the approval of the Supervisor. On the, the Contractor s representative shall, in the copany of the Supervisor, visit the beneficiary counity to take over the site. 3. Mobilization 3.1 Inspection of aterials and equipent The Contractor shall present to the Supervisor the list of equipent and saples of aterials to be used on the project. The Contractor is not allowed to start the work until the equipent and aterials have been checked and approved by the Supervisor. 3.2 Contractor s Staff The Contractor shall be fully operational with the drilling unit and installation crew by the. Adequate safety equipent such as safety helets, hard-toed boots and gloves shall be available for the use of the drilling crew while on site. 3.3 Contractor s equipent The Contractor shall provide all plant and equipent, including drilling plant, tools, aterials and everything else necessary for the proper copletion of the drill hole and collection of the saples. The contractor s drilling equipent shall have the capacity to construct 110 diaeter lined boreholes, including gravel packs to depths of up to 60. The Contractor shall arrange for transportation and security of all equipent and staff as necessary for proper copletion of the contract. 3.4 Site instruction The Supervisor shall fro tie to tie issue instructions to the Contractor through the Contractor s site representative. The instruction shall be in writing and shall be signed as received by the Contractor s representative, who shall, without any delay, carry out the instruction issued. 4. Drilling The Contractor shall ensure that the rig is set up at the exact point indicated by the Supervisor. The Contractor shall also take all precautions to ensure the safety of all staff, counity ebers and equipent deployed to the project. 25

34 The Contractor shall be responsible for selecting the appropriate drilling procedure for the geology of the location. The diaeter of the drilled hole ust be adequate to accoodate the final borehole casing diaeter as instructed by the Supervisor plus a iniu annular space of 50. The Contractor ay choose to either drill a hole of adequate diaeter on the first pass or to drill a sall diaeter test hole, then rea to the desired size. Regardless of the procedure adopted by the Contractor, payent shall only be for the drilled hole at the appropriate size, i.e. additional payent for reaing shall not be allowed. 4.1 Drilling technique The drilling ethod, drilling plant, drilling fluids and fluid additives are subject to approval of the Supervisor. It is the responsibility of the Contractor to start drilling at a diaeter which will allow the hole to be copleted at the specified diaeter. Extra casing of a larger diaeter to achieve the depth is considered to be part of the Contractor s equipent and shall not be reibursed for its use. Teporary steel or PVC casing shall be installed in the borehole where needed to protect the walls fro caving, either suspended by a ground bearing bracket or correctly anchored in the underlying hard rock. 4.2 Drilling fluids and additives The drilling fluids and additives shall consist of water, bio-degradable drilling ud, weight aterials (barite or equivalent), fluid loss control aterials, and foa. The selection, supply and use of drilling additives shall be the responsibility of the Contractor. Toxic or dangerous substances that ay adversely affect the quality of the water shall not be added to the drilling fluid. The Contractor shall be responsible for aintaining the quality of the drilling fluid to assure the protection of the aquifer and other potential water bearing forations and ensure that good representative saples of the foration aterial are obtained. 4.3 Collection of drill cuttings The Contractor shall collect representative saples of the foration penetrated at 2.0 intervals. Saples shall be caught in a bucket placed in the drilling fluid return at the top of the surface casing and the saple allowed to settle out. The penetration of the bit shall stop when the botto of the sapling interval (that is every 2.0 ) is reached for such tie as is required for all the cuttings to ove fro the last drilled section of the hole to the sapling point. Drill cuttings shall be placed in containers provided by the Contractor as approved by the Supervisor. Saple containers shall be steel boxes, divided into copartents approxiately 100 by 100 square and 100 deep. At each drill site, the Contractor shall have sufficient saple containers to accoodate all of the saples collected in a hole, and they shall be kept available for inspection until the Supervisor agrees they can be disposed of. 4.4 Driller s daily report During the drilling, copletion and developent of each borehole, the Contractor shall aintain a detailed driller s report. The report shall give a coplete description of all forations encountered, nuber of eters drilled, nuber of hours spent drilling, shutdown due to breakdown, length and type of casing and screen set, and such other pertinent data as requested by the Supervisor. The Contractor shall provide to the Supervisor a copy of the daily driller s report duly signed by both the driller and the Supervisor. 26

35 In addition, the Contractor shall easure and onitor during the drilling: the depth of the borehole as it progresses the static water or ud level in the borehole the different depths of water strikes and aquifers the penetration rates at various strata or change of tools The data shall be presented in a forat previously approved by the Supervisor. 4.5 Payent for drilling The Contractor shall be paid unit prices per etre in accordance with the depth drilled as set out in the Bill of Quantities. The unit prices per eter shall include all costs associated with the drilling, drilling water, drilling additives, surface casing, collection of drill cuttings, gravel packing and developent, and preparation of daily drilling reports. The Contractor shall be paid in accordance with the actual depth drilled on the rates set out in the Bill of Quantities. The depths given in the Bill of Quantities are indicative only. 4.6 Payent schedule As the Contract is intended for deonstration and training purposes, the Contractor shall on copletion of the drilling be paid the full su of the works certified by the TepaSupervisor as having been carried out by the Contractor as in the Bill of Quantities. 5. Borehole The final depth of the borehole and all other relevant depths involved in the design of the borehole shall be deterined fro easureents ade by the Contractor and the Supervisor. The Supervisor shall instruct the Contractor on the depth at which to terinate the hole, the intervals to be cased and screened, the appropriate screen slot opening, and the foration stabilizer or gravel pack size if required, to ensure copletion of a sand-free borehole: The borehole will consist of PVC casing and screen. The casing and screen shall have an inside diaeter of and an outside diaeter of 110 and a wall thickness of 3.3. The casings and screens shall be joined by threaded joints. The botto of the casing coluns shall be closed with a bail plug. The entire casing and screen assebly shall be installed straight and vertical in the borehole. A axiu deviation of 0.5% will be allowed. All peranent borehole casings, screens and fittings shall be new. Payent shall be on a per etre basis for the supply and installation of casing and screen in accordance with the Bill of Quantities. 5.1 Gravel packing A gravel pack shall be installed in the annulus space around the screen. The pack should consist of coarse sand or well-graded river gravel. Under no condition should rock chippings be used. The aterial should be free fro shale, ica, clay, dirt or organic ipurities of any kind. The gravel pack should have a iniu thickness of 50 and shall cover the entire screen length and rise to a iniu of 6 above the top of the screen. The gravel pack should be carefully introduced into the hole by eans of a treie pipe to avoid bridging. Where the foration is considered stable and not in need of support, the Contractor, with the approval of the Supervisor ay elect to case only the upper part of the borehole, leaving the lower part (aquifer horizon) of the borehole uncased and without gravel packing. 27

36 6. Borehole developent and site copletion 6.1 Developent The Contractor shall develop the borehole by a cobination of jetting with water and surging with air, siultaneously rotating the jetting tool and slowly raising and lowering it through the length of all screens. The developent shall continue until the borehole is judged by the Supervisor to be free of sand. The Contractor shall develop the borehole with great care to avoid any daage to the casings, the screens or the foration resulting fro application of excessive pressures or inappropriate techniques during the developent. The Contractor shall be paid the unit price for borehole developent as in the Bill of Quantities. 6.2 Backfilling and grouting The Contractor shall place an ipervious clay plug at least 1 thick directly on top of the gravel or filter pack. The exact level shall be indicated by the Supervisor. The annular space on top of the clay plug shall be backfilled with the drill cuttings up to 6 below ground level. Surface soil shall not be used for backfilling. The backfill ay be placed by pouring the aterial down fro the surface, taking due caution to prevent bridging. The last 6 of annular space shall be filled with neat ceent grout consisting of Portland ceent ixed with not ore than 25 l of water per 50 kg of ceent. The Contractor shall be paid the unit price for backfilling and placing the grout seal as in the Bill of Quantities. 6.3 Abandonent of unsuccessful borehole After the developent process, the borehole ay be abandoned for reasons not resulting fro any action or oission of the Contractor. This ay occur because of inadequate yield, unsuitable water quality or excessive depth of the water level. Under these circustances, the Contractor ay attept to retrieve the casing and screen fro the abandoned borehole, but shall do so at his/her own expense. 6.4 Pup testing The Contractor shall conduct a puping test on the borehole a constant yield and continuous puping of 1 3/h for a period of 4 hours. Where there is a possibility of the discharge water circulating back into the aquifer, the Contractor shall provide a iniu of 60 of flexible hose to carry the water away Recovery Iediately after the puping test has been copleted, the Contractor shall easure the waterlevel recovery in the borehole over a iniu period of at least 2 hours unless the water level has recovered to the original level by that tie Measuring drawdown and recovery of water level During the puping and recovery periods, the Contractor shall easure the water level in the borehole using a calibrated electronic sensing device. The water level easureents are to be 28

37 taken in accordance with the schedule indicated by the Supervisor. The Contractor shall analyse the results of the puping test for the specific capacity of the borehole and report the results on fors supplied by the Supervisor. The Contractor shall be paid a lup su price for the 6-hour puping test in accordance with the Bill of Quantities. 6.5 Water quality analysis During the puping test, the Contractor shall collect water saples, securely corked and suitably labelled, fro the borehole as indicated by the approved laboratory. The saples shall be collected fro the pup flow direct into the container, without being allowed to settle first. Each label shall indicate the nae of contractor, borehole nuber, date and tie of sapling. The inforation shall be entered into a for to be provided by the Course supervisor. The Contractor shall have test carried out in a laboratory approved by the Supervisor to deterine the following paraeters: Colour Total hardness Odour Silica Electric Conductivity Chloride ph Fluoride Taste Nitrate Turbidity Sulphate Teperature Dissolved gases (CO2, H2S, O2) Arsenic Manganese Biological paraeters shall coprise faecal coli for counts. The saples thus collected should reach the authorized water testing laboratory within 6 hours fro the tie of collection fro the borehole. Otherwise fresh saples shall be taken. The contractor shall be paid for each set of saples tested as in the Bill of Quantities. 6.6 Borehole disinfection Iediately after the puping test has been copleted, the Contractor shall undertake final disinfection of the borehole by introducing sufficient chlorine copound into the borehole to achieve a concentration of 20 g/l of free chlorine in the water i.e. 0.2% chlorine is used for every 100 litres of water in the borehole colun. The chlorine shall be applied uniforly throughout the entire depth of water in the borehole. The chlorine solution shall be introduced into the borehole through a treie pipe extending to the botto of the borehole and the pipe raised and lowered to achieve unifor distribution of the solution. All accessible portions of the borehole above the water level shall also be wetted with a chlorine solution. 6.7 Criteria for a successful borehole For the borehole eeting to be accepted as successful it shall eet the following criteria otherwise it shall be declared abortive and abandoned. The Contractor ay be requested to re-drill the abortive borehole if the reasons for being abortive are due to actions or inactions of the Contractor. 29

38 6.7.1 Borehole iniu yield Unless otherwise agreed by the Supervisor, the iniu acceptable yield on the borehole shall be 1 3 /hour sustained over the 6-hour puping test period. Providing the Contractor has followed the appropriate procedures in the copletion of the borehole, and having been so certified by the Supervisor, the Contractor shall not be held responsible for the abandonent of a borehole because of inadequate yield. However, if failure to obtain an adequate yield is caused by actions or inactions on the part of the Contractor, he/she will be responsible for reconstructing the borehole in the proper anner at his/her own cost. Where possible, the Contractor shall endeavour to axiize the yield fro the borehole. Failure to properly exploit the aquifer potential through, for exaple, insufficient developent or inadequate aquifer penetration and screening even when the yield of the copleted borehole exceeds the iniu ay be cause for rejecting the borehole and requiring the Contractor to reconstruct the borehole at his/her own cost Sand content The sand content of the water shall not be ore than 10 pp by volue. The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that the borehole eets the criteria for sand content. If a borehole ust be abandoned because of excessive sand content, the Contractor shall be responsible for constructing another borehole at his/her own cost Turbidity The Contractor shall easure the turbidity of the water for each borehole. The turbidity of the water shall not exceed 10 NTU. In soe circustances, excessive turbidity ay be due to the characteristics of the water-bearing foration and thus beyond the control of the Contractor. Where excessive turbidity is caused by actions or inactions by the Contractor, he/she will be responsible for reconstructing the borehole in the proper anner at his/her own cost Alignent and plubness The Contractor shall continuously onitor the weight on the drilling bit to ensure that the borehole is drilled and cased straight and vertical. The Contractor shall furnish all labour, tools and equipent to carry out a test for verticality as ay be instructed by the Supervisor. Payent shall be on the unit rate as in the Bill of Quantities Cheical and bacteriological water quality The Supervisor shall deterine whether or not the cheical and bacteriological quality of the water is adequate to serve as a potable water supply. The Contractor shall take due caution to prevent containation of the borehole. If the borehole has becoe containated because of an action or inaction on the part of the Contractor, the Contractor shall bear the responsibility for disinfection of the borehole and, if necessary, the construction of a new borehole at his/her own cost. 6.8 Teporary capping Prior to leaving a borehole unattended at any tie, the Contractor shall place a teporary cap on the borehole casing which shall consist of a purpose-ade pipe fitted to the top of the casing. 6.9 Construction of concrete pad The Contractor shall construct a concrete pad around the borehole casing sticking above the ground and continuous with the underlying 6 ceent grout in the borehole annulus described in 30

39 6.3. The pad shall be 1 by 1. The concrete shall be cast over a layer of copacted hard core with a iniu thickness 200 above the ground and continuous with the underlying ceent grout. The drainage channel shall be 6 long, sloping away fro the pad. The Contractor shall ensure that the sides of the pad are straight by properly anchoring the fors. Straightness shall be deterined by running a stringline fro one corner to the next and easuring the deviation of the pad fro the line. Deviations greater than 12.5 shall not be acceptable. The top of the pad shall be trowelled to a sooth surface. Edges shall be used to ensure sooth, rounded edges to the pad Concrete ix The concrete used for the pad shall be prepared by echanical ixers capable of pouring a pad in a single batch using noral Portland ceent with a ixture of fine and coarse aggregate. The concrete ix shall be in the ratio 1:2:4 (ceent, fine, coarse aggregate). Water used for ixing concrete and for curing shall be obtained fro a borehole source and shall be equal to potable water in physical and cheical properties. The fine aggregate shall consist of sand having clean, hard, strong, durable, uncoated grains free fro dust, soft or flaky particles of shale, alkali, organic atter, loa, or other deleterious substances. Fine aggregate shall be well-graded and have grain sizes within the range of 0.15 to 9.5. The coarse aggregate shall consist of crushed rock or other approved aterials of siilar characteristics having clean, hard, strong, durable, uncoated particles free fro soft, friable, thin, elongated or lainated pieces, alkali, organic or other deleterious atter. Coarse aggregate shall be well graded and shall consist of grain sizes in the range 2.4 to Because high teperatures prevail in the Contract area, the Contractor shall keep the surface of the concrete pad oist for a period of 72 hours after the concrete has been placed or use a curing copound approved by the Supervisor. Payent for each pad shall be as provided for in the Bill of Quantities. 7. Deobilization, handing over & defects liability 7.1 Handing over On copletion of the works at the site, the Contractor shall reove all his/her equipent and aterials fro the site, cover all settleent pits, seal any abandoned borehole and as uch as possible restore the site to what it was like originally before construction started. An inspection of the works shall be carried out by the Supervisor and the counity representative in the presence of the Contractor s representative. On being satisfied that the works carried out are in accordance with the contract agreeent and technical specification, a copletion certificate shall be issued and signed by the Supervisor and counity representative, and the site handed over to the counity. 7.2 Defects liability The defects liability period shall be 6 onths fro the date of handing over. During this period any defects on the functioning of the works shall be put right by the Contractor at his/her own expense. 10% of the total contract su shall be retained by the Client until the defects liability period is over, after which the Contractor shall be paid the aount retained. If, however, the Contractor fails to put right any defects on the works as instructed by the Supervisor, he/she shall forfeit the aount retained. 31

40 8. Bill of Quantities All the quantities in this Bill of Quantities are provisional. The contractor shall be paid for actual quantities used. Bill of quantities for the Drilling of 1 No. Borehole at in District Ite Description Unit Quantity Rate Aount 1 Mobilisation 1a Mobilisation and deobilisation (including site clearance) 2 Borehole Drilling 2a 2b Drilling overburden on the baseent coplex for installation of 110 diaeter PVC casing Drilling in crystalline rock for the installation of 110 diaeter PVC casing 2c Lost teporary casing 3 Borehole Copletion 3a 3b Supply and install 110 OD threaded PVC casing Supply and install 110 OD threaded PVC screen 3c Supply and install gravel pack as directed No 3d Backfill borehole annulus No 3e Supply ceent and install 6 deep sanitary seal No 3f Develop boreholes by jetting, surging and airlifting 4 Puping Test 4a Carry out 3 hour puping test on each hole No 5 Water quality analysis No 5a Collect water saples and carry out water quality Analysis 6 Disinfect borehole 6a Disinfect borehole as directed No 7b 7 Supply and installation of handpup Supply and install India Mark II handpup on the copleted borehole with 50 PVC rising ain 8 Construct concrete pad 8a Construct standard circular concrete pad as well as soakaway 9 Idle tie 9a Idle tie caused by the Eployer or any of his representatives 10 Total No No No No No Hr 32

41 APPENDIX 5: Project Checklist for the Driller Step Checklist 1. Pre- contract Driller s equipent approved Driller s personnel approved Driller s field operation observed 2. Pre-Mobilisation Meeting Contract checked Questions asked and clarifications ade 3. Mobilisation Counity has been obilised Prograe of work subitted and approved Materials checked and approved Driller has been shown the site Data collection fors approved Filing syste set up 4. Siting Geophysical equipent checked and approved Siting supervised Report subitted and approved 5. Drilling Rig location approved All safety easures taken Saples are collected and kept Drilling copleted Borehole logged 6. Borehole design Casing and screen installation approved Gravel pack installation approved Sanitary seal approved 7. Borehole developent Water saple checked for sand content Puping test carried out Borehole disinfected Water quality analysed Borehole successful or abortive 8. Deobilisation Site restored to its original state Circulation pits backfilled Abandoned borehole sealed All pieces of equipent reoved fro site Rubbish disposed of properly 9. Coplete docuentation The Driller has carried out all tests and subitted the reports. 33

42 APPENDIX 6: Checklists of Drilling Steps for the Supervisor Checklist 1: Pre-contract checklist Nae of contractor Nae of Supervisor Date Equipent Drilling rig Checklist Year of Manufacture: Manufacturer: Lifting capacity: Raise ast. Start and run for an hour without proble. Check for oil leaks and get any fixed before giving approval. Copressor Year of Manufacture: Manufacturer: Start and run for an hour without proble. Mud pup and generator Check rating against estiated borehole depths. Test pups and generator. Water tanker Support trucks Drill pipes Drill bits (and haer depending on the type of drill rig) Check for leaks. Check that the Driller has the necessary working support vehicles. Check that there are adequate lengths of drill pipes to drill the deepest hole. Correct diaeter. Right drill bits available for likely ground conditions. Check condition. Geophysical surveying equipent Geophysical equipent working correctly Personnel copetent in use of geophysical surveying equipent Personnel Drilling anager Checklist Years of experience: Experience of siilar assignents: Hydrogeologist Qualifications: Years of experience: Experience of siilar assignents: Rig operator Driver Mechanic Rig assistants Years of experience: Years of experience: Years of experience: Nuber of assistants: Years of experience: Record Taker Years of experience: 34

43 Checklist 2: Siting Village Nae/Site Nae District Nae of Supervisor Date Activity 1. Water User priorities and land ownership based on Counity engageent 1 Checklist Proxiity between site selected & point of use in eters: Is there access for all water users, especially woen and ost disadvantaged in the counity? Has the land ownership been deterined? Have access rights for users and aintenance teas been confired verbally? Have access rights for users and aintenance teas been confired in writing? YES / NO YES / NO YES / NO YES / NO 2. Geophysical survey Is a geophysical survey necessary? YES / NO 3. Geological favourability - based on hydrogeological assessent 4. Containation risk 5. Drilling logistics If a geophysical survey is necessary, has it been carried out? Do you expect there to be sufficient yield for the intended purpose? Do you expect that there are sufficient renewable water resources for the intended purpose? Do you expect the water quality will be adequate for the intended purpose? Has interference with other groundwater sources such as springs of other pups been avoided YES / NO YES / NO/ Don t Know YES / NO YES / NO YES / NO What is the chance of success? HIGH (>75%) / MEDIUM (50-75%) Have all the national criteria for iniu distance fro the borehole been et? Are there any other containation risks? Access allowed and possible for Driller tea, equipent and vehicles LOW (<50%) YES / NO YES / NO YES / NO Other coents: 1 As guidelines and checklists for counity obilisation and training, as well as operation and aintenance are developed, these should be haronised and, if necessary incorporated into the siting checklist so that they reinforce each other. 35

44 Checklist 3: Mobilisation Nae of Contractor Village/Site District Nae of Supervisor Date Activity 1. Contract 2. Prograe of work 3. Counity liaison 4. Equipent is appropriate and in working condition 5. Saples of aterials eet with technical specifications 6. Data collection fors Checklist Contract Signed Prograe of work subitted and approved Explain details of drilling process. Counity eber roles, contributions and responsibilities Exchange details of ain contact persons or counity representatives. Driller s representative introduced to the Counity Drill rods are adequate Haers and bits are of the right diaeter (easure). Teporary casing diaeter is correct. Drilling fluid Saple box Casing and screen (easure length and diaeter) Filter pack and gravel aterials Screen Forat of data entry fors agreed (Refer to Borehole Copletion Record) 7. Project filing syste Driller given Master Project Checklist (Annex B) 8. Drill Cap / Satellite Fly Cap layout Location of vehicle and rig parking Maintenance garage Site office and living accoodation Fuel storage and spillage control easures Water supply source Sanitation facilities PVC casing and screens protected fro direct sunlight Other coents: 36

45 Checklist 4: Drilling Activity 1. Health and Safety 2. Rig position 3. Drilling Depth 4. Penetration Rate 5. Drilling Fluid 6. Drill Cutting Saples 7. Strata Log 8. Final borehole depth 9. Drill Report Checklist Rig set up away fro traffic hazards and power transission lines Rig and support vehicle not positioned on a steep slope Public safety barrier (bright coloured tape). Drilling tea wearing personal protective clothing: boiler suits, hard hats, boots, eye protection and gloves Inflaable ites such as petrol or chlorine etc should be kept in approved containers, properly arked and stored away fro sources of heat. Mast not raised during thunderstor (lightning strike risk) Lifting of very heavy or bulky loads which could lead to back strain should be avoided. Lifting should be done using the legs and not with the back. Equipent should be kept in good working order. Area around the drilling rig is kept tidy. Borehole should be securely capped on copletion to prevent tools and other debris falling into the hole and children throwing stones and corn stalks into it which could render it useless. On copletion, the site should be restored as far as possible to what it was before the drilling, ud pits filled in and copacted. Drill crew should drink plenty of fluids regularly to prevent dehydration, which can lead to poor judgeent. First Aid kit checked Eergency procedure in case of ajor injury and need for hospitalisation Rig positioned over pegged site. Rig drill ast vertical (checked with spirit level). Check ground stability for softness that could entrap the rig or cause it to tilt during drilling Depth easureents being conducted and logged properly Penetration rates being easured properly Type of drilling fluid being used: Driller using Marsh funnel to easure drilling fluid viscosity For Rotary ud-flush drilling, check that the circulation ud pits (or portable tanks) have a volue that is at least three ties the volue of the borehole see Annex D. Ensure that the Driller prevents saple containation due to poor circulation, borehole erosion or caving. Ensure that ud pits are kept clean to prevent re-circulation of cuttings. Saples taken at regular intervals and properly washed, bagged, labelled, logged and stored in saple box. Photograph saples Use saples to prepare a Strata Log. Water table depth (): Final borehole depth (): Daily drilling log signed by rig operator and Supervisor. Record necessary data and inforation required to coplete a Casing and Well Copletion For (Appendix E3, Code of Practice for Cost Effective Boreholes). 37

46 Checklist 5: Borehole Design Design Criteria 1. Borehole Depth (etres): 2. Aquifer/Rock Type 3. Yield (litres per second) 4. Drilled borehole diaeter () 5.a Type of borehole casing and screens: 5.b Wall diaeter and thickness () check diaeter and wall thickness with callipers 5.c Quantity of borehole casing & screens () 6. Screen length () 7. Percentage screen open area (>25%) 8. Installation of casing and screens 9. Gravel Pack 10. Sanitary Seal Value Baseent/Consolidated/Unconsolidated PVC / GRP / Steel / Baboo / Other: Produce sketch of proposed asseblage of casing and screen. Layout casing and screening on the ground, check against sketch and photograph. Check joints between casing pipes. Ensure that gravel pack design is adhered to (foration stabiliser or filter pack). Check that foration stabiliser does not contain ica, clay or laterite. Check sanitary protection design, proper depth and aterial coposition. 38

47 Checklist 6: Borehole developent and site copletion Activity 1. Developent ethod used 2. Borehole developent success 3. Platfor casting Checklist Filled in Borehole Copletion Record Part 4: Borehole Developent and Puping Test Suary with data in Borehole Copletion Record Part 7: Puping Test Details Duration of developent: Borehole developent successful (water runs clear): If NO then should the Driller re-drill the borehole? If YES a re-drill is needed, should it be at the Driller s cost? Shuttering is properly anchored and layout atches designs. Correct sand : ceent : aggregate ratios (1:2:4) Correct drainage slope (1:50) Surface towelled sooth Borehole nuber, date of copletion, yield and water levels ebedded in the wet concrete Concrete kept oist for 72 hours to allow proper curing Is the finished platfor acceptable? YES / NO YES / NO YES / NO YES / NO 4. Pup Testing Stopwatch available YES / NO 5. Water Quality Testing Dip eter available Filled in Borehole Copletion Record Part 7: Puping Test details. Filled in Borehole Copletion Record Part 5: Water Quality Suary. YES / NO 6. Borehole Disinfection a. Depth to static water level unacceptable? YES / NO b. Dry borehole or inadequate yield? YES / NO c. Unacceptable sand content of puped water? YES / NO d. Unacceptable turbidity of puped water? YES / NO e. Borehole straight and vertical? YES / NO f. Unacceptable cheical or bacteriological quality of the puped water? FINAL DECISION ON BOREHOLE: YES / NO SUCCESSFUL / ABORTIVE 39

48 Checklist 7: Deobilisation Activity 1. Work coplete 2. Drilling site cleared Checklist All installation work coplete and approved by Supervisor All testing copleted and docuentation and data handed over to Supervisor All litter, liquid and solid waste disposed of responsibly so as not to cause nuisance Circulation pits filled in Equipent cleaned and packed away Unused aterials taken away (check with contract who owns or pays for unused aterials, such as casing, filter packs etc.) Public barrier taken down. Checklist 8: Developent and Site Copletion Activity 1. Reporting 2. Handover 3. Defect Liability Period 4. Invoicing and payent Checklist Drilling report copleted and copies given to Client, the Counity and the Regulator/Governent water or geology inistry Agree handover date with Driller, Counity and Client. Organise signed handover of borehole to the Counity or Client. Agree onitoring schedule. Undertake site visits to check that pup is still working and that there are no probles with the borehole perforance. Report any probles found, or reported by the Counity to the Client. If necessary, obilise the Driller to undertake repair work. At end of defects liability period, subit supervision invoice to Client and give approval for final payent to Driller (depending on contract). Other coents: 40

49 APPENDIX 7: Borehole Copletion Record Contents 1. General 2. Drilling Operation 3. Casing and Borehole Copletion 4. Borehole Developent and Puping Test Suary 5. Water Quality Suary 6. Lithology 6a 6b Lithological Logging Characteristics to be evaluated and assessed during logging of drilling saples 7. Puping Test Details 7a 7b 7c Step Drawdown Test Constant Rate Test Recovery Test 8. Water Quality Analysis Paraeters 41

50 1. General Water Well/Borehole Reference No: Date: Location: Use: Counity Household/Private Copound Health Facility Education Facility Copany Preises Test Well Other Owner Nae: Coordinates/Grid Ref: GPS Reference: N: E: Financing Prograe/Project/Private: Owner Address: Perit No: Date Issued: Issuing Authority: Nae of Drilling Enterprise: Address of Drilling Enterprise: Driller s License No: Sketch Map (Show location, with inforation that enables you to get there. Include key features in the vicinity such as buildings (e.g. school, clinic, church). Approxiate Scale: 42

51 2. Drilling Operation Start Date: Total Depth: Drilling ethod(s): Copletion Date: Main Water Strike: Static Water Level: Dynaic Water Level: (when puping at 3 /hr) Hand Drilled (specify type) Percussion Mud Rotary Air Rotary DTH Cobination (details): Rig ake: Copressor ake: Average Penetration Rate: /h (at diaeter /inch) Average Penetration Rate: /h (at diaeter /inch) Average Penetration Rate: /h (at diaeter /inch) Average Penetration Rate: /h (at diaeter /inch) Fro To Drilling Diaeter inch Drilling Method Start Tie End Tie Tie Taken (in) Tie Taken (h) Penetration Rate (/h) 43

52 2. Drilling Operation Drill ud viscosity (for ud-rotary drilling) Tie Drilled Depth Drilling ud viscosity (seconds per litre) 44

53 3. Casing and Borehole Copletion Casing Material: Casing Joints: Threaded Glue and Socket Screen Open Area (%) Botto Plug: Yes No Casing Fro To Diaeter inch Type Screen Fro To Gravel natural artificial Diaeter inch Type Fro To Grain Size Volue used Backfill and Sanitary Seal Fro To Diaeter inch Type and details (Backfill/Sanitary Seal) Slot Size Alignent and Verticality Test Rearks: Well head and Platfor Well Cap: Yes No Apron: Concrete slab Drainage Soak-away Pit Fence Pup: Pup Installed: Yes No Stand Fitted around casing Welded on Casing Pup Type: Coents: 45

54 3. Casing and Borehole Copletion Casing Material: Casing Joints: Threaded Glue and Socket Screen Open Area (%) Botto Plug: Yes No Casing Fro To Diaeter inch Type Screen Fro To Gravel natural artificial Diaeter inch Type Fro To Grain Size Volue used Backfill and Sanitary Seal Fro To Diaeter inch Type and details (Backfill/Sanitary Seal) Slot Size Alignent and Verticality Test Rearks: Well head and Platfor Well Cap: Yes No Apron: Concrete slab Drainage Soak-away Pit Fence Pup: Pup Installed: Yes No Stand Fitted around casing Welded on Casing Pup Type: Coents: 46

55 4. Well Developent and Puping Test Suary Developent: Air-lift Over-puping Surging Backwashing Jetting Duration hr Coents: Puping Test: Air-lift capacity evaluation Constant Rate Test (CRT) Step Drawdown Test Duration hr Discharge l/s Dynaic water level: Drawdown: Coents: 4. Well Developent and Puping Test Suary Developent: Air-lift Over-puping Surging Backwashing Jetting Duration hr Coents: Puping Test: Air-lift capacity evaluation Constant Rate Test (CRT) Step Drawdown Test Duration hr Discharge l/s Dynaic water level: Drawdown: Coents: 5. Water Quality Suary Saple taken: Yes No Date Field Paraeters: Clear Turbid Colour Taste Odour Turbidity NTU Tep. C TDS l EC µs-c ph Cheical Quality: ph: Laboratory: (for ore paraeters see separate sheet) Bacteriological Quality: Faecal colifor: cfu per 100l Laboratory: Coents: 47

56 TDS (g/l) EC (µs/c) Discharge Penetration rate (in/) 6a. Lithological Logging Water Well/Borehole Reference No: Owner Nae: Location: Owner Address: Grid Ref: Long. E Lat. N Coordinates/ GPS Reference: Financing Prograe/Project/Private: Borehole Perit No. Date Issued: Issuing Authority Nae of Drilling Enterprise: Driller s License No: Well Logged by: Rearks (e.g. consolidation, porosity, ineralogy, structures and features, drilling, water) Stratigraphic unit (if known)* Roundness Sorting* Degree of weathering* Texture* Grain size* Colour* Description Depth () Data to be recorded at a iniu of 1 eter intervals- add ore sheets if required; * See overleaf for description. 48

57 6b. Characteristics to be evaluated and assessed during logging of drilling saples (Source Misstear et al, 2006; MacDonald et al, 2005) Standard procedures for saple description such as British Standards Institution (1999) or the Aerican Society for Testing and Materials (2000) should be followed. Colour In order to aid objectivity, a definitive colour chart, e.g. Munsel Colour Chart ay be used for classification. Munsel colours are referred to by two or three words such as brownish yellow, or light bluish grey and a nuber. Grain Size The visible grains can be copared with a coparator diagra such as the one given below, a grain saple card or the naked eye. A hand lens or icroscope ay be required to see grains which are not visible to the naked eye. Figure Grain Size, Sorting and Roundness Chart(Source: University of Wisconsin, 2010) Texture Is the saple copact and dense, or light and friable? Is it granular or plastic? Can it be oulded or rolled? Can the fragent be scratched with a steel blade or fingernail? Moh s Scale of Hardness is an indicator. Degree of weathering The extent of weathering of rocks affects the availability of groundwater. Essentially, the weathering profile coprises the three basic units of soil, weathered rock and fresh rock. Rock weathering is described in ters of distribution and relative proportions of fresh and discoloured rock, decoposed and disintegrated rock. Degree of Sorting Sorting describes the variability of attributes such as rounding and grain size. In well-sorted aterials the coponent grains are ostly of a siilar size, shape and roundness. Sorting can be classified as very well sorted, well sorted, oderately sorted, poorly sorted and very poorly sorted as set out in the grain size and sorting chart above. Roundness Grains are usually classified as angular, sub-angular, sub-rounded, rounded or well rounded as shown in the chart above. Foration / Stratigraphic unit (if known - add codes based on the local stratigraphic noenclature) An experienced geologist or driller ay be able to identify stratiographic units. However it is iportant to distinguish between interpretation and observation. Thus the basic raw data (above) as well as his or her interpretation should be recorded. 49

58 7. Puping Test Details 7a. Step Drawdown Test (for echanised borehole supply) Water Well/Borehole Reference No: Start Test Date: Static Water Level before Test: Datu for easureents Pup Intake: Water Well/Borehole Nae: Tie of Day: Puping Well/ Observation Well (Tick Appropriate) Tie Water Level Discharge (Q) Reark Real Tie Hrs Min Depth to Water () Drawdown () Voluetric Method (l/s or 3/h) Flow Meter (l/s or 3/h) TDS, Teperature, ph and any other observation 50

59 Tie Water Level Discharge (Q) Reark Depth to Voluetric Real Tie Hrs Min Drawdown Flow Meter Water Method TDS, Teperature, ph and (l/s or (l/s or any other observation () () 3/h) 3/h) 51

60 Tie Water Level Discharge (Q) Reark Depth to Voluetric Real Tie Hrs Min Drawdown Flow Meter Water Method TDS, Teperature, ph and (l/s or (l/s or any other observation () () 3/h) 3/h) 52

61 7b. Constant Rate Test (note that 3 to 6 hours is sufficient of a handpup supply) Water Well/Borehole Reference No: Start Test Date: Static Water Level before the Test: Datu for easureents Water Well/Borehole Nae: Tie of Day Data in this table is for: Puping/Observation Well or Borehole (Tick Appropriate) Average Discharge ( l/sec) Obs Well No. Distance () Depth () Tie Water Level Discharge (Q) Reark Real Tie Hrs Min Depth of Water () Drawdown () Container Method (l/s or 3/h) Flow Meter (l/s or 3/h) TDS, Teperature, ph and any other observation 53

62 Tie Water Level Discharge (Q) Reark Depth of Drawdown Container Real Tie Hrs Min Flow Meter Water (S) Method TDS, Teperature, ph and (l/s or (l/s or any other observation () () 3/h) 3/h) 54

63 7c Recovery Test Water Well/Borehole Reference No: Water Well/Borehole Nae: Start Test Date: Tie of Day: Water Level Before the Test Puping/Observation Borehole (Tick Appropriate) Description of puping test undertaken prior to recovery test: Datu for easureents: Tie Water Level Tie Water Level Real Tie Hours Min Depth to Residual Real Minute Depth of Residual Hours Water Drawdown Tie s Water Drawdown 55

64 8. Water Quality Analysis (Essential, Desirable and Optional tests for Sierra Leone to be deterined)* Water Well/Borehole Reference No: Constituents Unit Concentration PHYSICAL Colour Odour Taste Teperature Turbidity Electrical Conductivity CHEMICAL Chloride (Cl-) Sulphate (SO 2-4 ) Nitrate (No - 3 ) Fluoride (F - ) Sodiu (Na + ) Potassiu (K + ) Calciu (Ca 2+ ) Magnesiu (Mg 2+ ) Arsenic (As) Iron (Fe) Manganese (Mn) Nitrite (No 2 -) ph Total Dissolved Solids Microbiological Thero-tolerant Colifor (E. Coli) Faecal Colifor Total Colifor Count g/l Pt (TCU) Celcius FTU µs/c g/l g/l g/l g/l g/l g/l g/l g/l µg/l g/l g/l g/l g/l Count/100l Count/100l Count/100l Maxiu Peritted Level According to National Standards/Guidelines or WHO Guidelines (WHO 2008) * Refer to National Standards/Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality or WHO Guidelines (WHO 2008) for list of general paraeters. 56

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66 GOVERNMENT OF SIERRA LEONE