Solid Recovered Fuels production and use in Europe
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1 Integrating Energy Recovery Into Solid Waste Management Systems IEA Bioenergy Conference 2015, Berlin October 2015 Solid Recovered Fuels production and use in Europe Giovanni Ciceri, Giovanna Martignon RSE-SpA, Via Raffaele Rubattino Milan, Italy
2 Content RDF and SRF: what s the difference? SRF production and use in Europe Focus on UK and Italy SRF - End of Waste in Italy Final considerations
3 RDF and SRF: what s the difference RDF is a waste included in the EU Waste Catalogue, deriving from Mechanical and Biological Treatment (MTB) MBT average material balance Data from 15 MBT facilities in Germany 2001/2010 (Ketelsen, 2012)
4 RDF and SRF: what s the difference Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) are prepared from non-hazardous waste, including Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), through Mechanical and Biological Treatment techniques (MBT) SRF is produced according a Quality Management System (QMS) given in EN SRF - Quality management systems - Particular requirements for their application to the production of solid recovered fuels and must comply with the specifications given in EN SRF - Specifications and classes
5 RDF and SRF: what s the difference SRF are then only a part are of RDF Parameter Units SRF SRF has a classification and specification system, the latter agreed by the producer and user, that ensure compatibility with the use in EfW or in co-combustion plants (coal fired power plants or cement kilns) CLASSES LCV MJ/kg (wet basis) Cl % (dry basis) Hg mg/mj (wet basis) Parameter Limit value (mg/kg dry basis) Antimony (Sb) - Arsenic (As) - Cadmium (Cd) - Chromium (Cr) - Cobalt (Co) - Manganese (Mn) - Nickel (Ni) - Lead (Pb) - Copper (Cu) - Thallium (Tl) - Vanadium (V) -
6 RDF and SRF: different interpretations make confusion. In Countries where a classification and specification system has been in force before the introduction of the EU standards (e.g. Italy), the term RDF and SRF are synonymous. The consequence is that only SRF can be classified as EWC , all the other fractions deriving from a MBT plant (although combustible) must be classified as EWC No matter about the nature of the original waste (MSW or C&I). In UK both EWC (Combustible waste Refuse Derived Fuel) and EWC are used for RDF and rejects from MRF (Materials Recycling Facility) operations, but also for SRF. In Ireland), the exported RDF is classified as EWC Mixed Municipal Waste. This because most RDF producers stated that they undertook the minimum level of treatment to allow their waste to be legally exported.
7 MTB plant in Europe and SRF production - an overview Capacity (kt/a) SRF Production (kt/a) Capacity and number of MTB plants in Europe in 2010 (Various sources ) SRF production and number of plants in Europe (Source ERFO: 2010 data (Austria, France and Spain 2011; Poland and UK 2009) The number on the bar refers to the number of operating plants
8 SRF production and use in Europe - an overview SRF use - Source: ERFO website/fact &Figures
9 SRF production and use in Europe - an overview EU Cement Sector Thermal Substitution Rate (2012)
10 RDF/SRF production and use focus on UK Waste Source It is not wholly clear whether the source of the RDF or SRF is from a MSW or C&I. It is assumed that SRF is from C&I sources and RDF is from MSW sources. Using these assumptions shows the following RDF is a crude fuel typically derived from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) or commercial and industrial waste with similar properties to MSW with a Net CV (Calorific Value) of 8-14 MJ/kg It is typically pre-sorted and shredded residual waste with recyclates removed where practical, or the reject fraction of a MRF (Materials Recycling Facility) operation SRF is produced according to the classification and specifications set out in EN15359 It is typically derived from pre-sorted commercial & industrial (C&I) waste or rejects from MRF activities, but also from MSW, and typically has a Net CV >15 MJ/kg
11 RDF/SRF production and use focus on UK Size of the Market RDF/SRF (kt) RDF/SRF (% of the total) Source: DEFRA - Refuse derived fuel market in England Call for evidence March 2014 (2009 data from ERFO website) Size of The Market Source: AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited, July 2013 (2011 and 2012 data)
12 RDF/SRF production and use focus on UK Export as a business? Export of RDF and SRF has become prevalent particularly from England, Scotland and Ireland The main reason is financial, driven by the increasing cost of landfill (tax) in the UK and Ireland It is relatively easy to produce RDF and relatively easy to export SRF production is becoming more about producing a quality fuel with a market value, but the availability of suitable plants is limited and highly dependent on the cement industry, with only a few cement kilns and power plants in Europe accepting SRF
13 Exports of RDF/SRF focus on UK Exports of RDF/SRF (kt) Landfill tax ( per tonne) Source: DEFRA - Refuse derived fuel market in England Call for evidence - March 2014 (2009 data from ERFO website)
14 Exports of RDF/SRF focus on UK Exports of RDF/SRF from UK (%) of total experted Source: AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited, July 2013 (2011 and 2012 data)
15 Exports of RDF/SRF focus on UK Export of RDF and SRF from England to EU Countries Sources: AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited, July 2013 (2011 and 2012 data) Kathryn Warren (Ricardo AEA) IEA Bioenergy task 36 Opportunities for SRF in a Circular Economy Encouraging member states Brussels 22 nd April data (%) 2014 data for UK (%)
16 RDF/SRF - preparation and shipment and recovery costs focus on UK Average all in cost for preparing residual waste into RDF and for shipment and recovery to Netherlands and mainland Europe from UK/Ireland ( per tonne) shipment and recovery roughly broken down as follows ( per tonne) ( per tonne) Source: AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited, July 2013 (2011 and 2012 data)
17 Mton SRF production and use focus on Italy Size of the Market Waste production in Italy in 2013 SRF ( ): RDF ( or dry fraction ): Residual MSW + rejects from MTB plants: Potential RDF/SRF 1.21 Mton from MSW Mton from C&I 3.61 Mton from MSW Mton from C&I 51.6 Mton 31.0 Mton Source: ISPRA
18 SRF production and use focus on Italy The MSW-M&MBT network Capacity and total input of MSW-M&MBT plants in Mton/a The number on the bar refers to the number of operating plants Source: ISPRA
19 SRF production and use focus on Italy The MSW-M&MBT network: Plant INPUT The Whole Network Source: ISPRA MSW-M&MBT Plants with SRF production
20 SRF production and use focus on Italy The MSW-M&MBT network: Plant OUPUT The Whole Network MSW-M&MBT Plants with SRF production MSW-M&MBT Plants with SRF production Source: ISPRA
21 SRF production and use focus on Italy The MSW-M&MBT network: Final Destination of the Total OUTPUT The Whole Network Source: ISPRA MSW-M&MBT Plants with SRF production
22 SRF production and use focus on Italy MSW-M&MBT: Final Destination of and (Dry Fr.) The Whole Network Source: ISPRA MSW-M&MBT Plants with SRF production MSW-M&MBT Plants with SRF production
23 SRF production and use focus on Italy The C&I-B&FC (D8-D9) network Source: ISPRA
24 SRF production and use focus on Italy SRF National destination : Incineration (ton/a) Source: ISPRA
25 SRF production and use focus on Italy SRF National destination : Energy Recovery Source: ISPRA; AITEC; ENEL
26 SRF production and use focus on Italy OUTPUT from MSW-M&MBT : EXPORTS Source: ISPRA
27 E.O.W. of SRF in Italy in a glance
28 RDF and RDF - End Of Waste SRF are then only a part are of RDF.and E.O.W SRF are only a part of SRF SRF E.O.W - SRF Parameter CLASSES Units LCV MJ/kg (wet basis) Cl % (dry basis) Hg mg/mj (wet basis)
29 SRF production and use in Europe - Conclusions Problems The capacity for SRF treatment has not kept up with SRF production Production remains static in some countries because of over capacity in EfW facilities Too much competition from RDF in EfW facilities (incineration and coincineration) in many European countries Possible solutions Conversion of SRF in to syngas or liquid fuels, chemical commodities, but this requires a high quality SRF Improve standardization of acceptance criteria and specifications for SRF use by CEN TC 343 Solid Recovered Fuels Need further legislation for landfill bans at EU and Country level EU Funding for the development of SRF treatment in newer member states
30 FOR YOUR ATTENTION for your attention
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