Epitaxy Processing and Safety Considerations. Alan Simpson
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1 Epitaxy Processing and Safety Considerations Alan Simpson 1
2 Epitaxy From the Greek words: EPI - Meaning upon, on, above TAXIS - Meaning ordered, arrangement The epitaxy growth process involves the formation of a single crystal layer of material onto the surface of a substrate. 2
3 Epitaxy From the Greek words: EPI - Meaning upon, on, above TAXIS - Meaning ordered, arrangement The CVD Si Epi process is a high temperature process where a Si source gas undergoes a chemical reaction with a silicon substrate and a portion of the Si is deposited on the substrate copying its crystal orientation. 3
4 Epitaxial Deposition Chemistry General epitaxial growth process. Arrival 1. Bulk transport of reactants into the process volume 2. Gaseous diffusion of reactants to the surface 3. Absorption of reactants onto the surface Surface reaction 4. Surface reaction (reaction can also take place in the gas volume immediately above the surface) 5. Surface diffusion 6. Crystal lattice incorporation Removal of reactant by-products 7. Reaction by-product desorption 8. Gaseous transport of by-products 9. Bulk transport of by-products out of process volume ie. SiHCl3 (TCS) ie. HCl Epi Growth on a Mis-orientated Wafer Surface 4 Source: Silicon Epitaxy by Chemical Vapor Diffusion, Martin L Hammond
5 Classifications of Epitaxy HETEROEPITAXY - epi layer and substrate are DIFFERENT materials Silicon on Sapphire Gallium Arsenic on Silicon Silicon Germanium on Silicon Gallium Nitride on Silicon HOMOEPITAXY - epi layer and substrate are the SAME material. Silicon on Silicon Gallium Arsenic on Gallium Arsenic Virtually all commercial silicon epitaxy is homoepitaxy since high crystalline quality is possible; and layer thickness resistivity/conductivity is controllable. 5
6 Silicon Epitaxy Some of the more exotic requirements for RFAB Epi: Silicon Source Gases (TCS Silane DCS) High Temperatures C ( F) Silicon substrates; clean with very low surface oxide Hydrogen environment HCL gas to clean up surfaces 6
7 How Thick is Epi? The typical epi layer is 2-10 microns thick The typical 300mm substrate is 725 microns EPI LAYER SUBSTRATE The epi layer is only ~1% of the total wafer thickness How thick is 10 microns? A human hair is about 100 microns in diameter A red blood cell is almost 7 microns in diameter 7
8 How Expensive? Temperature considerations: (22) 1000 Watt IR Lamps Shielded with gold-clad solid-copper reflectors SCR ratios (16 zone power distribution) 480V system ~ 170 Amperes peak. 4 integrated-zones, R-type thermocouples Air and water cooled. Quartz and SiC graphite 80 kl/tool H² per day. The exhaust byproducts are flammable, pyrophoric, and corrosive. 8
9 HCl Etching During epi deposition, silicon coats the graphite and quartz reactor components as well as the wafer. Periodic removal of this coating is required. An HCl etch at around 1200 C is used. This process is basically the reverse of the deposition process. A low concentration in situ HCl etch is sometimes used to etch <1µm off the wafer surface before deposition. This wafer etch serves to remove surface damage and contamination. LBC8MV and LBC8LV processes at second epi use this feature 3HCl + Si = SiHCl 3 + H 2 (Gas) (Solid) (Gas) (Gas) 9
10 ASM Epsilon E3200 at RFAB Safety TI Confidential NDA Restrictions 10
11 RFAB HTRP EPI Safety. Best Known Method (BKM) is for minimizing and safely cleaning exhaust deposits that are a byproduct of Polysilicon or Epitaxial silicon deposition. Gas Name Purpose Gas Formula Gas Flow Silane Silicon source SiH 4 SiH 4 + H 2 Dichlorosilane (DCS) Silicon source SiH 2 Cl 2 SiH 2 Cl 2 + H 2 Trichlorosilane (TCS) Silicon source SiHCl 3 SiHCl 3 + H 2 Hydrogen Chloride Clean (Etch) chamber HCl HCl + H 2 Hydrogen Carrier Gas for all other gases (except N2 purge) H 2 any gas + H 2 (except N 2 ) The byproducts of recombined Silicon, Chloride, and Hydrogen can ignite within minutes after exposure to air. When high densities of these byproducts are present, explosions can occur. Exhaust byproducts are a natural occurrence when flowing gases containing silicon (Si), chlorine (Cl), and Hydrogen (H), and subjecting these gases to thermal energy (heat). As the molecules and atoms in the gases become heated, their bonds are broken and they recombine to form byproducts. This occurs both in the heated process chamber and downstream in the exhaust plumbing where the temperature drops. TI Information Selective Disclosure
12 RFAB HTRP EPI Safety. Best Known Method (BKM) is for minimizing and safely cleaning exhaust deposits that are a byproduct of Polysilicon or Epitaxial silicon deposition. Chlorosilane processes form SiCl 2 based (chlorosilane) polymers. These polymers are a viscous liquid. If a chlorosilane polymer is exposed to air, the surface of the viscous liquid reacts with moisture (H 2 O) and forms a silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) layer or outer crust, with viscous liquid (polysiloxanes from polychlorosilanes) underneath. This siloxane polymer can occur within 10 min of exposure to air. Depending on the extent of exposure, there may be some chlorine remaining in the polymer. Exposure to air can occur due to a leak in the exhaust plumbing and hardware, or disassembly for maintenance. TI Information Selective Disclosure
13 RFAB HTRP EPI Safety. Best Known Method (BKM) is for minimizing and safely cleaning exhaust deposits that are a byproduct of Polysilicon or Epitaxial silicon deposition. How Byproducts React Silicon and silicon compounds deposit in the lines as highly excited atoms in a transient state (metastable intermediates) reactive to air (oxygen, water vapor), water or physical shock. Examples of physical shock are friction caused by a pressurized gas stream, sudden movement, or the vibration of a piece of hardware. The amount and reactivity of exhaust byproducts varies from system to system and process to process, depending on temperature, pressure, and the source gases. ALL REACTIONS BEGIN WHEN DEPOSITS ARE EXPOSED TO AIR! Oxygen and water (H 2 O) moisture in air react with the deposits. Partially reacted deposits are dangerous. When they continue their reaction, they can ignite in flames (e.g., a pop or flash ) and when confined, can explode. Partially reacted deposits can ignite in 3-5 minutes after exposure to air. Partially reacted deposits will ignite when exposed to friction (e.g., a sudden inrush of air), heat (e.g., heated gas flows), or mechanical shock (e.g., banging on an exhaust line). Fully reacted deposits are no longer pyrophoric. What you have left is sand (SiO 2 ). TI Information Selective Disclosure
14 RFAB HTRP EPI Safety. Best Known Method (BKM) is for minimizing and safely cleaning exhaust deposits that are a byproduct of Polysilicon or Epitaxial silicon deposition. Why? The EPI process is very inefficient. Amorphous silicon dusts. it is fully reacted, it is not pyrophoric. (sand) During silicon deposition only 1% of the gas typically binds to the surface of the wafer. The other 99% is exhausted, releasing unbound silicon throughout the exhaust plumbing. This residual silicon deposits on pipe walls; binds to other ions, atoms and radicals in the gas stream; or flows to an abatement device. TI Information Selective Disclosure
15 RFAB HTRP EPI Safety. Best Known Method (BKM) is for minimizing and safely cleaning exhaust deposits that are a byproduct of Polysilicon or Epitaxial silicon deposition. What conditions typically cause the byproducts to react 1. During maintenance activities, when exhaust plumbing, chamber, or scrubber is disassembled and the deposits are exposed to air. 2. After restarting the system or chamber, the deposits can be exposed by an inrush of air caused by the pump. This occurs following maintenance. 3. When an EMO (Emergency Off) button is pressed. 4. The system has been powered down. Examples: relocation, idle, power failure. 5. Cleaning using concentrated acid or alcohols. Examples: IPA, Hydrofluoric acid (HF). 6. Cleaning using pressurized gas, like spraying N 2 or pressurized water. 7. When a leak has introduced air to the exhaust line, a pump, or an abatement device. Examples: load lock, poorly connected seals, or thermocouple sheath. 8. Occasionally during wafer processing. Usually, nothing remains to determine root cause. TI Information Selective Disclosure
16 Tools Scrubber room Under the raised floor on the FAB Bi-weekly Clean and Leak check Chamber change Leak check only Chamber Change 16
17 RFAB HTRP EPI Safety. Best Known Method (BKM) is for minimizing and safely cleaning exhaust deposits that are a byproduct of Polysilicon or Epitaxial silicon deposition. Vacuum fore line - Process of growing silicon (supplied % B2H6, DCS, & H2) Vacuum exhaust line Chamber clean (supplied HCL & H2) Process Chamber Atm Ex Line * Scrubbed Exhaust not shown Vac Fore Line Sight Glass Vacuum Pump Vac pump Ex Line Scrubber TI Information Selective Disclosure
18 RFAB HTRP EPI Safety. BOC Edward s ixh3045h process vacuum pump package. New pump to TI, rated for the EPI process and hydrogen capacity. TI Information Selective Disclosure
19 RFAB HTRP EPI Safety. The process abatement will be an Airgard Cyclone wet scrubber. Meets the copy exact criteria for technology transfer. Similar to RFAB s existing abatement fleet to reduce impact to spares and build-out capacity. Safety record has been long established. TI Information Selective Disclosure
20 New safety stuff TI Confidential NDA Restrictions 20
21 SGA BKMs Solutions being pursued or fanned-out by the team: ) Caustic high PH treatment to scrubber make-up water. -MFAB - reduces the amount of needed maintenance. PDB#: MFAB-FE This is a large facilities project generally effecting more than just EPI. MFAB s justification was based on the cost saving from using reclaimed water, but that allowed control of the closed the loop. Justin Bassett said they have not performed an inlet clean on their scrubbers for periods as long 9 months.
22 SGA BKMs Solutions being pursued or fanned-out by the team: ) N² contained pipes during maintenance safety improvements. -Miho - reduces the possibility of reaction by lowering the O² exposure. Miho s method of isolating the byproduct from atmosphere. Shown at the innovation convention in early 2017.
23 SGA BKMs Solutions being pursued or fanned-out by the team: ) Post maintenance O² measurement. Meter -SFAB - Static measurement of the amount of O² intrusion post maintenance. SFAB s method of measuring the percentage of O² while flowing N² to the exhaust after maintenance. Shown at the innovation convention in early 2017.
24 SGA BKMs Solutions being pursued or fanned-out by the team: ) Exhaust line joint bagging. -Miho - Bag containing mechanical joints, allows a witness method for leaks. Miho s method of creating an transparent isolated witness point where exhaust leaks are most likely to occur. Shown at the innovation convention in early 2017.
25 SGA BKMs Solutions fanned-out by the team: ) Stainless steel inlet for Air Gard scrubbers. - Resist deformation due to heated air, age, weight, or fire. DFAB s sourced part to replace the Air Gard Y inlet with a different material. -DFAB
26 SGA BKMs Solutions fanned-out by the team: ) Air Gard inlet split nut repair. -SFAB - Allows a quicker, simple repair of broken union nut. SFAB s machined part design allowing the easily, less expensive repair of the scrubber inlet union nut.
27 SGA BKMs Solutions fanned-out by the team: ) O² exhaust monitoring port. -RFAB - Allows access to the direct output of the scrubber with O² intrusion. RFAB s attempt to design a sealable pitot port into the scrubber s exhaust.
28 End TI Confidential NDA Restrictions 28
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