Stages of Crane Brinton Impossible demands made of government, which, if granted, would mean its end Unsuccessful gov t attempts to suppress the revolutionaries Revolutions gain power and seem united. Once in power, revolutionaries begin to quarrel among themselves, and unity begins to dissolve. Examples from French Revolution -Third Estate demands political representation and equal taxes -Declare themselves a legislature, establishing the National Assembly -Tennis Court Oath: establish unity among the Third Estate & demand a constitution -King Louis orders troops to Paris to preserve the monarchy as a precautionary (by force if needed) -National Assembly fears the troops are intending to use force. -People of Paris arm themselves to defend the National Assembly -Storm the Bastille (A symbol of tyranny) -Declaration of the Rights of Man drafted by National Assembly -Establishment of a constitutional monarchy -Conflicting ideals between the Radicals and Moderates -Radicals wish to dissolve the monarchy completely while Moderates advocate for the constitutional monarchy.
Stages of Crane Brinton Examples from French Revolution The moderates gain the leadership but fail to satisfy those who insist on further change. A strong man emerges and assume great power The extremists try to create a heaven on earth by introducing their whole program and by punishing all their opponents A period of terror occurs -Establishment of a Republic -King Louis is executed by the radicals through trial. -Robespierre rises as leader of the radical faction. -Declares the need to use terror to defend the republic from its enemies. -Protecting the ideals of the revolution -Establishment of the Committee of Public Safety: aimed at protecting the revolution and eliminating the enemies of the revolution -Transforming society away from the monarchies. -The Reign of Terror -The death of nearly 40,000 enemies, mostly from the Third Estate. Moderates groups regain power. The revolution is over. -Terror ends with the death of Robespierre -1795: National Convention writes another constitution -Establishes the Directory: 5 directories as governing body. Proves to be ineffective.
The French Revolution 1789 1791: The Moderate Phase The Tennis Court Oath Establishment of the National Assembly Fall of the Bastille 1792 1793: The Radical Phase Radicals vs. Moderates: conflicting ideals Execution of King Louis XVI Maximilian Robespierre: Committee of Public Safety & The Reign of Terror 1795 1799: Recovery Phase Execution of Robespierre National Convention establishes a new Constitution The Directory: 5 directors as governing leaders
The Napoleonic Era 1799-1815
Napoleon s Background Born in Corsica in 1769 Military education Favored the radicals and republicanism Strong believer in order and control. Military hero during the Revolution Drove British forces out of southern France in 1793 Captured northern Italy and established peace with Austria.
Napoleon s Rise to Power In 1798, Napoleon attempted to seize Egypt and undermine Britain s access to India Napoleon took control of Egypt on land Defeated by British naval forces. August of 1799 Napoleon abandoned his troops and returned to Paris In 1799, the French Government was in disarray The Directory is ineffective Napoleon and supporters overthrow the Directory and revolutionary government by coup d état Set up a three-man Consulate as new heads of state in France - Napoleon declared himself First Consul In 1802, declared himself consul for life.
Napoleon Emperor of France In 1804, the people of France voted for Napoleon to become Emperor of the French Why would France elect an emperor after dissolving a monarchy?
Napoleonic Code, 1804 Based on Enlightenment principals. ORDER and AUTHORITY over individual rights. Equality before the law Religious toleration End of feudalism and nobility Women lost many of the rights they gained during the revolution. Created one law code for France.
Napoleon s Empire: 1804-1812 Annexed parts of Germany and Italy as well as Belgium and the Netherlands Established the French-controlled Federation of the Rhine (Germany) Established the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (historical Poland) Placed puppet rulers in conquered regions (all the rulers were family relatives) Formed alliances with European nations (Prussia, Austria, and Russia) Nationalism grew with Napoleon s successes Both in France and in the areas he conquered
Map of Europe in 1812
British Opposition to Napoleon In 1805, Napoleon tried to invade Great Britain British defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar off the coast of Spain Napoleon struck back with the Continental System No trade between the European continent and Great Britain Continental system failed because European countries wanted and needed trade
Decline of Napoleon s Empire Europeans hated the Continental System Revolutionary ideals of self-government spurred nationalism in conquered states Peninsular War Spain and Portugal War with Austria & Prussia Illustrated the commitment to end French domination in Europe Invasion of Russia in 1812 Napoleon marches nearly 600,000 troops to take Russia Forced to retreat after harsh winter conditions and lack of resources
The Hundred Days After his defeats, Napoleon is exiled to the island of Elba. March 20, 1815 Napoleon marched triumphantly into Paris June 18, 1815 Battle of Waterloo (in Belgium) Napoleon was defeated Exiled to St. Helena in the South Pacific
Congress of Vienna September, 1814, through June, 1815 The Quadruple Alliance: Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia sought to: Restore the Old Regime & protect monarchies Establish a balance of power
Map of Europe in 1812
Results of the Congress of Vienna Redrew the European map to surround France with strong countries Principle of legitimacy restored the hereditary ( legitimate ) monarchies Concert of Europe European leaders would meet to address their concerns For the most part, large-scale war was avoided for 100 years (until World War I in 1914) Growth and increased presence of nationalism
Napoleon Crossing the Alps Jacques-Louis David
Coronation of Napoleon Jacques-Louis David
Napoleon in His Study Jacques-Louis David
Napoleon abdicated at Fontainebleau
Wallwisher Question Was Napoleon a Hero or a Tyrant? Why? Due by Midnight tonight http://bas.k12.mi.us/webpages/ jjacobson