Crop protection strategies in European organic viticulture Lucius Tamm, Andy Häseli, Thomas Amsler, Sonia Jiménez, Barbara Thürig & Dominique Lévite
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1 Crop protection strategies in European organic viticulture Lucius Tamm, Andy Häseli, Thomas Amsler, Sonia Jiménez, Barbara Thürig & Dominique Lévite
2 Contents Organic viticulture in Europe Major bottlenecks and solutions Crop protection strategies in humid climates Novel trends in disease control
3 Development of organic farming world-wide Hectares 3'500'000 3'000'000 Hektares Farms Farms 140' '000 2'500' '000 2'000'000 80'000 1'500'000 1'000' ' '000 40'000 20'000 0 (source: Kilcher et al., 2000) FiBL Frick
4 Organic viticulture in Europe Turkey Switzerland (2000) Spain ( ) Portugal ( ) Italy ( ) Hungary (1998) Reihe1 Greece ( ) Germany ( ) France ( ) Czech Republic (1999) Austria ( ) Percent organic surface
5 Major diseases Problem importance solution efficacy losses Downy mildew acidified (Plasmopara **** clays, copper viticola) *** *-**** Powdery mildew sulphur, other **** (Uncinula necator) products **** *-*** Phomopsis viticola *-** sulphur *** * Pseudopeziza tracheiphila local acidified clays *** *-** Grey rot (Botrytis cinerea) **-*** copper ** *-** Flavescence d. local?? ****
6 Major pests Problem importance solution efficacy losses Eupoecilia mating ambiguella and ** disruption, B.t. Lobesia botrana *** ** Red spider mite * soaps **** ** Spider mite local sulphur *** * Phylloxera * sulphur *** * Thrips * sulphur *** * Lygus * Empoasca * Lepidopterae local pyrethrin, spinosad *** *
7 Major bottlenecks: FiBL Frick
8 Crop protection on organic viticulture soil fertility soil tillage fertilization crop protection products Habitat management sanitation Mengenredukt plant ion health intercropping avoidance techniques variety variety mixture
9 Sanitation FiBL Frick
10 Crop protection on organic viticulture soil fertility soil tillage fertilization crop protection products Habitat management sanitation Mengenredukt plant ion health intercropping avoidance techniques variety variety mixture
11 Avoidance techniques: wasps FiBL Frick
12 Avoidance techniques: Birds FiBL Frick
13 Crop protection on organic viticulture soil fertility soil tillage fertilization crop protection products Habitat management sanitation Mengenredukt plant ion health intercropping avoidance techniques variety variety mixture
14 Resistant varieties FiBL Frick
15 Partial resistance Spot
16 Partial resistance? FiBL Frick
17 Downy mildew on interspecific hybrids Solaris Seyval Blanc Regent 8502 Bianca Bronner Chambourcin Johanniter FiBL Frick Disease severity (%)
18 Crop protection strategies soil fertility soil tillage fertilization crop protection products Habitat management sanitation Mengenredukt plant ion health intercropping avoidance techniques variety variety mixture
19 Habitat management: wild flower strips FiBL Frick
20 Alicante (Spain): added value FiBL Frick
21 Crop protection strategies soil fertility soil tillage fertilization crop protection products Habitat management sanitation Mengenredukt plant ion health intercropping avoidance techniques variety variety mixture
22 Plant nutrition and field resistance? low susceptibility high susceptibility
23 Crop protection strategies soil fertility soil tillage fertilization crop protection products Habitat management sanitation Mengenredukt plant ion health intercropping avoidance techniques variety variety mixture
24 Efficacy gap of pesticides in OF Efficacy level 100% Ideal pesticide synthetic organic Disease /pest pressure
25 Downy mildew control: Frick, MSin-l+G Sin-l+Thiovit MSin+Thiovit MSin-l Mycosin Myco San Polyverum Serenade Messenger Kocide 2000 Fitoclean Agromos Cu+G Copper Aliette Untreated Disease severity 0 FiBL Frick
26 Application and timing of sprays are crucial FiBL Frick
27 Crop protection strategies in humid climates Bud burst flowering Berry touch Véraiso acidified Clay copper acidified Clay copper andard Swiss ax 4 kg Cu/ha sulfur fennel oil andard German ax 3 kg Cu/ha andard French/Italian ax 8 kg Cu/ha Copper low dosage ( g/ha application) sulfur Copper high dosage acidified Clay copper ow toxicity tandard sulfur fennel oil. thuringiensis ating disruption
28 Crop protection in Frick, May 2002 FiBL Frick
29 Crop protection in Frick, June st symptoms
30 Crop protection in Frick, July 2002 FiBL Frick
31 Crop protection in Frick, August 2002 FiBL Frick
32 Frick a Bilanz Cu+T MSan Standard FiBL Frick Peronospora Befallstärke [%] control 0
33 Standard compounds untreated copper Myco-San
34 Acidified clay preparations: Myco San: acidified clay + wettable sulfur; Myco Sin: acidified clay Manufacturer: Schaette GmbH, Germany Ulmasud: acidified clay Manufacturer: Biofa GmbH, Germany Putative active principles: Al-Ion toxicity to sporangia/zoospores Resistance induction
35 Dose-response of Myco Sin 100 ] A A] A] ] A A] A] A] Efficacy rate [%] 75 ] A 50 ] A 25 0 ] A 0,00 0,01 0,03 0,05 0,07 0,09 0,10 0,50 1,00 2,00 Dosage Dosierung %
36 Dosis-response of Al-Ions (controlled conditions Al on leaf surface A AAA AA A AA 75.0 A 50.0 Efficacy rate [%] 25.0 A 0.0 A Al-Konzentration [µg/cm2]
37 Dose-response of Al-Ions (outdoors) Dose-response of Al-Ions (outdoors) 0 43 Rain (mm) Mikrogramm Al/cm2 leaf surface Efficacy rate (%)
38 Phytotoxicity effects in combination with copper Symptoms of makroskopically visible toxicity on leaves SA Roland Mühletaler, 2001 FiBL Frick
39 Properties of acidified clays fungicidal activity Slightly less efficient than copper May cause phytotoxicity
40 PEN-a novel elicitor? Penicillium chrysogenum Dry mycelium 'Agro Biosol' Biochemie GmbH, A-Kund
41 PEN on grapevine-p. viticola Control PEN
42 PEN on grapevine-p. viticola Control PEN
43 P. viticola: Lesion diameter * * 0 control copper 1/1 copper 1/2 copper 1/4 PEN (1.5 g/l) PEN+copper 1/1 PEN+copper 1/2 PEN+copper 1/4 Bion Bion+copper 1/1 Bion+copper 1/2 Bion+copper 1/4 lesion diameter (mm) FiBL Frick Rentsch, 1997
44 Signal pathways and pathosystems Salicylsäure Resistance against PGPR JA necrosis SA ethylene NPR1 SAR PR-proteins e.g. PR-1, 2, 5 ISR Unknown markers Peronospora parasitica Pseudomonas syringae Turnip crinkle virus Peronospora parasitica Fusarium oxysproum Pseudomonas syringae Xanthomonas campestri pathogens / abiotic inductors Pdf 1.2, some PR-proteins (e.g. basic PR-3 and acidic PR-4) Camalexin Botrytis cinerea Pythium sp. Erisyphe sp. Alternaria brassicicola (Botrytis cinerea)
45 Properties of PEN Elicitor activity on grapevine May cause phytotoxicity Probably ready to use in 3-5 years
46 Available commercial products Downy mildew Copper Acidified clays Phosphoric acid Powdery mildew Sulphur Soybean lezithin Fennel oil Potassium permanganate Ampelomyces quisqualis Sodium bicarbonate Reynoutria sachaliensis
47 Trends in crop protection strategies Novel technology target organism expected efficacy Use of DSS Plasmopara viticola *** Improved DSS Plasmopara viticola, Uncinula necator, Botrytis *** cinerea Plant extracts Plasmopara viticola *-**** Biocontrol agents Uncinula necator, Botrytis cinerea *-** Elicitors Plasmopara viticola, Uncinula necator *** Resistant varieties Plasmopara viticola, Uncinula necator *-*** introduction on farm later
48 Crew & support Dominique Lévite Andy Häseli Thomas Amsler Thomas Boller Andres Binder Jürg Felix Barbara Thürig Sonia Jiménez Christina Rentsch Urs Guyer Roland Mühletaler
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