Agricultural Adaptation To Climate Change at local level in Bangladesh

Transcription

1 Agricultural Adaptation To Climate Change at local level in Bangladesh Dr. Abu Wali Raghib Hassan Sub-Component Manager "Livelihood Adaptation to Climate Change" Project Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) Ministry Of Agriculture Dhaka, Bangladesh Mobile Mail.

2 Bangladesh: Country context and vulnerability Recognized globally as most vulnerable to Climate Change Geographical location Deltaic landscape, 80%floodplain Population density very high (1045/km2) High level of Poverty (less than $1 a day 29%, less than $2 a day 84%) Disaster prone, people are exposed to hazards Natural resources based (predominantly agrarian) economy

3 Climate Change Challenges Agriculture Erratic precipitation Water stress Flood/flash flood/tidal flood Salinity Cyclone/storm surge Cold spell ( during panicle stage) Heat stress

4 Crop Agriculture impacted in recent years Cold spell yielded husks in B.baria, 2007 Drought in CZ, Patuakhali 2007 Drought in monsoon, 2009 ( north) Flood 2002, 2003,2004, 2007 (twice) Flash flood damages crop in Haor alternate years Heat stress SIDR, AILA Over topping polders

5 Resulting into--- Impact on Agriculture & allied sectors MORE RAINFALL GLACIAR MELTING Frequent & Severe Flood, Higher river erosion Increased sedimentation Increased River flow ( warm season) Lower flow (once glacier melted) Increased saline intrusion Agr; land inundation & erosion Damage to crop, fishery. livestock Agr. Input loss ( fret, seeds etc.) Agr. Land inundation Scarcity of water for irrigation Soil degradation ( more salinity) -Food insecurity -Nutrition deficiency -Increased poverty -Poor health -Scarce Livelihood -Migration MORE CYCLONE More storm surge Higher wind speed Saline water intrusion Direct loss to crop, fishery, & livestock Soil becomes infertile Scarcity of fresh water (irrigation) HUMID / WARM CLIMATE Rise in Temperature. More wet climate Rise in insect infestation Crop and cattle disease Less evapo-transpiration POOR NATIONAL SEA LEVEL RISE Land inundation Salt water intrusion Increased soil salinity Agriculture land loss Scarcity of irrigation water Soil degradation (more salinity) DEVELOP M-ENT LOWER RAINFALL Droughts condition Soil degradation Fall in water table Irrigation water scarcity Soil nutrient deficiency More Disease (cattle/crop)

6 Climate Change Impact: Observed in Bangladesh Temperature extremes Experienced the lowest temperature (5 degrees Celsius in the three northern districts) recorded in 38 years during January Over 100,000 people were affected, death toll, due to the cold-related diseases reached over 130. Also affected crop production. Recorded highest temperature in 14 years (42.08 degrees Celsius in Jessore) on 27 April Record number of patients admitted to ICDDR,B with diarrhoeal diseases, record since installation of the facility 45 years ago. Recorded highest temperature in decades is 44 degrees Celsius in 1989 at Bogra. Continue.

7 Climate Change Impact: Observed in Bangladesh Erratic rainfall 333 mm rainfall in Dhaka on 28 July 2009 (290 mm in six hours, a record six-hour rainfall for the capital in 60 years) resulted in serious drainage congestion 408 mm rainfall in Chittagong (measured on 11 June until 9 pm, the heaviest in 25 years) resulted in a landslide killing at least 124 people. Drought 2009, 21% less rain in Monsoon period (June- August) Continue.

8 Climate Change Impact: Observed in Bangladesh Increased number of severe flood About 45.5 million people are exposed to severe and moderate floods (including river flood, flash flood and tidal flood) Recurring floods during 2002, 2003, and Flood in 2007, twice ( July-August and September) Area inundated: km 2 ; People affected: 16 million (3 million Households) Damaged 85 thousand houses, almost one million housed damages partially 649 persons perished, either as direct impact or flood related causes. Continue.

9 Climate Change Impact: Observed in Bangladesh Increased frequency of cyclone and salinity intrusion Super cyclone Sidr November 15, GoB estimated damage BDT 113 billion (USD 1.6 billion) Cyclone Nargis - 02 May 2008; Cyclone Rashmi - 27 October 2008; Cyclone Aila - 26 May 2009 Number of days with cautionary Signal No. 3 or more increased substantially, reducing the fishing days for coastal fishers. In dry season, 5ppt isohaline intrude more than 90 km landward (than monsoon period, base year 2005.) at the western part of the coastal area in the Sunbdarbans. Continue.

10 Climate Change Impact: Bangladesh Future Scenarios PRECIS generated scenarios for Bangladesh Rainfall: Pre-monsoon rainfall will be reduced; Monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall will be increased, from 2051 and onwards monsoon rainfall will follow higher increasing trend; Annual average rainfall will follow an increasing trend. Temperature: Monthly average maximum temperature will increase in monsoon period and will decrease in other periods monthly average minimum temperature will increase in all periods Annual Maximum and Minimum temperature will follow an increasing trend. Source: Climate Change Cell 2009 Continue.

11 Climate Change Impact: Bangladesh Future Scenarios Impact on Monsoon Flooding more frequently severe flood prolonged flood duration by significant number of days Increased inundation area and inundation depth Source: Climate Change Cell 2009 Salinity intrusion Due to SLR of 27 cm (2050) and 62 cm (2080) brackish water area will be increased by 6% and 9% respectively during dry season (base year 2005); In monsoon, increase of brackish area will be 2% and 6% for 27cm and 62cm sea level rise respectively. Source: DEFRA, UK 2007

12 Climate change induced components responsible for Food insecurity in Bangladesh Irrigation water and irrigation cost Temperature Disease, Pest and Infestation Salinity Cyclone/ storm surge/ flood Drought Heat stress Water stagnation Shrimp production Rice dependency

13 LIVELIHOOD ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECT-LACC I ( ) How CC impact can be translated into local and regional agriculture. Impacts and response options and livelihood adaptation practices Implemented at 4 drought prone Upzilas in NW Bangladesh 26 Adaptation options identified from the farmers and other stakeholders Demonstrations- More than 300 demo implemented and after field testing more suitable and user friendly identified. Partnership with Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute- BARI,, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute- (BRRI), Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, Bangkok- (ADPC)

14 LIVELIHOOD ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECT-LACC II (2008-March 2010) How CC impact can be translated into local and regional agriculture (Total Agril. Sector).. Impacts and response options and livelihood adaptation practices Implementing in 10 upzilas (6 drought and 4 coastal) About 90 Adaptation options identified from the farmers and other stakeholders (61 no. tested) About 800 demonstrations implemented so far as pilot basis Partnership with Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute- BARI,, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute- (BRRI), Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI), Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, Bangkok-(ADPC)

15 LIVELIHOOD ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECT-LACC II ( ) Project area & other Region District Upazila features: North- Chapai Nachole west Nawabganj Drought Gomostapur prone areas Naogaon Sapahar Porsha Natore Lalpur Bagatipara South- Khulna Dacope west Coastal Terokhada region Pirojpur Bhandaria Nazirpur

16 LACC Project: Aim To improve adaptive capacity to climate change for sustainable livelihoods in agriculture sector (including crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry) in the drought prone and coastal regions of Bangladesh.

17 Process of selection, evaluation and prioritization of adaptation practices Continue adaptation PARTICIPATORY FIELD TESTING/ DEMONSTRATIONS WITH FARMERS Continue adaptation Feedback from researchl Organizations; universities.dae Science based/new Adaptation practice VIABLE ADAPTATION PRACTICE MENU Criteria based evaluation by UTIWG & NTIWG DRAFT ADAPTATION MENU Feedback from DMC, local organizations and farmers Introduced adaptation practice National & international research organizations Future climate risks Local adaptation practices Livelihood systems & vulnerability profiles LOCAL COMMUNITIES NGOs / CSOs projects; research Natural, socioeconomic conditions

18 Institutional Mechanism for Project Implementation: NTIWG NTIWG DMB, DAE, BARI,BRRI, BLRI, FRI DAE Technical Core Group District DMC District Deputy Director Upazilla DMC UTIWG Upazilla Ag. Officer DMC Union DMC IMPLEMENTATION/T ESTING Project officers Sub- Assistant Ag. Officer UTIWG COMMUNITY ADAPTATION IDENTIFICATION In close collaboration of Community/Farmer Groups/Associations/Local Facilitation Team

19 Homestead garden Jujube cultivation DROUGHT AREA Mini Pond for supplementary irrigation Chick pea cultivation after T- Aman Sweet gourd cultivation Potato cultivation using water hyacinth SALINE AREA BR-47 cultivation Zero tillage grass pea cultivation LACC Project Updated 90 Adaptation Option (Tested about 60 no.)

20 Categories Agronomic management Water harvesting Water use efficiency Crop intensification Tested Adaptation Option/Technology/Practice Tested in Drought/Salinity Areas Agroecological context Mango orchard management Drought Rainfed and Irrigated Season Kharif-I Cultivation of Zero tillage potato Coastal saline Rainfed Rabi Cultivation of saline tolerant vegetable crops Coastal saline Rainfed All Dry seedbed method for raising seedlings for T. Aman rice cultivation Drought Rainfed Kharif-II Cultivation of Aromatic (Chini Atap) rice varieties Drought Irrigated Rabi & Kharif-II Cultivation of short duration rice varieties (Block demo) Drought Rainfed Rabi & Kharif-II Cultivation of Aus (Early monsoon) rice Drought Rainfed Kharif-I Impact of water saturated soil condition on rice cultivation/water saving rice cultivation (SRI) Drought Irrigated Rabi Supplemental Irrigation Drought Rainfed Kharif-II Excavation of Mini Ponds for supplemental irrigation Drought Rainfed Kharif-I Re-excavation of pond for supplemental irrigation and fish cultivtion Coastal saline Rainfed Kharif-I Cultivation of wheat Drought Irrigated Rabi Cultivation of Boro (saline tolerant) rice Coastal saline Irrigated Kharif-I T. Aman Chickpea/mustard/linseed system Drought Rainfed Rabi & Kharif-II T. Aman Mung bean system Drought Rainfed Rabi & Kharif-II T. Aman Chickpea and barley system Drought Rainfed Rabi & Kharif-II T. Aman Chickpea and coriander system Drought Rainfed Rabi & Kharif-II T. Aman Linseed and barley system Drought Rainfed Rabi & Kharif-II T. Aus Chini atap system Drought Rainfed Kharif-I and Kharif- II Green Manure T. Aman system Drought Rainfed Kharif-I and Kharif- II T. Aman Mustard/grass pea system Coastal saline Rainfed Rabi & Kharif-II Integrated rice-fish cultivation Coastal saline Irrigated Kharif-I and Kharif- II Integrated rice-fish-vegetebles cultivation Coastal saline Irrigated Kharif-I and Kharif-

21 Categories Alternate enterprise/ crops/technologies Tested Adaptation Option/Technology/Practice Tested in Drought/Salinity Areas Agro-ecological context Season Turmeric cultivation in the betel nut garden Coastal saline Rainfed Kharif-I Sesame cultivation Drought and coastal saline Rainfed Kharif-I Mango gardening Drought Rainfed Kharif-I Maize cultivation Drought Rainfed Rabi & Kharif- I Sweet potato cultivation Coastal saline Rainfed Rabi Homestead vegetable cultivation Drought and coastal saline Rainfed and Irrigated All Jujube gardening Drought and coastal saline Rainfed and Irrigated Kharif-I and Kharif- II Litchi gardening Drought Rainfed Kharif-I and Kharif- II Sweet/bottle/teasel gourd cultivation Coastal saline Rainfed and Irrigated Rabi Colocasia/arum cultivation in the marshland Coastal saline Rainfed Kharif-I Madraji Ol (Elephant foot) cultivation in fallow land Coastal saline Rainfed Kharif-I Mixed jujube gardening Coastal saline Rainfed Kharif-I and Kharif- II Vegetable cultivation at the boundary of shrimp/prawn field (gher) Coastal saline Rainfed All Mixed fruit gardening Drought and coastal saline Rainfed and Irrigated Kharif-I Duck rearing Drought and coastal saline Rainfed and Irrigated All

22 Categories Tested Adaptation Option/Technology/Practice Tested in Drought/Salinity Areas Agro-ecological context Season Fish rearing in mini pond Drought Rainfed Kharif-II Chui Jhaal (Climbing herb) cultivation Coastal saline Rainfed Kharif-I Goat rearing Coastal saline Rainfed All Fruit tree plantation in the homestead Drought and coastal saline Rainfed and Irrigated Kharif-I and Kharif- II Sheep rearing Drought and coastal saline Rainfed and Irrigated All Fodder cultivation Drought and coastal saline Rainfed and Irrigated Kharif-I and Kharif- II Mini nursery establishment Drought Rainfed and Irrigated All Papaya cultivation Drought Rainfed and Irrigated Kharif-I

23 Categories Tested Adaptation Option/Technology/Practice Tested in Drought/Salinity Areas Agro-ecological context Season Silage preparation with mung bean/maize Drought Irrigated All Sarjan cultivation in the tidal flood prone land Coastal saline Rainfed All Alternative energy source Biogas plant establishement Drought and coastal saline Rainfed and Irrigated All Fuel, timber and fruit tree plantation along the roadside, khari canal Drought and coastal saline Rainfed and Irrigated Kharif-I and Kharif- II Household level energy efficiency Improved cooking stove Drought and coastal saline Rainfed and Irrigated All Soil health improvement and energy saving Farm yard manure (FYM) preparation Drought and coastal saline Rainfed and Irrigated All Cultivation of green manuring crops Drought Rainfed Kharif-I Institutional adjustment/ community approach Community based vegetable cultivtion Drought Rainfed and Irrigated All Timber, fruit and medicinal tree plantation along the khari canal in the barind area Drought Rainfed Kharif-I and Kharif- II Community based jujube gardening Coastal saline Rainfed Kharif-I and Kharif- II Community based pegion pea cultivation along the khari cancal Community based palmyra palm plantation along the feeder road Drought Rainfed Kharif-I and Kharif- II Drought Rainfed Kharif-I and Kharif- II Community based goose rearing Drought Rainfed and Irrigated All

24 Drought prone areas Testing of locally selected adaptation options Mini pond for supplementary irrigation during drought spells Mini pond with vegetables cultivation

25 Drought prone areas Dry seedbed practice with minimal supplemental irrigation Jujubi (Ziziphus jujuba) was considered as a potential alternative option to existing autonomous mango cultivation

26 Drought prone areas The Utilization of Fallow land by establishing homestead garden to cultivate year round homestead vegetables Preparing the Mini Nursery and established Nursery

27 Drought prone areas Block Demonstration of T. Aman to cultivate Chick pea in the same field Linseed production as less water loving crop cultivated in rain fed

28 Drought prone areas Vegetative Growth of Mung Bean for Green Manuring Community based pigeon pea cultivation Community based homestead garden

29 Testing of locally selected adaptation options (saline areas) Rice demonstration plot (Saline resistant variety BRRI Dhan-47) Sweet gourd cultivation in the field Zero tillage grass pea cultivation

30 Saline/Coastal areas Zero tillage potato cultivation using straw as mulch Zero tillage potato cultivation without mulch Sweet potato cultivation

31 Saline/Coastal areas After T.Aman-Khesari cultivation Rice-fish culture Homestead garden Rice-fish-vegetable cultivation

32 Saline/Coastal areas Duck Rearing Green Manuring Colocasia (Kochu) cultivation in fallow low land Madrazi Oal cultivation

33 Saline/Coastal areas Improve Stove Farm Yard Manure Bio-Gas Plant Napier grass cultivation

34 Saline/Coastal areas Sarjan Method vegetable cultivation

35 Sheep Rearing Re-excavation of Small Pond for Irrigation and Fish Culture

36 Demo established by BARI

37 Table: relative tolerance of some plants to salinity M.tolerant(6-8 M.Sensitive(4-6 Sensitive(0-4 Tolerant(8-12dS/m) ds/m) ds/m) ds/m) Barley,grain Barley,forage Broad bean Bean Cotton Beet,garden/red Cabbage Blackberry Date Broccoli Cauliflower/brocolli Carrot Salt grass Clover,berseem Clover, strawberry Lemon Rosemary Fig Corn Onion Sugar beet Oats Cowpea Orange Orchard grass Cucumber Pineapple,guava, Soghum Lettuce/spinach Rose Soybean Pea Strawberry Wheat Peanut Mungbean Dhiancha Potato B. Napus Rice,paddy Tomato

38 Laudove Homestead Vegetable Model (for saline area of Khulna) Niche 1: Sunny land (open space) Bed 1: Knolkhol-Kangkong-Kangkong Bed 2: Beet-Ladysfinger+ Red amaranth-ladysfinger Bed 3: Spinach-Indian spinach- Indian spinach Bed 4: Tomato-Stem amaranth-stem amaranth Niche 2: On-roof Roof-1: Bottle gourd-white gourd- White gourd Roof-2: Sweet gourd-white gourd- White gourd Niche 3: Trellis Trellis-1: Bottle gourd-white gourd-sponge gourd Trellis-2: Country bean-bitter gourd- Snake gourd Niche 4: Partially shady area CP-1: Moulavi Kaclu(aroid)- Moulavi Kaclu(aroid)- Moulavi Kaclu(aroid) CP-2: Thankuni/Helencha- Thankuni/Helencha- Thankuni/Helencha Niche 5: Marshy area Panikachu (aroid)- Panikachu (aroid)- Panikachu (aroid) Niche 6: On-tree support Potato yam/choi jhal- Potato yam/choi jhal- Potato yam/choi jhal Niche 7: Home boundary/backyard Local banana/moringa- Local banana/moringa- Local banana/moringa Niche 8: Home boundary fence Country bean-yard long bean- Sponge gourd

39 Saline tolerant Spinach, Knolkhol, Beet & Tomato were selected

40 Vegetable production on gher boundary Unutilized gher boundary

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44 TECHNOLOGY FROM BRRI

45 BRRI dhan47-brr dhan40/brri dhan41/brri dhan46/br23 BRRI dhan40/brri dhan41/br23-brri dhan47 BRRI dhan27-brridhan41-tomato BRRI dhan41-cowpea (Felon)/Watermelon Bhatisak found more tolerant (8-12 ds/m) in saline condition compared to Radish, red amaranth which resulted higher yield and income. Bottle gourd, bean and sweet gourd are more remunerative than other root (radish, carrot) and fruit type vegetables (Lady s finger, bitter gourd) Other salt tolerant non rice-e.g. Chili, Carrot, Sugar beet, Barley

46 Rice Variety: Salinity tolerant Aman variety: BRRI dhan40 Salinity tolerance level: 8 ds/m at seedling and reproductive stage Growth duration: 145 days Plant height: 130 cm Grain: medium bold Yield: t/ha BRRI dhan41 Salinity tolerance level: 8 ds/m at seedling and reproductive stage Growth duration: Earlier than BR23 Plant height: 130 cm Grain: medium bold Yield: t/ha

47 Salinity tolerant Boro variety: BRRI dhan47 Salinity tolerance level: ds/m at seedling stage 4-6 ds/m at reproductive stage Growth duration: days Plant height: cm Grain: medium bold Yield: 6.0 t/ha

48 Natore Lalpur and Bagatipara: T. Aman-Boro-Fallow T. Aman-Rabi (wheat/lentil/mustard)-fallow Environmental constrints Low rainfall Rainfall distribution irregular Drought in T. Aman Extreme temperature Deeper under ground water Ground discharge very poor

49 Option T. Aman-Boro-fallow T. Aman Short duration BRRI dhan39 and BRRI dhan49 (July 1 st week seeding) BR11 (early seeding or dry seed bed) Boro BRRI dhan36, and BRRI dhan28 (Short duration) T. Aman-Mustard/lentil/wheat/potato-Mungbean BRRI dhan39/brri dhan49/dry seeding/dry seed bed

50 BINA TECHNOLOGY FOR SALINE AREAS BINACHINABADAM-1 BINACHINABADAM-2

51 BINADHAN-7 : Eary Aman Variety for Cyclone affected areas

52 Sweet water for manual Irrigation digging 7-8 ft deep within embankment

53 Saline Zone jute Technology by BJRI Introduction of capsularis and kenaf varieties in the low grade (6-7 ds/m) saline zone.

54 CVL-1 HC-95

55 HC-2

56 SALINE TOLERENT SUGERCANE VARIETY ISWARDI-40 BY BSRI

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58 SOME RECOMMENDATION ON ADAPTATION STRATEGIES: Expansion of Climate Change related projects in new vulnerable areas (Char lands, Flash flood prone areas, River bank erosion, Hill areas etc.). Replication of adaptation options of LACC-I and LACC-II in vulnerable areas of Bangladesh through DAE Strengthening and capacity building of DAE personnel and other stakeholders on Climate change issues and management. Capacity building and awareness generation through Agriculture Information Service (AIS) Strengthening of rural broadcasting by community radio Establishment of Climate Field School (CFS), utilization of existing farmers Integrated Pest Management (IPM) / Integrated Crop Management (ICM) clubs (around 15000) all over the country to address climate change Develop seasonal climate predictions to assist farmers Establishment of a regional early warning system Establishment of mini meteorological laboratories

59 Designing academic curricula (Agriculture Training Institutes of DAE and others Urea Deep Placement (UDP) technology to reduce the emissions On Farm Research and popularization of resistant/ tolerant crop varieties in vulnerable areas Conservation and management of rainfall water Conserving soil moisture and soil health through mulching and other means Embankment cropping Co-ordination and formation of focal group/climate Change working group related to climate change in concerned agencies Coordinated efforts are very much needed to address and taking adapting measures for probable climate change effects. Agricultural research especially in the area of new variety development those are suited to the changing mode of drought, salinity, submergence due to flood and flash flood and climatic parameters like temperature, rainfall pattern, foggy weather etc.

60 FIGHTING WITH THE CLIMATE CHANGES

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62 For further information please visit LACC website: roject/49837/en/ c/lacc1_results_and_lessons.pdf

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