Placement and Timing of Fertilizer Application for Greater Efficiency. Dave Franzen, PhD Professor of Soil Science NDSU Extension Soil Specialist

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1 Placement and Timing of Fertilizer Application for Greater Efficiency Dave Franzen, PhD Professor of Soil Science NDSU Extension Soil Specialist

2 Last year- What can I spend an extra $10 on that might make me more grain? This year- How can I cut $50 off of my expenses?

3 Start with odd products- Biologicals Expensive starter fertilizers Humic substances Foliar enhancers There is little scientific evidence that any of these are either more effective than their conventional counterparts (starters) or that they have any positive effect on yield under field conditions.

4 You can find this link at the bottom of my home page <Dave Franzen NDSU> Type in product name or product category to view research papers on these products

5 Apply only those nutrients required by the crop Just because the Zn test is low, doesn t mean that wheat or soybean need supplements of Zn Micronutrient requirements are crop-specific in our area.

6 In soybean, in IDC field areas, 2 lb/acre Soygreen or equivalent ortho-ortho FeEDDHA can increase yield. - The ortho-ortho component is important - Do not substitute Fe for good field selection - Use of an IDC intolerant variety or seeding into a high salt soil (greater than 2 mmohs/cm) will result in disaster even with Fe fertilizer Use Fe fertilizer with tolerant variety in lower salt soil.

7 In corn, any kind of liquid Zn with starter is OK. 1-2 quarts of 9-12% Zn cures most ills. Other crops for Zn- Potato Flax Dry edible bean (not soybean)

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10 N recommendation 2014 to Eastern ND - Conventional Till - High productivity - After soybean - Organic matter 4% - Soil test 30 lb N/acre - $8 wheat - 50 cent N Recommendation 155 lb N

11 N recommendation 2014 to Eastern ND - Conventional Till - High productivity - After soybean - Organic matter 4% - Soil test 30 lb N/acre - $5 wheat - 50 cent N Recommendation 120 lb N

12 Most profitable N recommendation lb N lb N Should you plant Faller this year??? Will the increase in yield offset discount?

13 Variety Likely Bushels Likely Protein Faller $350 Glenn $400 Return $5 wheat- Discount 75cents per pt

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15 Region/Soil Category Preplant N rate $3 corn/50 cent N Less soil test and previous crop credit West-River 94 Eastern ND Long-term no-till 158 High clay >160 bu/a 205 High clay <160 bu/a 150* Medium texture > 160 bu/a 194 Medium texture < 160 bu/a 150* Irrigated anywhere 237

16 Conventional Till Most N lingers in the soil and is Susceptible to leaching/denitrification No-Till N is taken up by microorganisms. Microorganism life cycle is measured in days and weeks. Nutrient cycling is continuous and rapid. N credit likely comes from increased efficiency of N use compared to conventional till

17 Rates for most of our crops have recently been revised. Wheat and Corn N recommendations are based on economic production functions. What about placement for increased efficiency?

18 Fertilizer placement makes a difference in rate efficiency when- Nutrient is easily/quickly held tightly by soil attractive forces, precipitation of reaction products. Placement puts nutrient close to the surface where volatility may result.

19 Nutrients not affected by placement Sulfur Chloride Nitrogen IF N is applied below the soil surface in some manner. Banding is not required.

20 Nutrients affected by placement Potassium under dry conditions and in soils that fix K under dry conditions (smectites) Phosphate for some, not all crops Zinc, particularly if P is applied in a band

21 Starter K compared with Broadcast K, MN ( Use of banded fertilizer for corn production, Rehm, 1999) K 2 O Applied pounds per acre Yield average of 2 Years Placement a 40 Starter band 137 b 200 Broadcast 134 b Corn under no-till or ridge-till particularly favorable to starter and deep-banded P.

22 Mallarino, ICM September, 2000, Iowa State University

23 Strip-till systems are particularly easy to deep band K, since the band can be made when the strip is made. Doing so in pure no-till is not as simple.

24 Site % Smectite % Illite % Kaolinite % Chlorite Buffalo Trace Gardner Trace WalcottE Trace Wyndmere Trace Fairmount Trace Milnor WalcottW Arthur Trace Page Trace ValleyCity Trace

25 Wheat yield increase from broadcast or Banded P. Average of six sites, Zubriski, P 2 O 5 applied, lb/a Banded with seed Broadcast

26 Banded P vs Broadcast in Wheat, Rasc, MB Rate of P 2 O 5, lb/a 25 banded 25 broadcast 50 banded 50 broadcast Wheat yield, bu/a Most studies resulted in about 10% yield increase with banded over broadcast for wheat

27 Alessi and Powers, SSSAJ, 1980 (Mandan, ARS) Established soil P levels from low to high. Seed-placed P was applied to spring wheat Seed-placed P provided about a 10% yield improvement at almost every soil P level.

28 Starter Fertilizer (Banded Phosphorus) on Sugar Beet Compare 3 gal rate to broadcast P Root Yield (tons/a) Root Yields at NWROC Broadcast P Rate (lbs P2O5/A) U of MN, , Dr. Sims 28

29 Broadcast vs banded with seed, vs banded near seed in Canola Rasc, MB Rate of P 2 O 5, lb/a Broadcast Banded w/seed Banded 1X1 Yield, bu/a

30 Banded vs Broadcast P in Barley, Bailey, MB Rate of P 2 O 5, lb/a Broadcast Banded 1X1 Yield, bu/a

31 Seed-placed or 2X2 starter application is highly encouraged in new ND corn recommendations- We are north of Dekalb

32 Corn yield with in-furrow , *Conventional tillage *Soil : 124 lb N/acre prior to planting; 5 ppm (L) P (Olsen) Carrington, Rate Gal/ac Yield Bu/ac No difference in plant stand among fertilizer rates P. Hendrickson

33 Mallarino, ISU, ICM, 2000

34 Site Yield with starter Yield without starter Ashton (west of Dekalb) Oblong (S of Dekalb 200 miles) Ashton Oblong Gridley (75 miles S of Dekalb) Pana (S Central, IL) Pana, NS difference 171 Ashton Gridley Oblong Pana, Ritchie et al., IFCA 1996 Proceedings frec.ifca/1996/report8

35 Soybean response to broadcast vs banded P. G. Rehm, Nebraska. Ave of 3 site-years. Placement method P 2 O 5, lb/a Broadcast 2 X 2 Band Yield, bu/a

36 300 Total Available N vs Corn Yield, High Clay Soils, North Dakota, NW Minnesota and Southern Manitoba, Corn Yield, bushels per acre y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds N per acre

37 300 High Clay Sites that Exceeded 160 bushels per acre, North Dakota, NW Minnesota and Southern Manitoba, Corn Yield, bushels per acre y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds N per acre

38 180 High Clay Sites Yielding Under 160 bushels per acre, North Dakota, NW Minnesota, and Southern Manitoba, Corn Yield, bushels per acre y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

39 300 Eastern Medium Textured Sites Including NW Minnesota, Southern Manitoba, and Northern South Dakota Corn Yield, bushels per acre y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

40 300 Eastern North Dakota, southern Manitoba, northwest Minnesota and northern South Dakota medium texture conventional tillage with yields greater than 160 bushels per acre Corn Yield, bushels per acre y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

41 180 Medium Textured Sites, North Dakota, NW Minnesota and Southern Manitoba with High Yields Less than 160 Bushels Per Acre Corn Yield, bushels per acre y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds N per acre

42 Corn N timeline Application Period of greatest uptake Day 1 Day 45 Day 80 Day 120

43 In high clay soils, leaching is not an issue. Downward movement of water in a Fargo soil series is about inches per hour, or about 1/3 inch per day.

44 Clay soils have a denitrification issue. Denitrification- NO 3 under anaerobic conditions enables a suite of bacteria to convert NO 3 to NOx and N 2 gas Any of the gases are plant unavailable.

45 Lower productivity medium texture soils have issues, often leaching related. Leaching is easier to understand compared to gas loss after denitrification. Splitting N application is also a solution to leaching.

46 To develop a side-dress rate, in a dry year with little possible loss, taking the high clay with higher productivity or the medium texture with higher productivity and subtracting the preplant N rate might work. In a wet year, guessing losses might be possible.

47 A more scientific approach is to use active-optical sensors Active-optical sensors emit their own light, in a sort of UPC light code, similar to the technology that opens a garage door or controls a TV. The receptor on the sensor only reads light reflected back in the same code. The unit can be used day or night, or intermittent clouds.

48 Active optical sensor algorithms are been published Greenseeker (Trimble) Holland Crop Circle Sensor (Holland Scientific)

49 NDVI- Normalized Differential Vegetative Index NDVI = (NIR value- Visible value) (NIR value + Visible value)

50 Red NDVI is related to leaf area index Percentage soil coverage with green leaves Red NDVI = (NIR value - Red value) (NIR value + Red value)

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52 Red Edge NDVI values are related to tint of the foliage, and are not subject to saturation because foliage covers the soil. Red Edge NDVI = (NIR value - Red Edge value) (NIR value + Red Edge value)

53 Light from sensor shines in a code, as in example below from a Volkswagen car door opener. Only light reflected in the same code is read by the sensor detector.

54 Holland Crop Circle-470 TARGET User Selected Filters LED NIR Red RedEdge ACS-470 Source: Dr. Jim Schepers, NUE conference presenattion, Fargohttp://nue.okstate.edu/Nitrogen_Conference2012/North_Dakota.htm SENSOR

55 Crop Circle-DATA OUTPUT plot sample RED EDGE NDVI RED NDVI r1 r2 r

56 GreenSeeker- N-Tech Industries Light signal Calculate NDVI Light detection Light generation Sensor Only red NDVI is commercial at present

57 Time Plot Sample NDVI Red/Nir Greenseeker-DATA OUTPUT

58 NDVI INSEY= Growing degree days From date of planting N deficient N-Non-limiting

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61 Medium Texture Soils Eastern North Dakota Sensor Wavelength for NDVI Growth Stage Basic Yield Prediction Formula Minimum INSEY for N rate GreenSeeker Red V6 Yield = (59103 X INSEY) GreenSeeker Red Edge V6 Not established Crop Circle Red V6 Yield = (91892 X INSEY) Crop Circle Red Edge V6 Yield = (55652 X INSEY) GreenSeeker Red V12 Yield = (89116 X INSEY) GreenSeeker Red Edge V12 Not established Crop Circle Red V12 Yield = (88306 X INSEY) Crop Circle Red Edge V12 Yield = ( X INSEY)

62 Distance sensor to application point = block of variable rate fertilizer applied

63 Example field- 160 acres Use zone sampling to direct the initial N-rate to field- Usually about ½ anticipated total N requirement Apply about 200 lb N to a small reference area

64 Example field- 160 acres When applicator enters the field to apply side-dress application, the reference area serves as the INSEY that is the maximum yield supported by any N rate Uploaded into controller are: -Algorithm for soil category -Any over-rides of 0 rate -Efficiency factor (0.2 to 0.6) Reference area previously highly fertilized with N

65 Yield Reference Yield Reference INSEY INSEY

66 Yield Reference Yield Field Yield estimate INSEY in field Reference INSEY INSEY

67 Yield Reference Yield Field Yield estimate INSEY in field Reference INSEY INSEY

68 Corn yield difference in pounds per acre. X 1.25 % N in corn grain divided by efficiency factor 0.6 = N rate Yield Reference Yield Field Yield estimate INSEY in field Reference INSEY INSEY

69 Example- Reference yield predicted- 220 bushels In-field yield estimated- 160 bushels difference = 60 bushels X 56 lb grain/bushel = 3360 pounds X = 42 lb N 42 /0.6 efficiency factor = 70 lb N at that location.

70 Sulfur deficiency detection bonus with use of the system- If S is deficient in the field, the N-sufficient area will be the most yellow area of the field. If this is seen, fertilize the field with pounds/acre sulfate S and come back a week later to apply N

71 Sulfur deficiency is intensified with N application. S is a companion of N in same compounds. 200 lb N, yellowest in plot Check plot green N rate trial east of Oakes, ND, June 2013

72 The future- Learning tools so that growers can add data to existing algorithms to make them their own.

73 Yield = INSEY X something

74 Merge new equation with weighted original equation to form new equation Yield = INSEY X something

75 Possible alternatives to side-dress????

76 Relative yield of preplant N source choices compared to UAN side-dress S Illinois, mean of 12 site-years, Ebelhar, 2005 Source Yield compared to yield of side-dress UAN Urea 96 ESN 99 UAN 92 ESN split 98 UAN side-dress 100

77 Amenia side-dress vs preplant yield results 2014, Franzen, Pioneer side-dress study Corn Yield, Treatment bushels per acre Check pp pp 160 sd 176 Residual N at planting 15 pounds per acre to 2 feet May 3. Corn on corn.