This!study!was!done!in!collaboration!with!University!of!Massachusetts!researchers,!as!part!of!NESARE! project!lne10"297.!
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1 & Research&Report:&Overwintering&Onions&in&Low&Tunnels,&2012&and&2013& & ByBeckySideman,ExtensionProfessorandSpecialist,andHeatherBryant,ExtensionEducatorand FieldSpecialist.WrittenJuly,2013. Background+&+Objectives:Ahandfulofgrowersintheregionhavebeenexperimentingwithplanting onionseedlingsinthefall,coveringthemwithlowtunnelsduringthewinter,andharvestinginthe earlyspring.somehavereportedgoodsuccess,withanearlyharvestofbeautifulbulbedonions,and othershavereportedchallengesincludingpoorsurvivalandearlybolting.in2011"12,weplanted sevenvarietiesofonionsindurhamatthenhagriculturalexperimentstation(zone5b),toevaluate potentialforoverwinteringandearlyspringharvest.in2012"13,webroadenedourstudyandincluded tenvarietiesindurhamandincludedtwovarietiesinnorthhaverhillnh(zone4b).inthissecond year,wealsoevaluatedoverwinteringonionswithoutthebenefitofprotectivelowtunnels. ThisstudywasdoneincollaborationwithUniversityofMassachusettsresearchers,aspartofNESARE projectlne10"297. Cultural+Methods:Onionsweregrowninarandomizedcompleteblockdesignwith4replicates,24 plantsperrep.seedswereprovidedbyorpurchasedfromjohnny sselectedseeds(jss),seedway Seeds(SW)andTerritorialSeeds(T).Onionswereseededin98"celltransplanttraysandwere transplantedoutdoorsataspacingof6 apartinthreerows6 apartonraisedbedscoveredwith embossedblackplasticmulch.lowtunnelsmadeof10 PVCbowswereinstalledovertheonionsin latefall.plantswerecoveredwithheavydutyrowcover(1.25oz/yd 2 )andanadditionallayerof greenhousepoly(6mil)forthewinter.datesofcoverapplicationandremovalareshownbelow.in 2012"13,halfoftheonionsweregrownunderlowtunnels,andhalfwerenotcovered.Inbothyears, weusedtwoplantingdates(aandb). Table&1.&Important&Dates&for&Onion&Trial& & 2011N12& 2012N13& & Durham& Durham& North&Haverhill& Activity++ A& B& A& B& A& B& Seeded:& Aug18 Aug18 Aug25 Sep15 Aug25 Sep15 Transplanted:& Sep20 Sep30 Sep20 Oct20 Oct11 Oct21 Added&rowcover:& Oct18 Oct18 Nov6 Nov6 Oct20 Oct20 Added&plastic:& Dec16 Dec16 Nov6 Nov6 Removed&plastic:& Mar14 Mar14 Apr7 Apr7 Apr15 Apr15 Removed&rowcover:& Apr5 Apr5 Apr9 Apr9 Assessed&survival:& Mar13 Mar13 Apr30 Apr30 Apr24 Apr24 1 st &Harvest:& May12 May12 May22 May22 Jun13 Jun13 2 nd &Harvest:& May24 May24 Jun3 Jun3 Jun22 Jun22 3 rd &Harvest:& Jun6 Jun6 Jun20 Jun20 Jul2 Jul2 4 th &Harvest:& " " " " Jul15 Jul15 & NH Agricultural Experiment Station"COLLEGE&OF&LIFE&SCIENCES&&&AGRICULTURE&
2 Data+Collected:+ Inearlyspring,plantvigor(numberofintactleaves)andpercentageofoverwintersurvivalwere measured.assoonasonionsweresufficientlybulbedtobeconsideredharvestable,subsamplesof6 plantswereharvestedfromeachplot.subsequentharvestsweremadeat2"weekintervals.bolting andbulbsizeweremeasuredateachharvest. Results:+ 1. Low+Tunnel+Environment.Thelowtunnelcoveredwith1.25oz/yd 2 rowcoverand6milplastic providedsubstantialtemperatureprotectioncomparedwithoutdoortemperatures. Table2.WinterLowTemperatureProtectionbyLowTunnelinDurhamNH. MinimumAirTemp MinimumSoilTemp Outdoors LowTunnel Outdoors LowTunnel 2011"12 "9.6 F 13.8 F 20.7 F 34.8 F 2012"13 "3.5 F 7.5 F 20.0 F 32.0 F Whileairandsoiltemperaturesfluctuatewidelyinsideaswellasoutsidethelowtunnel,the minimumtemperaturesreachedinthelowtunnelaremuchwarmerthanoutdoortemperatures. Notably,thesoiltemperatureinsidethesoiltunnelneverwentbelowfreezing.The&low&tunnel&is&a& protected&environment,&and&any&conclusions&about&our&results&should&take&this&into&account. In2012"13,wegrewoverwinteringonionsoutsidethelowtunnel(uncovered)aswellasinsidethe lowtunnel.whileonionssurvivedunprotectedinbothsites,thesurvivalandspringvigorwere muchlowerwithouttheprotectionofthelowtunnel.forexample,indurham,survivalranged from30"44%outsidethelowtunnel,and62"88%insidethelowtunnel.unexpectedly,survivalof unprotectedplantswasbetterinthecoldersite,n.haverhill(80"85%outsidevs.93"98%insidethe lowtunnel).thismayhavebeenbecausethecoldersitewasmoreprotected(surroundedbytrees, inaslightdepression)orbecauseofextendedsnowcover. 2. Onion+Survival.Inlowtunnels,allvarietiessurvivedthewinterequallywell.In2011"12,survival wasover97%forallvarieties.survivalwasabitlowerin2012"13,rangingfrom62"88%forall varietiesindurham,and96"98%inn.haverhill. 3. Onion+Plant+Vigor.+Inspringofthe2011"12season,varietiesdifferedintermsofplantvigor.The varietieskeepsake,t"420andtopkeeperweresignificantlytallerand/orhadmoreintactleaves thanthetwoleastvigorousvarieties,wallawallaandwinterwhitescallion.bridgerandhi"keeper wereintermediate.weassessedvigorforonlyasubsetofvarietiesin2012"13.wefoundthatvigor wasgreaterfortheearlierfallplantingthanforthelaterplanting,andforonionsthathadbeen underlowtunnelsthanforthosethathadbeenoutside. NH Agricultural Experiment Station"COLLEGE&OF&LIFE&SCIENCES&&&AGRICULTURE&
3 4. Bolting.Boltingistriggeredbyavernalizationperiod(exposuretoprolongedcoldtemperatures) oncetheplanthasreached4"6trueleaves.bylateaprilinbothyears,flowerstalks(scapes)were evidentonsomeplantsofseveralvarieties.onboltedplants,scapeswereevidentinthecenterof thebulbasasmallpithycore.forlaterharvestdates,boltingrenderedbulbsunmarketable becauseitreducedbulbsizeandbecausethemajorityofthebulbwasthelargepithyscape. a b c + + Thepercentageofboltingwashigherinthefirstyear(2011"12)thaninthesecondyear(2012"13), acrossallvarieties.inbothyears,theearlierfallplantingshowedahigherpercentageofbolting thanthelaterplanting. Byharvesttime,varietiesshowedsignificantdifferencesinpercentageofbolting.In2011"12,Walla Wallahadnearly100%boltedplants,significantlymorethanallothervarietiesexceptHiKeeper, whichaveraged69%bolting.in2012"13,wallawallashowedmuchlessbolting(5%),butthered cultivarsredbill,redwing,andcabernetallhadover20%bolting.virtuallynoboltingwas observedinthen.haverhillexperimentin2012"13. Onioncross"sectionsatvariousstagesofbolting:a)non"bolted"noscapevisible,b)early bolting smallscapevisible,andc)latebolting enlargedscapeincenterofbulb. Percent&Bolted&Plants&of&Overwintered&Onion&Cultivars,&Durham&NH& NH Agricultural Experiment Station"COLLEGE&OF&LIFE&SCIENCES&&&AGRICULTURE&
4 5. Varieties.WinterWhiteScallion(T)isahardynon"bulbingscallion,whichwasgrownbecauseofits hardiness,butwasnotexpectedtobulb.itdidnotproducebulbs,butinsteadproducedlongwhite leek"likeshanksthathadaslightenlargementonthebottom.itcouldbecreativelymarketedasan oversizedscallioninthespring,butnotasatypicalbulbingonion. WallaWalla(SW)isalong"daysweetonioncommonlyfall"plantedinthePacificNorthwestasan overwinteringonion.inthefirstyearofourtrial,itboltedquicklyanddidnotproducelargebulbs, perhapsbecauseitboltedbeforeourdaysreachedthe14"16hourdaylengthrequiredtoinitiate bulbing.inthesecondyearofourtrial,wallawallaproducedverynicebulbsanddidnotshowa highpercentageofbolting. Top=Keeper(T),Hi=Keeper(T),T=420(JSS),Keepsake(T)andBridger(JSS)areyellowstorage varietiesthatproducedhighqualitybulbsinourproductionsystem.thesevarietiesvariedintheir tendencytoboltandinoverallbulbsize,butallproducedmarketableearlyonions. Redonionswereincludedonlyinthesecondyearoftheevaluation,2012"13.RedWing(JSS)and RedBull(JSS)areredstorageonions,RedBaron(T)isaredscallion,andCabernet(JSS)isanearly summerredonion.ofthese,cabernetwastheonlyonethatproducedmarketablebulbs,butit exhibitedarelativelyhighpercentageofbolting(20%). 6. Bulb+Size.+In2011"12,twovarietiesdidnotformlargebulbs:WallaWallaandWinterWhite Scallion.Fortheotherfivevarieties,bulbsbegantoforminAprilandcontinuedtoenlargeuntilour finalharvestonjun6.averagebulbdiametersrangedfrom2"2.5 onmay12,from2.6"3 onmay 24,andfrom3"3.25 onjun6.weightoftrimmedbulbsforthesefivevarietiesrangedfrom4"5.5 ozonmay12,andfrom5.5"7.5ozonmay24. Bulb&Diameter&(inches)&Over&Time&of&Overwintered&Onion&Cultivars,&2011N12& a a a a a b b NH Agricultural Experiment Station"COLLEGE&OF&LIFE&SCIENCES&&&AGRICULTURE&
5 In2012"13,bulbsofallvarietiesenlargedovertime,butfourvarietiesdidnotformlargebulbs (>2.25in):RedBaron,RedWing,RedBullandWinterWhite.Theremainingsixvarietiesformed largebulbsbyourfinalharvestonjune20,withweightoftrimmedbulbsrangingfrom6.6to10 ozatthattime.averagebulbdiametersoftheselargervarietiesrangedfrom1.7"2 onmay22, from1.8"2.5 onjune3,andfrom2.6"3.1 onjune20. In2012"13,twovarietiesweregrowninNorthHaverhill(zone4B).BothBridgerandWalla Wallabulbednicely,andlarge(3 diameter)bulbswerereadyforharvestbyjune13. a ab b c NH Agricultural Experiment Station"COLLEGE&OF&LIFE&SCIENCES&&&AGRICULTURE&
6 7.+Planting+Date.+Fallplantingdatehadaneffectonsurvival,springvigor,timetomaturity,and percentageofboltinginthespring.seedingearly(mid"augustvs.midsept.)resultedinmore fallgrowth whichtranslatedintoahigherchanceofboltinginthespring.however,theearlier plantingwasmorevigorousinthespringandproducedmarketablebulbs(ifplantsdidn tbolt) sooner.tosomeextent,thereisno ideal plantingdatebecauseperformancewilldependon thefallweather(longandwarmvs.shortandcold),whichisinherentlyunpredictable.asa result,werecommendthatyouexperimentwithplantingdatesinyourownconditionstofine" tunedates,anduseourresultsonlyasaguideline.+ + Conclusions:Weexperiencedgoodsuccesswithoverwinteringonions.Lowtunnelsprovideda protectedenvironmentthatallowedonionstogrowwelloverwinterindurham,nh(usdahardiness zone5b)andinn.haverhillnh(zone4b).withbothmid"augustandmid"septemberseedingdates, onionswerereadyforharvestinlatemay"earlyjune.bulbscontinuedtoincreaseinsizeuntillate June.ThevarietiesTopKeeper,Hi"Keeper,Keepsake,BridgerandT420producednicebulbsinboth years;wallawalladidwellinoneoutofthetwoyears.oftheredvarietiesevaluated,cabernet performedbest,butitdidshowasignificantpercentageofbolting.plantinglaterinthefallappearsto reducethechancesofspringbolting,butthereisatradeoff"thebulbsarealsosmallerandslightly latertomature.withanyquestions,pleasecontactbeckysidemanatbecky.sideman@unh.eduorcall 603"862"3203. Onionsinlowtunnelsthroughouttheseasons. Oct23,2011 Dec16,2011 Mar13,2012 Apr4,2012 May12,2012 NH Agricultural Experiment Station"COLLEGE&OF&LIFE&SCIENCES&&&AGRICULTURE&
7 Onion&varieties&grown&over&winter&in&low&tunnels.&PhotostakenonJune20,2013.Photoswere takenofthelaterfallplanting(seededsept15,transplantedoct20),whichshowedlessbolting thantheearlierfallplantingforthosevarietiesthatbolted(redwing,redbull,andcabernet). bridger cabernet keepsake redbaron T420 redwing topkeeper redbull wallawalla winterwhite NH Agricultural Experiment Station"COLLEGE&OF&LIFE&SCIENCES&&&AGRICULTURE&
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