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1 Primary Secondary Tertiary Definition: Definition: Definition: Examples: Collar: Examples: Collar: Subtype 1 Tertiary Definition: Examples: Collar: Subtype 2 Quaternary Definition: Examples: Collar: Subtype 3 Quinary Definition: Examples: Collar: Which could be basic? Which nonbasic? Which could be BOTH basic and nonbasic jobs? Which would happen in the CBD?

2 Evaluate whether the following types of economic activity are Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary, or Quinary. Write 1 for primary, 2 for secondary, etc. 1. Automobile manufacturing 2. Chief Executive Officer (President) of Hewlett Packard 3. Mining Quartz 4. Production of garments (clothing) 5. Whaling 6. A sales clerk at GameStop 7. An accountant 8. Logging 9. A furniture Maker 10. A seller of furniture 11. an organic dairy farm producing milk from grass-fed cows 12. A butcher 13. a teacher 14. Theresa May, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 15. Amazon.com 16. A graduate student researching the social influence of advertising on young people 17. Whole Foods 18. Justin Bieber 19. Goat herding 20. An attorney working for the American Civil Liberties Union 21. An oil refinery that converts crude oil into gasoline 22. Mr. Wright 23. A video game tester 24. a professor of theoretical physics 25. Penguin Hunter Synthesize: Now it s your turn! Write down ten economic activities that are primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, or quinary. Raise your hand when you are finished and trade with the next finished person with their hand up

3 History of Early Agriculture Agrarian Irrigation BC and AD BCE and CE Neolithic Revolution Domesticated Civilization Columbian Exchange

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5 Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture Subsistence agriculture is Two types: Extensive has Intensive has If a family needs 1,000,000 calories per year to survive, how much land do they need for extensive and intensive? How to remember? Extensive agriculture takes place in climates where Likely climates: Types of extensive agriculture: The Boserup Hypothesis Intensive agriculture has a high calorie yield per acre. Usually found in what climates? Classic example: What determines what type of crops a community will grow, and whether they will choose intensive or extensive agriculture?

6 Commercial Agriculture Subsistence Agriculture Commercial agriculture can be extensive or intensive, and also industrialized or not industrialized. BUT, commercial tends to be industrialized. What is the Goal of Commercial Agriculture, and why is that uniquely threatened by the nature of agriculture? How can we minimize risk to profits? Two ways: Remember how Commercial agriculture is One element in a complex structure including mining, processes and manufacturing food, food service, retail sales of food, management of agribusiness, engineering Includes primary-quinary? In the video of Mcdonalds, list all the activities you see: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Quinary

7 What are the costs of contract farming? Economic Costs Environmental Costs 1. In the Von Thunen model, the variable that causes rents to increase or decrease is. In the following model, label : (put the numbers in the appropriate place) 2. The market 3. Intensive Agriculture 4. Cattle raising 5. The most expensive crops 6. Extensive Agriculture 7. Corn 8. Fruit 9. The least expensive crops 10. Wheat 11. Market gardening 12. The Central Business District 13. The lowest transportation cost 14. The lowest land rent

8 Current Events in Agriculture Time Period 1 st Agricultural Revolution 2 nd Agricultural Revolution 3 rd Agricultural Revolution Major Improvements Effect on Labor Other Effects Current Events in Agriculture What is a food desert, and what would be the effect of a food desert on human health? Pesticides and Fertilizers Why do environmentalists dislike pesticides and fertilizers? Nicholas Kristof Article: Summarize the effects of pesticides on human health. What are GMO s? Benefits Drawbacks What is a monoculture, and what are the dangers of a monoculture?

9 Special Crops Mediterranean Plantation Crops Drugs write locations of production Opium Marijuana Cocaine What patterns have you noticed in the production/consumption of drugs? What effect does drug production have on governmental legitimacy in developing countries? Exports what is the problem with having a high percentage of GDP attached to exports? OPEC How to solve the problem of exports What economic and political impacts do you predict the current price of oil might cause in the USA? In oil exporting countries?

10 Seeds of Resistance "Seeds are our mother," declares physicist and activist Vandana Shiva, founder of the revolutionary Indian seed-saving organization Navdanya. The organization's name translates as "nine crops." Its mission: To support local farmers and rescue and conserve crops that are being pushed into extinction. "Seed is the first link in the food chain," explains Shiva. "Saving seed is our duty, sharing seed is our culture." AP Photo / Rajesh Kumar Singh Women sow paddy in a field at Pawara, some 40 miles south of Allahabad, India. View Larger > Farmers everywhere have been saving seeds for centuries, preserving the most durable ones for replanting. Women farmers in India were no different; that is, until That year India signed an international trade agreement giving multinational corporations permission to patent, own and sell seeds. As a result, seeds are becoming the private property of a handful of corporations, transforming the tradition of saving seeds into a subversive political act. Women Say "Enough!" Led by Vandana Shiva, and inspired by Mahatma Gandhi s concept of non-violence, the women of Navdanya refuse to obey international trade laws or heed the rules of market economy. How did the poorest and most underprivileged group in India--women farmers--become activists? And how did something as tiny as a seed stir such controversy? With the new laws in effect, multinational corporations, in particular Monsanto, patent seeds and sell them at high prices to small farmers. For these farmers, cost of production soars and profit margins decrease, often leading to hunger and bankruptcy. Recently the Indian government reported that more than 25,000 farmers have committed suicide since 1997, two years after the patent laws had come into effect. However, their report named

11 alcoholism and not indebtedness as the cause of the suicides. Shiva and women of Navdanya strongly disagree. Shiva believes that Indian farmers are finding themselves on the brink of a "crisis of extinction" because the patent laws discriminate against them and benefit corporations. The paradox, she says, lies in the fact that women farmers, today's consumers of patented seeds, are the ones responsible for developing them in the first place. "Women have been seed experts, the seed breeders, seed selectors, the biodiversity conservers of the world. And if today we have seeds that we can save, if today we have communities that can tell us the unique properties of different crops and different seeds, it's because we've had generations of women not recognized as agronomists, not recognized as breeders, not recognized in any way as having knowledge. The 10,000 years of human expertise in feeding us is a women's expertise." According to Shiva, corporations steal from farmers: "Most patents today are based on straightforward biopiracy, the theft of women's innovation of centuries." Farmers lose control over their means of subsistence because they're now dependent on the patented, genetically modified (GMO) seed: "A system where few companies control the seed supply is in effect a system of slavery for farmers. Where the freedom of seed disappears, the freedom of farmers disappears," says Shiva. Revolution in the Rice Fields Women of Navdanya are waging a multifaceted revolution. They are taking a stand for the environment by mobilizing farmers across India to refuse buying GMO seeds that are damaging Indian biodiversity. They are campaigning against the use of pesticides and herbicides. They are educating farmers on the benefits of native seeds. Finally, they have established 34 community seed banks across the country that preserve native Indian seeds and distribute them at no cost to all interested farmers. They have also started an economic revolution. They have mobilized some 10,000 farmers to disobey international trade agreements India has signed and create their own independent markets. Small farmers organized by Navdanya have shut corporations out of their fields, are using their own native seeds, and growing food for subsistence instead of monocultures for sale. Finally, Navdanya's ecological and economic revolution is political in nature. The women have organized some 35,000 Indian villages into declaring themselves "biodiversity republics." These republics are organized around the principle of "living democracy," meaning democracy that is participatory and values sharing, community and the environment. Whereas Indian economy is governed by free trade, these republics are pockets of fair trade and economic independence. Shiva has been accused of being naïve and quixotic. Some argue that it is not possible to sidestep the market system and the World Trade Organization (WTO). They say traditional systems of farming and trade belong to the past and are not plausible in today's globalized world. Primarily,

12 the dissenters argue that ancient systems of farming cannot successfully feed today's one billion starving people. Shiva, however, refuses to budge. She points out that the reason so many people are going hungry is unjust trade relations and not organic farming based on diversity. She calls for a complete revision of the WTO agreements so that the interests of farmers are taken into consideration. Finally, she calls for a return to an economic and political system grounded on sharing and not on profits and private property, one based on women's knowledge, women's traditions and women's legacy: "The women of India have evolved two hundred thousand rice varieties, work done over millennia by hundreds of thousands of unknown grandmothers. At no point did any one of those women turn around and tell her sister, 'Now I have bred this new rice. Now onwards, it is my property; now onwards you will pay me royalties.'" Citations taken from Vandana Shiva's lecture at the University of California at Santa Barbara entitled "Planting the Seed for Change: Women's struggle against Corporate Control of Biodiversity" (August 1, 2004) as well as articles published on Navdanya's official Web site.

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