FINAL PROJECT MEETING 2017

Transcription

1 Adaptation for Food Security and Ecosystem Resilience in Africa FINAL PROJECT MEETING 2017 Book of Abstracts and Meeting Programme International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Campus Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Friday, 8th December, 2017

2 Adaptation for Food Security and Ecosystem Resilience in Africa CHIESA & AFERIA Partners University of Dar es Salaam Murang a Farmers Co-operative Union Ltd Project Coordinator Project Donor

3 Adaptation for Food Security and Ecosystem Resilience in Africa FINAL PROJECT MEETING 2017 Book of Abstracts and Meeting Programme International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Campus Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Friday, 8th December, 2017

4 Book of Abstracts and Meeting Programme 2017 Adaptation for Food Security and Ecosystem Resilience in Africa - AFERIA All rights reserved. For more information about the AFERIA Project, contact: The Project Coordinator - AFERIA icipe African Insect Science for Food and Health P.O. Box Nairobi, Kenya chiesa@icipe.org Telephone: +254 (20) Website: Compilation and layout by: Sarah Ndonye Edited by Tino Johansson Cover Page Photo 1: Community members have taken up modern beekeeping as an alternative livelihood in Jimma, Ethiopia. Photo 2: Beneficiary of the roof rainwater harvesting system in Taita Hills, Kenya. Photo 3: Community-managed indigenous tree nursery to promote agroforestry in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Photo 4: Building the capacity of agriculture extension officers in Integrated Pest Management. Photo 5: Community members manage nurseries for improved coffee variety in Jimma, Ethiopia. December, 2017

5 CONTENTS CONFERENCE PROGRAMME...1 WELCOME REMARKS...3 KEYNOTE SPEECH...9 KEY FINDINGS OF THE CHIESA AND AFERIA PROJECTS...15 AFERIA AND CHIESA TEAM...29 LIST OF POLICY BRIEFS...34 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS...35 iii

6 Adaptation for Food Security and Ecosystem Resilience in Africa The Adaptation for Food Security and Ecosystem Resilience in Africa (AFERIA) is a twoyear project to disseminate and communicate research results, insights and interactions of climate change and food security developed by a previous research and development project (CHIESA-Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Eastern Africa). The project is funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland and coordinated by the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) in Nairobi, Kenya. The AFERIA project disseminates research findings on climate change impacts and implements adaptation technologies such as drip irrigation, roof rainwater harvesting, conservation agriculture, farm forestry and insect pest management to the partner organisations and beneficiary communities in different agro-ecological zones in the highlands of Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. The project closely collaborates with national and local organizations in the three countries to reach out to the smallholder farmers, especially women and special needs groups. In addition, through communication and advocacy, AFERIA supports policy and decisionmakers in making rational and evidence-based decisions on climate change adaptation to enhance food security and ecosystem resilience in the target areas. Objective: Improved food, nutrition security, and livelihoods of small-scale farmers in Eastern Africa. iv

7 The Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Eastern Africa (CHIESA) was a four-year (2011 to 2015) research and development project aimed at increasing knowledge on the impacts of climate change on ecosystem services in the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot (EABH). CHIESA was funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, and coordinated by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) in Nairobi, Kenya. Through research and training, CHIESA built the capacity of research communities, extension officers and decision makers in environmental research, as well as disseminated climate change adaptation strategies. The focal areas for environmental research were agriculture, hydrology, ecology, economics and geoinformatics. CHIESA activities focused on three highland ecosystems in Eastern Africa, namely Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, the Taita Hills in Kenya and Jimma Highlands in Ethiopia. The project consortium monitored weather, detected land use/land cover change, and studied biophysical and socio-economical factors affecting crop yields and food security. The project built the climate change adaptation capacity of Eastern Africa s research institutions, stakeholder organisations and decision-makers through research collaboration and training. Together with local communities, the project developed, tested and disseminated climate change adaptation tools, options and strategies at the farm level. Further, CHIESA provided researcher training for staff members of the stakeholder organisations, enhanced monitoring and prediction facilities by installing automatic weather stations, and disseminated scientific outputs to various actors from farmers to policy-makers. v

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9 Adaptation for Food Security and Ecosystem Resilience in Africa AFERIA MEETING PROGRAM Lalibela Conference Room 08:00 Registration 08:30 Welcome Remarks and opening of the meeting Ministry of Agriculture & Natural Resources Embassy of Finland in Ethiopia Jimma University 09:00 Keynote Speech Dr. Sunday Ekesi, Director of Research and Partnerships - icipe 09:20 Farmers voices from AFERIA target areas Jimma Area, Ethiopia Taita Hills, Kenya 09:40 Icebreaker and introduction of participants 10:00 Coffee/tea break and signing up to the thematic area teams 10:30 Exhibition of CHIESA and AFERIA projects outputs and results 11:40 Group work of thematic area teams 13:00 LUNCH BREAK 14:00 Summaries of group works presented (Q&A Session) 15:45 Closing remarks Jimma University, Ethiopia Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ethiopia AFERIA Project Coordinator - University of Helsinki/icipe 16:30 to 18:30 Cocktail reception Opening address Water s Journey movie 1

10 2 Geographic coverage of the CHIESA and AFERIA Projects in Eastern Africa: Ethiopia (Jimma Region), Kenya (Taita Hills & Murang a) and Tanzania (Kilimanjaro Region).

11 WELCOME REMARKS 3

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13 Remarks by Coordinator, CHIESA and AFERIA Projects - Dr. Tino Johansson Honoured Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the final meeting of the Adaptation for Food Security and Ecosystem Resilience in Africa (AFERIA) project which is organized in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. Being the highest elevation capital city in Africa, and the fifth highest in the world, Addis Ababa offers a convenient venue to end a project that has focused on climate change impacts on food security and ecosystem resilience in the highlands and mountains. The global importance of fragile highland and mountain ecosystems began to gain notice and political recognition in the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992 and has since grown in various international forums. Mountains have always fascinated people, attracted explorers, and natural resources, such as minerals and timber and have been utilized in trade for centuries. Despite these interests, highlands and mountains mainly remained in the periphery and were not incorporated into national development programmes because these regions were perceived as borderlands, inaccessible and harsh in climate. Communities living in highlands and mountains remained marginalized and had difficulties in accessing markets and investments to develop economically. However, globalization is now changing all this. Unique mountain products are in high demand, tourism has skyrocketed in many highland destinations, and technological innovations have enabled modern transport and communication networks to reach out to the most remote corners of the planet. Human pressure on highland and mountain ecosystems is increasing as population growth and demand for natural resources and agricultural land go hand in hand. Available agricultural land becomes scarcer in the high altitude agro-ecological zones due to the division of land among family members. As a consequence, new land must be cleared for farming, or alternatively crop production has to be intensified to feed the families. Outmigration to lower altitudes with less rainfall and higher temperatures is also a common trend in highlands of Africa, for example in the Taita Hills in Kenya. According to recent studies, the impacts of climate change are amplified by human-induced land use and land cover change, which together are the most important drivers to alter the hydrological cycle and affect the availability of fresh water for the highland communities. Water is the most important ecosystem service which the mountains and highlands provide to the communities living on these areas as well as to the larger population centers located far away in the lowlands. Actually, variability in rainfall is the most often perceived impact of climate change by smallholder farmers who rely on rain-fed agriculture for subsistence. Late onset and early cessation of rains during the expected rainy season currently challenge and limit food production and make it difficult for the farmers to decide when to carry out preparations for planting. Increasing annual average temperatures as well as maximum and minimum temperatures have effect on water for instance through evaporation. Increasing temperatures may also open up suitable habitats and living conditions for flora and fauna across altitudinal gradients where these species did not establish geographical 5

14 ranges earlier. This phenomenon was of specific interest to the predecessor of AFERIA project, namely the Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Eastern Africa (CHIESA) project which aimed to better understand the eco-physiological responses of insect pests for maize, crucifers, avocado and coffee to temperature changes. Our studies revealed optimal temperature ranges for survival, growth and reproduction rates of the selected target pest species as well as for their natural enemies (parasitoids). Combination of these laboratory findings with very high resolution climate projections for the study areas were used to map risk areas of future insect pest infestations for certain key crops. These and other scientific results from CHIESA were transferred into approaches and technologies which the AFERIA project disseminated; and trained to the stakeholders and demonstrated their usefulness in selected sites established to the target areas in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. I am delighted to invite you to visit our projects output and results exhibition where you may learn more about different climate change adaptation actions, such as integrated pest management, drip irrigation, roof rainwater harvesting and agroforestry implemented by our partner organizations in the target areas, discuss with the young scientists who were trained during the CHIESA and AFERIA projects, and take away materials for future use in your organization. In the thematic group work session, every participant of this meeting is warmly welcomed to contribute to the discussions and share expertise with the project representatives to guide the way forward and ensure that the available results and findings will have the greatest impact through their utilization by various ministries, research organizations, universities, extension agencies, NGOs and CBOs. I would like to express our sincere gratitude to the donor, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, for their continuous support to the two projects, CHIESA and AFERIA. I would also like to express our deepest thanks and appreciation to the International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) for coordinating and administrating these successful multi-disciplinary projects, and providing excellent facilities and expertise for implementation. Achieving the targets and reaching the objectives would not have been possible without committed and hard-working project partners locally, nationally and internationally. I am indebted to my colleagues in Europe and Eastern Africa for their guidance and friendship during the past six years when this wonderful journey was taken together. Lastly, I would like to express our sincere thanks to the International Livestock Research Institute and the Ethiopia Country Office of icipe for hosting the AFERIA project final meeting here in this verdant and cozy campus. Honoured Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, I wish you a very fruitful and enjoyable AFERIA project meeting. Dr. Tino Johansson - Coordinator, CHIESA and AFERIA Projects Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland & International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya 6

15 Remarks by the Ambassador of Finland to Ethiopia, H.E. Ms. Helena Airaksinen On December 6th 2017, Finland celebrated it s 100 years of independence. During the past century, our country has modified its destiny from a remote and modest agrarian society to a hi-tech industrialized country. This transformation was largely based on wise and sustainable use of the natural resources such as forests, water and land. While celebrating the centennial of independence, we also celebrate 50 years of development cooperation with Ethiopia. This illustrates Finland s commitment to share its own experience in transforming the society and of its global consciousness. Finland s current development policy strives to reach safe living conditions, human rights and adequate income in the developing countries, to enhance international security and the global economy. Finland s action is targeted towards improved food security, access to water and energy, and sustainable use of natural resources. Finland joins the global voice to leave no one behind by 2030 in what comes to development. Feeding to the Sustainable Development Goal #13 to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters, two recent projects have been implemented in the Eastern Africa. The Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Eastern Africa (CHIESA) received a funding of 4,9 M in , and The Adaptation for Food Security and Ecosystem Resilience in Africa (AFERIA) has a budget of about 1,3 M for years , where Finland s contribution is 1 M. To ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase sustainable productivity and production (SDG 2), Finland has further supported ICIPE s regional programs in Eastern and Western Africa. Currently Finland is also funding another large regional project in the continent, the FoodAfrica project second phase to further disseminate its results. Food security is also promoted through the bilateral cooperation project AgroBIG implemented in Amhara, Ethiopia. Finland is also active in land rights by supporting the Rights and Resources Initiative regionally and the REILA bilateral cooperation project in Ethiopia. AFERIA is set to disseminate and communicate research results in view of capacity building in climate resilience and food security. This two-year program co-funded by the MFA and ICIPE, and it is now coming to its end. The practical implementation has been coordinated between ICIPE and the University of Helsinki, together with other project partners. As a result, a user-friendly application to visualize the Multifunctional Agricultural Landscape Mosaic (MALM) has been developed to help decision-makers in prioritizing interventions and community-based action plans to the localized and regional context. Project findings were disseminated in eight workshops and multi-stakeholder forums with local stakeholders, increasing the number of skilled personnel of the partner organizations by 25%. Over 10,000 smallholder farmers coping with climate change impacts have benefited from farmer field schools, seminars, road shows and technology demonstration campaigns which disseminated the research 7

16 findings. The program has further benefited professionals in the Addis Ababa University, National Museums of Kenya, Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Moshi District Authorities in Tanzania, and young scientists in Jimma University. Three PhD scholars and one MSc who graduated from eastern African universities will now work as skilled professionals on climate change research and adaptation in their home organizations. The purpose of this meeting is to advocate and to support policy decision-makers; public and private actors, to take rational and evidence-based decisions in their effort to build climate resilience and to develop adaptation strategies, based on AFERIA and CHIESA produced evidence. In Finland s vision it is the task of the political decision-makers, in their role of duty bearers, to enhance food security of smallholder farmers in Eastern Africa. We wish you a fruitful meeting! H.E. Ms. Helena Airaksinen Ambassador of Finland to Ethiopia 8

17 KEYNOTE SPEEECH

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19 CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Director of Research and Partnerships, icipe - Dr. Sunday Ekesi Your Excellency Ambassador of Finland to Ethiopia, Honorable Permanent Secretaries and Ministry Officials, Professors, Ladies and Gentlemen, Climate change is a global phenomenon that causes different positive and negative impacts across the continents where their magnitude and scale vary significantly even among the neighboring regions. The global ecological system is dynamic and has throughout the history of our Planet Earth gone through tremendous changes, but never before have human activities had such a huge influence on the rate of change. Greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane, which are generated by fossil fuel use, deforestation, agriculture and industry, are the biggest culprits of climate change and global warming. In almost every country, people have already experienced increasing annual average temperatures but the biosphere and its complex climatic system dynamics also generate short-term events which can negatively affect our livelihoods, such as erratic rainfall patterns, longer dry spells, floods, and tropical storms. Global and regional changes in temperature and rainfall can provide suitable conditions for flora and fauna to shift their geographical range to new areas where these species were unknown or rare decades ago. Climate change may partly explain the increased incidences of pests and diseases in humans, plants and animals. However, climate change is not the only phenomenon that has impacts on our environment and health. Land use change is equally important driver in the reduction of the quality and quantity of available fresh water resources as well as reduced soil productivity. Africa is one of the most vulnerable regions in Earth to climate change and climate variability, with the poor and marginalized populations at the highest risk. This situation is further aggravated by existing economic and social challenges such as limited access to capital and markets, infrastructure and technology, and habitat loss. Undeniably, climate variability and change have caused significant impacts on the social-ecological systems across the continent. Agriculture, a source of livelihood for many, accounts for a large percentage of the gross domestic product in many African countries and is entrenched in the culture of the people. However, food production remains largely dependent on rain-fed agriculture (more than 95% of cultivated land in sub- Saharan Africa in fact). Currently, levels of food productivity are low due to many reasons such as degraded soils, droughts and floods that can be attributed to the changing climate and land use/land cover change. The increased temperatures, the late onset and early cessation of rains, and extreme climatic events continue to damage and reduce crop and fodder production, and also cause water logging and soil erosion. In addition, adverse temperatures will worsen the impact of insect pests on staple and cash crop production, such as stem borers on maize, berry borers on coffee, diamondback moth on crucifers and citrus, and fruit flies on avocado. Agriculture and food production are, in effect, compromised. 11

20 Mountain regions cover 24% of the Earth surface and are a home to 12% of the global population. Over 50% of the world s population today benefits directly or indirectly from mountain resources and services. So it is right to say that globally and especially in Africa, sensitive highland and mountain ecosystems provide invaluable ecosystem services to the communities in form of water provision and purification. However, these services are seriously threatened by the accelerating land cover and land use change on the upper slopes where most of the few remaining mountain forests are located. The capacity of these mountain water towers to store moisture, supply freshwater to the lowlands and to reduce peak flood flows during extreme weather events has been compromised mainly by human activities, such as deforestation. However, these impacts are amplified by increasing temperatures and variability in rainfall due to global climate change, which contributes to glacier melt and reduced surface water capacity of the watersheds. CHIESA - the Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Eastern Africa Project, funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, was one of icipe s key research and development projects to increase knowledge on this complex multi-scale phenomenon. The studied impacts included eco-physiological responses of pollinators, as well as insect pests and their natural enemies in the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot. Research activities concentrated on three highland and mountain ecosystems in eastern Africa - Jimma Area in Ethiopia, Taita Hills in Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. The project also filled critical gaps in knowledge on climate and land change impacts on vegetation and land use types, and developed adaptation strategies towards it by building the capacity of local research and administrative organisations by research, training and dissemination of information. Research findings from the CHIESA project indicate that due to the changing climate, increasing temperature aggravates the impacts of insect pests on staple and cash crops, which will negatively affect food security and livelihoods of small-scale farmers on the highlands and montane regions in Eastern Africa. In addition, scientific projections show the range expansion of the harmful lowland species to the higher altitudes above 1,200 m.a.s.l. and increase of the number of pest generations across all altitudes. Thus by year 2055 damage will increase in most agro-ecological areas in the highlands. Climate change will also impact upon water provision services directly by high spatial variability in total precipitation, timing and intensity, potential increase in evapotranspiration, and indirectly by changes in vegetation cover and soil properties. Climate change and variability will aggravate the water stress currently faced in some countries, while some of which that currently do not experience water stress will become at risk of water stress. Irrigation is a recommended technology to cope with the variability in rainfall, but strategic intervention is needed to improve irrigation efficiency by favouring drip irrigation instead of traditional furrow irrigation, and by protecting water points, streams and rivers from fertilizer and pesticide pollution. CHIESA project results and findings have been used in the follow-up phase, namely in the AFERIA - Adaptation for Food Security and Ecosystem Services in Africa Project. AFERIA project s overall objective was to ensure food security and ecosystem resilience in the mountain ecosystems even in the face of the changing climate. The project has operated in the same highland and mountain regions than its predecessor but included one more target area for coffee-related adaptation activities in Murang a, Kenya. Rural communities and economies that largely depend on climate-sensitive resources are the most vulnerable to climate change impacts. There is therefore urgency to implement adaptation strategies to bring immediate benefits and reduce these impacts which pose challenges to economic growth and development. Effective adaptation responses focus on reducing or limiting exposure to risks, lowering vulnerability and enhancing the resilience of communities and sectors to these impacts. Various adaptation strategies are available, however, for the poorest communities, sustainable, and low-cost options, such as ecosystem-based adaptation strategies, are preferred. 12

21 Community-based adaptation approaches are necessary because the benefits of adaptation must be immediate and relevant to communities by addressing local priorities and vulnerabilities to existing climate conditions. Therefore, it is critical that the knowledge, experiences and perceptions of local communities concerning climate change and variability are incorporated in the design of adaptation strategies. It is with this background that the AFERIA project, together with the local communities developed and implemented climate change adaptation action plans which highlight the main issue of climate change as floods and droughts in the Kilimanjaro area, land degradation in Jimma and reduced food yields in Taita Hills. AFERIA Project disseminated research findings on climate change impacts and implemented research-based interventions to different agro-ecological zones in the highlands depending on the needs and priorities of the community and risks they faced under climate change. The project worked closely with national and local organizations to reach out to smallholder farmers, especially women and special needs groups, such as disabled people. Building capacity and transfer of technology among beneficiary communities through the national and local agriculture offices was key in ensuring the extensive dissemination of appropriate technologies and methods. Available integrated pest management technologies, such as release of parasitoids for the maize stem borer, fruit fly for avocado and mango, and the Diamondback moth for crucifers, and also for the emerging pests, were widely disseminated and promoted in order to reduce smallholder farmers dependence on synthetic pesticides. Demonstration sites for improving water use efficiency through roof rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation have been set up in selected farms and local institutions within the project areas. To improve water catchment biodiversity, promote agroforestry and restore indigenous forest cover, indigenous trees have been planted in households and also along degraded indigenous forests. Beekeeping and cultivation of improved varieties of maize and coffee were among the adaptation technologies transferred to the communities. The project also built the capacity of local organisation, women group s, agriculture extension officers and smallholder farmers through farmer field schools, and Training of Trainers sessions. Since its establishment in 1970, icipe has been the principal insect and arthropod research institute for Africa. Within this period, icipe has delivered world-quality science, made crucial contributions to African food and health policy, delivered development outcomes to rural communities and has been at the forefront of building Africa s entomological research capacity. In the AFERIA and CHIESA projects, icipe harnessed over 40-years of its expertise in developing and extending environmentally-friendly management tools and strategies for harmful and useful insect species in Africa. Through its activities the AFERIA and CHIESA projects supported the achievement of cross-cutting objectives of Finland s Development Cooperation, namely strengthening climate sustainability, promoting gender equality and reducing inequality. Icipe appreciates the contribution of the Government of Finland in funding these two projects and also the numerous partners from the three African and three European countries that have made the implementation and success of CHIESA and AFERIA a reality. On behalf of icipe I wish you a fruitful final AFERIA project meeting. 13

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23 KEY FINDINGS OF THE CHIESA & AFERIA PROJECTS 1. Distribution of common blossom thrips (Frankliniella schultzei Trybom) and weather variables in small-scale avocado orchards at Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro 2. Water Resource Management in Pangani Basin, Tanzania 3. Geospatial visualizations for Multifunctional Agricultural Landscape Mosaic (MALM) 4. Views from three mountains: Current and future states of forests, carbon and biodiversity 5. Elaboration and implementation of climate change adaptation strategies in three mountain ecosystems in Eastern Africa 6. An enhancement of natural enemies of Lepidoptera maize stem borers along altitudinal ranges 7. Towards the comprehension of the mechanisms and factors involved in key coffee pest and disease distribution in East Africa for a better risk analysis and prediction. 8. Status of diamondback moth and other main pests of crucifer crops along altitudinal gradients of the Eastern Afromontane 9. Theoretical framework to explore chronosequence soil nutrient condition linkage to plant-insect ecological succession 15

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25 Distribution of common blossom thrips (Frankliniella schultzei Trybom) and weather variables in small-scale avocado orchards in Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro James J. Odanga 1, 2, 3 *, Samira Mohamed 1, Sevgan Subramanian 1, Florence Olubayo 2, Sizah Mwalusepo 1, 4, Richard Nyankanga 2, Tino Johansson 1, 5, Sunday Ekesi 1 1 icipe-african Insect Science for Food and Health, P. O. Box , Nairobi, Kenya 2 Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Kenya, P.O. Box , Nairobi, Kenya 3 Invertebrate Zoology Section, National Museums of Kenya, P. O. Box , Nairobi, Kenya 4 Department of General Studies, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, P. O. Box 2958, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 5 Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 68, FI-00014, Finland *Corresponding author address: jkodss@yahoo.com Abstract Avocado, Persea americana Miller (Lauraceae), is an important fruit crop cultivated by smallholder farmers along Afrotropical highlands of Taita Hills in southeastern Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro in northeastern Tanzania. The smallholder farmers in these East African regions generate substantial food and cash from avocado fruits. However, the avocado crop is faced with challenges of infestation by insect pests. Pest species such as the invasive fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis), false codling moth (Thaumatotibia leucotreta) and greenhouse thrips (Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis) infests avocado fruits whereas the common blossom thrips (Frankliniella schultzei Trybom) feeds on pollen and floral tissues. Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) therefore, contributes to abortion of avocado flowers and subsequent low fruit set. Moreover, there was no detailed information describing distribution patterns of Frankliniella schultzei and associated weather in the East African avocado orchards despite the fact that small-scale farming is dependent on rainfall. This study was initiated to establish spatiotemporal datasets on abundance of Frankliniella schultzei from the avocado plants that relates with monthly rainfall and air temperatures in Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro. Our findings revealed that Frankliniella schultzei is an important flower pest of the avocado crop in Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro throughout the year and the insect species is well established along the altitudinal gradient of both study areas. Environmental friendly control measures for the pest should be focused in all altitudinal zones of both transects and ought to commence before the onset of avocado flowering in August. Current spatiotemporal datasets on abundance of Frankliniella schultzei presents strong baseline information specifically for agencies in Kenya and Tanzania to develop further agricultural strategies aimed at controlling infestation of avocado flowers by the insect pest in the East African agro-ecosystems in Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro. Weather datasets contributes to precise climate information of the two study areas. Key words: Avocado, Frankliniella schultzei, distribution, smallholder farmlands, Taita Hills, Mount Kilimanjaro, East Africa 17

26 Water Resource Management in Pangani Basin, Tanzania Prof. Shadrack Mwakalila 1 & Philipo Patrick 2 1 University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 2 Pangani Basin Water Board, Moshi, Tanzania Abstract The Tanzania Agriculture Policy advocates the need for the country to use irrigation potential as an important aspect of agricultural development strategy, which can help the nation to achieve three major objectives: improvement of food security; increasing farmer s productivity and income; and production of higher value crops such as vegetables and flowers. However irrigation is dependent on the conservation of forests to maintain water resources for supplying water for domestic and industrial uses, including hydropower. This paper presents the key research findings of CHIESA/AFERIA projects which was carried out in the Pangani Basin upstream of Nyumba ya Mungu Dam in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. The main objective was to assess the climate change impacts on Water Resources and Water Provision. The research was based on both quantitative and qualitative methods. The analysis shows: decrease of water resources availability and therefore threats to water security, increased variability of precipitation that leads to increased irrigation water demand, decrease of hydropower production, decreases of renewable groundwater resources, water quality changes which also influence freshwater ecosystems, and low water use efficiency. These findings have contributed to the development of climate change adaptation strategies such as: implementation of integrated water resources management, promotion of efficient use of water from all users and reduction of water demand, improving irrigation efficiency, and application of flood or drought resistant crop varieties. To ensure that the research findings are utilized by the beneficiaries after the project ends, the scientists have equipped extension officers with understanding on the key findings; demonstration plots have been established and policy makers/decision makers have been equipped with policy briefs to aid decision making. Keywords: Climate Change, Adaptation, Water Resource Management. 18

27 Geospatial visualizations for Multifunctional Agricultural Landscape Mosaic (MALM) Petri Pellikka 1, Mika Siljander 1, Janne Heiskanen 1, Tino Johansson 1 1 Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland Abstract Climate-smart landscapes is a global development goal that addresses climate change adaptation, mitigation and food security in a holistic manner. The successful implementation of climate-smart landscapes requires functional interactions of economic, ecological and social processes in the negotiated spaces where a diverse set of stakeholders identify, negotiate and manage the impacts of different land uses on other land uses and users at multiple scales. As a part of Adaptation for Food Security and Ecosystem Resilience in Africa (AFERIA) project, Multifunctional Agricultural Landscape Mosaic (MALM) web map applications were developed to support land use planning and decision-making for transition towards more climate-smart landscapes in Kenya, Ethiopia and Tanzania. The MALM applications combine remote sensing and GIS data, maps compiled based on the scientific findings, stakeholder observations and prioritized community-based climate change adaptation actions with narrative text and images to tell a story on adaptation themes, such as prioritized sites/locations for climate change adaptation actions. Depending on the landscape, the visualizations include land use/land cover changes, prediction models of future climate and land use/land cover, and suitability analyses of land management interventions, thus providing an interface for local, regional and national users for communicating the current and projected impacts of climate and land change. The applications are implemented in ArcGIS Online, a cloud-based platform to use, create and share maps, applications and data, including capacity development trainings to enhance application and reuse of AFERIA visualizations. The MALM applications aim to support land use planning and identification of key areas for climate change mitigation and adaptation actions in the Taita Hills, Jimma Highlands and Mt. Kilimanjaro, but may also be used in education for spatial citizenship throughout Kenya, Ethiopia and Tanzania. 19

28 Views from three mountains: Current and future states of forests, carbon and biodiversity Dr. Claudia Capitani 1, Dr. Phil Platts 1,2,, Dr. Mathew Mpanda 1,3 1 University of York, Environment Department, KITE York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems, York, UK 2 University of York, Department of Biology, York, UK 3 EU Delegation to Tanzania, Natural Resources, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Abstract Our studies focused on three mountain sites in Eastern Africa: Taita Hills in Kenya, Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and the Jimma Highlands in Ethiopia. These areas belong to the Eastern Afromontane biodiversity hotspot and provide fundamental ecosystem services (e.g. soil fertility and prevention of soil erosion, water and climate regulation) to smallholder farming communities, who rely on subsistence, rain-fed and low input agriculture for their livelihoods. The integrity of mountain ecosystems is related to land use practices. In the Taita Hills, for example, the agricultural matrix (and agroforest in particular) makes a strong contribution to observed bird diversity at the landscape scale, but intact primary forest is essential for maintaining this diversity, especially amongst species of conservation concern. In Mt. Kilimanjaro, soil organic carbon, bulk density and moisture content are all higher where there are trees in the landscape. We found that mid-elevation plots contain higher tree species diversity and basal diameter sizes, and thus provide a more stable agroforest system. Despite intensive human management of the landscape, tree species in Mt. Kilimanjaro agroforest plots exhibit distribution patterns in line with the soil properties and climate related parameters (precipitation and temperature) as influenced by the altitudinal gradient. In the Jimma Highlands, forests that are semi-managed for coffee production store significantly more carbon compared with woodland, pasture and cropland (but less than plantation or natural forest), and maintain high levels of tree and butterfly diversity. Therefore, semi-managed coffee forests have an important role to play in conserving indigenous tree cover and associated biodiversity and livelihoods into the future. Several factors make these human-environmental systems vulnerable to climate change (e.g. inadequate natural resource management practices). Taita Hills, Mt. Kilimanjaro and the Jimma Highlands are projected to experience a mean temperature increase of between 2 C and 3 C by Rainfall is projected to increase in the Taita Hills and in Kilimanjaro coupled with increased variability of seasonal patterns, while the Jimma Highlands are projected to be at risk of prolonged and more intensive dry seasons. This would translate into a hotter future with wetter rainy seasons and drier months for the Taita Hills; for the Mt. Kilimanjaro area, a hotter future with similar rainy seasons and variable dry months, and in the Jimma Highlands the projections indicate a hotter future with more extreme dry and wet seasons. In the Taita Hills and the Jimma Highlands, we applied participatory scenario analysis to improve the capacity of local stakeholders to anticipate future changes, so that they can plan relevant adaptation strategies and thus enhance the resilience of the communities through social learning and empowerment. Local farmers, officers and academics were engaged in developing alternative scenarios of future land use and land cover changes under climate change projections. In both study areas, the business as usual scenarios are expected to have severe consequences. Envisaged adaptation scenarios are influenced by different factors, e.g. baseline forest cover (<1% or >50% in the Taita Hills and the Jimma Highlands study areas, respectively), population density (very high or moderate), remoteness and isolation (low or high). In both areas, trade-offs were identified across ecosystems services, in particular between provisioning (e.g. food and timber) and regulating services (e.g. water and soil), biodiversity conservation and sustainable development goals. Agroforestry could represent a win-win system for enhancing nutrition and ecosystem services related to tree cover, but it could be inadequate to protect highly specialised species or to fulfil food demand of the growing population. 20

29 NOTES 21

30 Elaboration and implementation of climate change adaptation strategies in three highland ecosystems in Eastern Africa Sarah Achola 1, Tino Johansson 2, Tigist Yisahak 3, James Mwang ombe 4, Ayub Mwangoka 5 1 International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya 2 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 3 Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia 4 Taita Environmental Research and Resource Arc (TERRA), Wundanyi, Kenya 5 Pangani Basin Water Board, Moshi, Tanzania Abstract According to the RCP 4.5 climate scenario of the IPCC, climate change in Eastern Africa will contribute to the increase of annual average temperatures from 2.5 o to 2.8 o C within the next 70 years while relative humidity and rainfall will either increase or remain unchanged. These changes are expected to adversely impact regional agro-ecosystem functions and patterns of food production. Under the Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Eastern Africa project (CHIESA), a vulnerability assessment to climate risks of 1400 smallholder farmers and farming systems in three highland agro-ecosystems in Jimma (Ethiopia), Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) and Taita Hills (Kenya) was carried out. The results of this survey are combined with findings on ecosystem-based approaches and indigenous knowledge on adaptation. In addition, we identified best practices for adaptation and the factors impacting adaptation options in different agro-ecological zones; determined the susceptibility index of households; and studied farmers perceptions of climate change. The results establish that smallholder farmers in the three highland agro-ecosystems are reliant on rain-fed agriculture and consequently, the greatest impacts on their agriculture are occasioned by droughts and variability in rainfall during the cropping seasons, ultimately impacting on the households food security. In response to these findings, a consultative and inclusive process of prioritization of climate change adaptation practices was initiated. The generated community-based adaptation action plans are used to guide the implementation of adaptation activities in the three target areas. The prioritized interventions derived from the action plans are combined with recommendations based on research results of the CHIESA Project in ensuring the sustainability of the instituted adaptation options and prevention of maladaptation. Noting that climate change is a dynamic rather than static process, the follow up Adaptation for Food Security and Ecosystem Resilience in Africa project (AFERIA) built the capacity of the smallholder farmers and agricultural extension officers to help support the adaptation process beyond the project lifetime. The AFERIA Project focused on the implementation of the prioritized adaptation actions such as installation of drip irrigation kits and roof rainwater harvesting systems, and agroforestry in the Taita Hills and Mt. Kilimanjaro regions, and the implementation of disease-resistant coffee nurseries with improved coffee varieties and support of diversified livelihood options such as beekeeping in Jimma region in Ethiopia. 22

31 An enhancement of natural enemies of Lepidoptera maize stem borers along altitudinal ranges Calatayud Paul-André 1,2, Mwalusepo Sizah 2,3, Musyoka Boaz 1 and Obonyo Julius 1 1 Plant Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), PO Box , Nairobi, Kenya/IRD, CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, Bât 13, BP 1, Avenue de la Terrassse, Gif-sur- Yvette Cedex and Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay Cedex, France 2 Environmental Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), PO Box , Nairobi, Kenya 3 Department of General Studies, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, P. O. Box 2958, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Abstract Maize is the main staple crop in East African mountains but its yield is affected by biotic (Lepidopteran stem borers, such as Chilo partellus (Crambidae) and Busseola fusca (Noctuidae), and abiotic factors (temperature, change in rainfall pattern, and unbalanced soil nutrients). During the CHIESA project, we focused on understanding how the projected temperature increase will affect the distribution and abundance of Lepidopteran stem borers (C. partellus and B. fusca) and their main respective natural enemies (larval parasitoids: Cotesia flavipes and Cotesia sesamiae) and, Si levels in soil and maize. The studies were carried out at local scale along Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and Taita Hills in Kenya gradients, characterized by graded changes in climatic conditions. Our study confirmed that temperature was a key factor explaining the distribution of stem borers and their natural enemies but other climatic factors and factors related to the top-down regulation of pests by parasitoids (host-parasitoid synchrony) also played a role. Results based on temperature only indicated a worsening of stem borer impact on maize production along the two East African mountain gradients studied. This was attributed to three main changes occurring simultaneously: (i) range expansion of the lowland species C. partellus in areas above 1200 m.a.s.l.; (ii) increase of the number of pest generations across all altitudes, thus by 2055 damage by both pests will increase in the most productive maize zones of both transects; (iii) disruption of the geographical distribution of pests and their larval parasitoids will cause an improvement of biological control at altitude below 1200 m.a.s.l. and a deterioration above 1200 m.a.s.l. The predicted increase in pest activity will significantly increase maize yield losses around 8-20% depending of agroecological zones across both transects but to a much greater extent in lower areas. In addition, cocoons of C. flavipes were mostly found at lowest altitudes whereas the few cocoons of C. sesamiae collected were found from mid to high altitudes. Si levels in both soil and maize decreased significantly with a concomitant rise in altitude. The result was not only attributed to soil characteristics but also to environmental conditions. Low temperatures at higher altitudes negatively affected Si assimilation by maize plants. Apart from temperature variations, differences in distribution of insect pests along altitudinal gradient could be attributed to variation in maize Si levels as Chilo partellus appeared more tolerant to increasing maize Si levels than B. fusca. The purpose of the AFERIA project was to enhance the distribution and abundance of the natural enemies of the stem borers, B. fusca and C. partellus by releasing both parasitoid species C. flavipes and C. sesamiae in altitudinal ranges where their respective hosts are predominant. The releases were focussed on C. sesamiae at highest altitudes whereas they were focussed on C. flavipes to enhance the existing natural population at lowest altitudes. These releases have to be repeated to increase the number of parasitoids in the field and to be evaluated to check the establishment of the parasitoids and their impacts. 23

32 Towards the comprehension of the mechanisms and factors involved in key coffee pest and disease distribution in East Africa for a better risk analysis and prediction Abdelmutalab G. A. Azrag 1,2, Régis Babin 1,3, Gezahegn Berecha 4, Weyessa Garedew 4, James M. Gichuhi 1,5, Ephantus K. Guandaru 1, Fikre Lemessa 4, Dickson Mwenda 1, Fabrice Pinard 1,3 1 International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box , Nairobi, Kenya. 2 Department of Crop Protection, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan. 3 Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UPR Bioagresseurs, F Montpellier, France. 4 College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medecine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia. 5 School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya. Abstract Coffee is a primary source of foreign exchange for most of East African countries, and the main source of income for hundreds thousands people from rural communities of the region. However, for the last 50 years, production has been in constant decline for major producing countries like Kenya and Tanzania. Factors explaining this decline are many; climate variability and high production costs, especially costs of fertilizers and pesticides. This led many smallholders to phase out of coffee farming. Subsequently, an urgent need for action has been recognized to provide scientifically-sound and practical solutions to ensure sustainable coffee production in the region. Within the CHIESA/AFERIA projects, the coffee pest and disease team at the International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) and the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine of Jimma University focused on the impact of climate and micro-climate on five of the major coffee pests and diseases in the region, namely the coffee leaf rust, due to Hemileia vastatrix, the coffee berry disease, due to Colletotrichum kahawae, the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, the African coffee white stem borer, Monochamus leuconotus, and the antestia bugs, Antestiopsis thunbergii. Insect pest populations were assessed in coffee farms along an elevation gradient on the eastern slope of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, while disease incidence was measured on a similar gradient in Jimma area, Ethiopia. Key agroecological factors like shade and land use were measured in order to better understand how climate is converted into microclimate, and how microclimate affects pests and diseases. In addition, impact of temperature on pest life cycle was assessed in the laboratory and temperature-based models were developed, in order to predict pest distribution under current climate and under future climate warming. Key mechanisms involved in microclimate generation are described. Microclimate and other factors, like shade, had contrasting impact on pest and disease occurrence. Distribution maps for the different pests and diseases are presented in combination with risk maps for future climate conditions obtained from our modelling approach. Finally, based on these results, recommendations for a better management of key pests and diseases are provided. 24