Considerations for Improving Surface Irrigation Efficiency. Daniel Munk University of California Cooperative Extension
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1 Considerations for Improving Surface Irrigation Efficiency Daniel Munk University of California Cooperative Extension
2 Irrigation System Performance Crop ET uniform throughout the field Water replacement needs to be uniform Irrigation efficiency greatly influenced by the uniformity of applied water.
3 Field Factors influencing DU and IE Opportunity time Infiltration rate Key Elements On-flow rate Irrigated area Slope Surface roughness OT x IR = Applied water
4 Complications in achieving uniform applications Surface irrigation issues differ from those of pressurized systems. Surface irrigation design and operation is governed in part by soil infiltration rates. Variable surface intake rates can complicate management.
5 Soil Controlled Water Infiltration 5.0 Initial rate Infiltrated Water in./hr 0.2 Basic rate Time (hr)
6 Complications in achieving uniform applications: Infiltration rates vary throughout the season
7 Soil Pores Large pores conduct water and air Sandy soils more large pores Small pores hold water Clayey soils more small pores
8 Soil Crusts & Access to Soil Pores
9 Depositional Crust layered inches undisturbed soil
10 Structural Crust Compacted & sorted zone 0.04 inches Washed in zone <0.04 inches Undisturbed soil zone
11 Managing Water Penetration Water Management
12 Managing Water Penetration Water Management Organic Matter Management
13 Organic Matter Management Manure, composts, lagoon water Residues (Chipping) Cover crops
14 Managing Water Penetration Water Management Organic Matter Management Tillage, cultivation
15 Improving Water Penetration Water Management Organic Matter Management Tillage Chemical Treatment of Soil and Water
16 Infiltration and Management Management influences water infiltration in soils Tillage OM content Additions of organic amendments Additions of salts (gypsum) Method of irrigation (crusting) Cumulative Infiltration (inches) Hanford sandy loam - Late Season Brome Cover Crop Gypsum Applied Conventional Till Time in Hours
17 Infiltration and Uniformity Furrow advance time reflects rate of infiltration. High infiltration rates often result in low DU, IE in Advance Time in Hours Hanford Sandy Loam - Conventional Tillage 14-May 9-Jun 6-Aug surface systems Distance (feet)
18 Summary Soil infiltration rates influence irrigation performance and dictate surface system design needs.
19 Summary Soil infiltration rates influence irrigation performance and dictate surface system design needs. Soil infiltration rates vary from event to event and system operation needs may need to vary.
20 Summary Soil infiltration rates influence irrigation performance and dictate surface system design needs. Soil infiltration rates vary from event to event and system operation needs may need to vary. Fields having water penetration problems may have a high DU and IE but may be difficult to manage.
21 Summary Soil infiltration rates influence irrigation performance and dictate surface system design needs. Soil infiltration rates vary from event to event and system operation needs may need to vary. Fields having water penetration problems may have a high DU and IE but may be difficult to manage. Good soil and water management practices combined with proper system design and operation can result in highly uniform and efficient irrigation.
22
23 Problems with Surface Irrigation Methods Modifications help but uniformities and efficiencies still lag.
24 2.5 ET(weekly) Cut-Out ET(daily)* 0.3 First Flower 0.25 ET Weekly (inches) First Square Defoliation ET Daily (inches) Sep 23-Sep 16-Sep 9-Sep 2-Sep 26-Aug 19-Aug 12-Aug 5-Aug 29-Jul 22-Jul 15-Jul 8-Jul 1-Jul 24-Jun 17-Jun 10-Jun 3-Jun 27-May 20-May 13-May 6-May 29-Apr 22-Apr
25
26 Water Penetration Water entry into soil surface Water Infiltration Water movement through soil
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