A New Sorghum Production System in Burkina Faso. By John Sanders. January 24, Abstract

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1 A New Sorghum Production System in Burkina Faso By John Sanders January 24, 2016 Abstract An open pollinated cross between two sorghum races was identified in Mali in the early 90s. Grinkan was very successful on farmers fields in Mali with average yields of 1.5 and 1.9 T/ on 50 and 0 in 200 and 2009 respectively. In 20 Grinkan was introduced into the cotton region of Burkina Faso in a four year pilot project. Over the period 20 to 2014 high yields were achieved. There was no scaling up program 1 in Burkina in contrast with Grinkan in Mali. There was an especially rapid decline once the pilot project terminated. So below we consider this collapse in Burkina focusing on the principal complaint about food processing leading to the disappearance of the markets. We explain the technical response to this processing problem. Grinkan s now been absorbed into the INERA breeding program and we expect the emergence of a Grinkan like cultivar with the Saraisso title of a Burkina cultivar. Then we review the impacts of the other components of the new technology and marketing strategy introduced. Program Components and Grinkan The higher rainfall regions in the Sahel are primarily cotton regions. Who cares about raising cereal yields when white gold is available? Unfortunately there ve been several problems with cotton in the Sahel. Historically cotton zones ve problems with declining soil fertility over time. Cotton yields ve been stagnating and even declining in the Sahel in the last decade. Secondly, the introduction of B t cotton internationally s reduced the costs of controlling insects and/or given yield advantages to adopting producers. This s resulted in declining international prices for cotton and increasing difficulty for nonadopters of B t to compete internationally. But unlike the rest of subsaran Africa outside of South Africa Burkina s incorporated the Bt gene into its local adapted cotton varieties. Hence, cotton s still remained as a very profitable activity followed by maize with a series of new high yielding cultivars and hybrids and rapid productivity gains. Hence, even an improved sorghum technology would be the third major cash crop and be treated like this in the farm planning process. So new sorghum technology in the cotton zone needs to be introduced in the more marginal regions for rainfall variability to take advantage of the greater tolerance to irregular or inadequate rainfall of sorghum tn tt of cotton and maize. Grinkan s outyielded local sorghums by 50 to 0%.Local sorghums are tall and ve loose grain formation in the heads. Hence their maximum yield potential is expected to be about 1.2 tons/ with the expectation tt following cotton in the rotation normal yields would be 00 kg/ to 1 ton/. 1 The Ministry of Agriculture did make substantial quantity of seed available to the extension service for distribution in the cotton zone in

2 Following fertilizer and other recommendations for normal and good rainfall years Grinkan would be expected to give yields of 1.5 to 2 tons/ with very good farmers getting 3 tons and higher was a year of demonstrating Grinkan in a nearby plot while farmers adopted the technology package but put it mainly in their locally improved Guinea cultivar Saraisso 11. In the 2011 and 2012 pilot project farmers began switching to Grinkan on a large scale turned out to be an excellent year for high yields of Grinkan (Pictures 13). However, in the local markets, where farmers sell small quantities of sorghum to get cash (or barter trade)on market day and make their small purcses, village women started avoiding Grinkan because of the consistency of the grain on the second day of processing in the traditional method of to preparation. 3 This marketing effect spread to regional and urban markets in price discounts or even refusal to buy Grinkan. Picture 1. Grinkan in Kouakole, Burkina Faso Grinkan needs moderate fertilization (one sack of DAP and one sack of Urea or two sacks of NPK and one sack of Urea). Also especially in the lower fertility regions organic fertilizer is necessary to improve the structure and thereby better retain water and nutrients. 3 To the women this meant a runny to on the second day. To food scientists this is the consistency problem. A section follows explaining how this problem is being overcome. 2

3 Picture 2. Grinkan, Kouakole, Burkina Faso Farmer one plots put together in blocks. November

4 Picture 3. Grinkan in the Bobo region before the rvest in Rejection of Grinkan: pilot project sites With the food processing and resulting marketing problem there was a 40% decline of area in Grinkan from to decline. With the very late rainfall in 2014 farmers planted their first two cash crops cotton and maize late so combined with the to preparation problem sorghum fell out of the rotation in Table 1. Introduction of Grinkan in the Bobo Region Associations Kouakole Grinkan : 50 Sariasso 11+ local=20 Grinkan : 40 Sariasso 11+ local= 30 Missidougou Soukouralaye Grinkan : 50 Sariasso + local=20 Grinkan : 2 Sariasso 11+ local=5 Grinkan : 20 Sariasso 11+ locale= 50 Grinkan : 1.5 Sariasso 11+ local= 5.5 Grinkan: 2 Sariasso 11+ local= 6 Grinkan: 0 Sariasso 11+ local= 70 Grinkan: 0 Sariasso 11+ local= 60 The reasons given by Kouakole and Lena farmers for dropping Grinkan can be summarized: 1) To quality. With the usual production method of soaking overnight softer Grinkan becomes too watery or loses consistency. For making to the dehulled grain needs to maintains its thickness. 4 Consistency is a trait well known and measured by nutritionists so can be used in sorghum evaluation. Normally sorghum is not tested for consistency but it s been a leading reason for the failure to adopt cultivars tt were actively promoted such as D 1, L30 and SRN 39. D 1 was a highly touted hybrid. SRN 39 s Striga resistance and L30 d high yields. All three were promoted in Niger and then just disappeared (B. Ouendeba, conversation, 20). Food scientists can do consistency tests so consistency could be an important qualification criteria along with yields, specific resistances, and taste. 5 There are simpler solutions involving two modifications of the preparation process. Unfortunately, village women did not adopt these modifications and the word quickly went out about the to problem. 2) Markets. This to quality problem resulted in the loss of sale in the local markets as village women refused to buy it. Subsequently, some regional mercnts would not buy Grinkan. Then even in urban areas there was a discount on Grinkan. So it is serious when women identify a problem in the production of to even if there are other products tt people appreciate from this sorghum. 4 In the Bobo region substantial advances ve been made in maize production and maize is consistently cheaper tn either millet or sorghum and is now the predominant cereal used for to in the cotton zone. For the other traditional products, bouillie (a thick porridge), couscous and zoumkoum (a thin porridge) there is a preference for Grinkan. For forage, animals like Grinkan and some farmers in Mali specialized in using Grinkan as a forage. 5 The more different cracteristics the breeder insists on ving in his new cultivars, the less likely is he to produce a new cultivar. This is one reason why improving primary staple productivity is difficult. 4

5 3) Susceptibility to the moldhead bug complex from late rains. The compact heads of Caudatum enable high potential yields. Unfortunately, they do not dry quickly hence late rains on the mature heads can lead to yield declines from mold and insects plus poor seed germination (if not stored very dry) 6 in the succeeding season. The short season Grinkan needs to be planted late in the cotton zone. In doing tt farmers can either plant too late or the farmers may ve already allocated their best land to other crops. 4) Insects. Grinkan is generally considered to taste better tn most sorghums for humans and animals but it also appeals to insects. Seedlings are attacked by insects ( chenilles ). During the crop season when the heads are formed, the cecidomaye can lay their eggs and the larvae later destroy the grain. This cecidomaye problem does not occur every year but is a serious problem all over the world and attacks various cereals. Storage insects can be ndled with the three layered PICs sacks but these are more expensive tn the usual sacks. 7 Polypropylene sacks with Phostoxin also give good control of insects but Phostoxin is dangerous. Further development of Grinkan types with rder polycarp for more insect resistance in storage s already taken place in IER (the national agricultural research institution of Mali). 5) Increased agronomic labor requirements. Farmers claim tt Grinkan is much more sensitive to the lack of sufficient weeding in the early stages tn Saraisso 11. Thinning (not traditionally done by farmers), density, and time of planting are all important with Grinkan. But this is typical of a higher yielding cultivar to be more demanding of soil fertility and of improved agronomic practices. It is a necessary labor investment for high cereal yields. 6) Weight per volume. Women also complain about Grinkan weighing less for the volume tn Saraisso 11. For women this appears to be more work for the mortar and pestle operation. In Lena farmers complained about the consistency the next day and asserted tt there were problems in marketing associated with this and tt the mercnts preferred Saraisso 11. There were adverse rainfall conditions late in the season in 2013 and a late commencement of rain in 2014 and these were the principal reasons given for dropping Grinkan in Kouakole. The Consistency of the To So the consistencymarketing problem and sorghum being the third most important cash crop were the principal factors resulting in the decline of Grinkan in the cotton zone. For the latter we need to define the zones of more marginal cotton production. However, if the women are unppy with the basic staple the cultivar will be rejected. So let s consider the processing process and the cracteristics of Grinkan different from traditional rd sorghums: 6 The PICs sacks for storage insect control make deterioration hence germination worse if the sorghum is not adequately dried. 7 The evidence is mixed on the use of PICs sacks for seed storage. Wholesalers use the polypropylene sacks with Phostoxin 5

6 ThreshingSeparating the grain from the panicule. DehullingRemoving the bran ( son ) Milling into flour The traditional West African sorghums are Guineas with rd and vitreous (2.53.5) grains. In contrast the Caudatum sorghums are soft and floury (vitrosity of 0 to 2). Grinkan is 25% Guinea and 75% Caudatum. After dehulling the traditional Guinea sorghums are soaked overnight to facilitate the grinding of the rd grain in the milling process. When Grinkan is soaked overnight, the grain becomes too watery or loses consistency. So the overnight soaking needs to be eliminated and the dehulling and milling done in the same day. An alternative is to eliminate the dehulling process as is often done for cereals empsizing the health food cracteristics. Some women in Koutiala villages of Mali ve adopted these processes when Grinkan was introduced. Moreover, the extension service teaches these preparation techniques in southern Mali. So in Mali this consistency problem is now more of a communication problem tn a requirement to find another cultivar. Are Grinkan and Caudatum types dead in Burkina Faso? The decline of the pilot program was rapid in Burkina with only two farmers (would be seed producers) still producing Grinkan in FASO, a private seed company in Bobo with which AGRA (a development program financed by the Gates Foundation) d been working, stopped producing certified Grinkan seed in 2014 and d no plans to do so in 20 because they could not obtain foundation seed of Grinkan from the INERA research stations. So Grinkan s disappeared into the two research stations in the cotton region, FarakoBa and Fada. But we expect a Grinkan type to emerge with a Saraisso title indicating tt it is a product of these research stations (Hamido Traore, DG of INERA, conversation, Dec 7, 20). The yields, taste and attraction for animals are too great to drop this genetic material. Most farmers concentrated on their cotton and maize with the late rains in However,one seed producer of Grinkan in Kouakole still obtained very high yields of 2 t/ in 2014 as compared with 1.2 to 1.3 tons/ for Saraisso 11 in the village. This same situation of continuing production of Grinkan by individual producers in Mali s the problem of variety depreciation over time if the seed system does not renew the cultivar making foundation seed available for farmer producers of certified seed. In more technical terms this soaking reduces the amylose content of Grinkan which needs to be above 20.5% on a dry basis.a. Ndoye, Notes on Preparation of To, mimeo, June, 20. 6

7 Meanwhile we need to evaluate the other impacts of the pilot project in Burkina Faso. Village Level Impact of our Project: The principal impacts of the project were: 1) The acceptance of the need to fertilize directly the sorghum with a moderate level of inorganic fertilizers. Previously, in the cotton zone sorghum d often followed cotton or maize and taken advantage of the residual effects of fertilizer from the previous year but was not fertilized. Farmers in the cotton region (Bobo area) are more accustomed to inorganic fertilizer so putting it on sorghum was not a big cnge in practices. But it is only going to be practiced if farmers believe they ve markets. The yield effects and profitability of sorghum ve been documented at the farm level (see T. Abdoulaye et al, 200; F. Baquedano et al, 2009; J. Coulibaly, 20; J. Coulibaly et al., 2013; J. Coulibaly et al., 20). 2) Market strategy. The concept of storing and selling later to avoid the price collapse at rvest was practiced with storage facilities being widely built with part of the labor being supplied by farmers associations. Searching for markets higher in the marketing cin and even outside the region became part of the activities of the farmers associations. But this marketing step to higher levels of the marketing cin requires making investments in information and sometimes in transportation especially if there is cartel bevior among wholesalers. 3) Development of the farmers associations and the revolving funds. A basic objective was to create strong farmers organizations tt could accelerate diffusion, organize the fertilizer purcses, identify markets for the cereals, sell opportunely, and finally help members get access to bank credit using the revoling funds as leverage. The best indicators of the evolution of the farmers associations are the repayment rates on the input credits for fertilizer purcses. With some initial difficulties in Lena in personnel selection both the Kouakole and the Lena sites are now experiencing 0% repayment rates for the input credits financed with the revolving funds. When we started working with Kouakole in 20 we financed 2.25 million cfa in inputs for 50 members to be paid back to the farmers association in sorghum at rvest. The farmers association then would store and sell before the next planting season thereby both creating a rotating fund and avoiding the postrvest price collapse. In February 20 in Kouakole there were 220 active members (defined as those receiving input credits from the revolving fund to buy inorganic fertilizers) and the revolving fund d increased to 13.4 million cfa. So no bank financing is required and the farmers association s been increasing in area and farmer membership. The Kouakole farmers is presently an independent organization servicing its farmers. In 2014 OXFAM an English NGO, built a cement storage facility (50 ton capacity) for Kouakole. So other agencies ve facilitated activities here, which is also a sign of a functioning farmers association. Lena s history was very different going through periods of poor reimbursement and throwing out nonreimbursing members. We began Lena with 50 members and putting 2.25 million cfa into a revolving fund in In Febuary 20 there were 52 members and a 9 The program paid for fertilizer with the condition tt the farmers repay the loan to the farmers associations in sorghum (after the first year in Grinkan) before the next planting season. 7

8 revolving fund of 2.5 million cfa. The rotating fund and membership ve not expanded but they still exist. Moreover, with their bank accounts the Lena farmers association s been able to get loans for warrantage (loans with the grain in the storage as the guarantee for the loans) during the last four years. OXFAM built them a new storage facility in The farmers associations Now let s look at these farmers associations in more detail. The main program accomplishments to date were to convince farmers to fertilize sorghum with two to three sacks, a step upward from the zero or micro fertilization recommendations generally made for sorghum and millet. Our recommendation was one sack of DAP and one sack of Urea or two sacks of NPK and one sack of Urea. There was difficulty finding DAP in 2013 and 2014 and sometimes even Urea so farmers substituted NPK. So there was good following of the fertilizer recommendations in general given the difficulty in finding DAP. The first four sites (different groups within the two farmers associations) show the cotton system here with maize being more important in area terms tn sorghum and a variety of sorghums being produced (Tables A1 and A2). Some farmers groups received the subsidized fertilizer and some did not. This apparently depends upon connections with the extension service. The difference of 5,000 cfa/50 kg sack is large between subsidized and unsubsidized fertilizers. The prices received for the sorghum are very low in the Bobo region as compared with the Central Plateau in Burkina (Tables A! and A2). Moreover there was a discount for the private sale of Grinkan at 9,000 cfa/sack while the average prices of sorghum sold by the association in the program were 11,000 to 12,500 in 2013 and 2014 respectively. There are many crops in this cotton system. The increased world prices for cotton in 20 resulting in higher Burkina prices in 2011 and the introduction of B t cotton increasing productivity (reducing costs) 11 in Burkina undoubtedly influenced the decline in interest in Grinkan by providing more cash income and encouraging area shifts to more cotton (Coulibaly, 20).In the better cotton regions the introduction of improved varieties and hybrids of maize with much higher fertilization lev4els s also been rapid. Moving to the Central Plateau in Korsimoro (Table A2) some farmers were already using an improved Caudatum, ICSV 40 from ICRISAT. They were using organic fertilizer at reasonably high levels for semiarid regions given their low animal density and plant residue availability. Moreover, the use of a traditional water retention device similar to tied ridges, the zai, was widespread. 12 The local sorghum Kapelga, a Guinea, was low yielding but farmers appreciated The UN program (PAM) to acquire grain from farmers and distribute it to the malnourished paid,000 cfa/sack in 2013 in Lena. 11 If high levels of insecticide were being used the principal effect of Bt is to reduce these costs of the insecticide rather tn increasing yields. If low levels of insecticide were being used, the effect is to increase yields. Increasing yields also reduces per output unit costs. Generally, we would expect the predominance of the first effect of reducing the insecticide costs. 12 This technique consists of digging small holes in the field and then putting the organic fertilizer and the seed in the holes. It is a more labor intensive technique of tied ridges, as the tied ridges are done with oxen or horse traction and a plow adapted to make tied ridges.

9 the taste and the price premium. There was also a great variety of crops and a much smaller total area in crops tn in the cotton zone. The zai and the production (compost heaps) and delivery of organic fertilizer are very labor intensive. Areas involved in the farmers association sorghum program were smaller here tn in the cotton zone and membership in the farmers associations stayed constant over the period in Korsimoro and Pissili. The price per sack of 1,000 fcfa/sack was 5,500 to 7,000 fcfa/sack higher on the Central Plateau tn in the cotton zone. Production conditions are much rsher on the Central Plateau. Why is there not more sorghum moving from the cotton zone to the Central Plateau? Conclusions: Conceptually using a CaudatumGuinea cross to get high yields while still maintaining some tolerance for late rains and mold problems is an excellent innovation and necessary innovation for increasing sorghum productivity. Grinkan provided high potential yields with moderate fertilization and excellent tastes. Grinkan follows the physiological innovations of the 50s tt led to the successes of the Green Revolution in rice and wheat. The basic idea is to convert the plant so tt it produces more grain and less stalk and leaves. Secondly, the plant is built with a sturdier stalk and shorter to take higher fertilizer levels without lodging. So we demonstrated the yield potential of an open pollinated intermediate height cross between Guinea and Caudatum with high yield potential and excellent taste cracteristics. However, the adaptation of to processing was not generally known so women rejected the new cultivar in the villages. This led to the rejection of Grinkan on the village markets and ultimately on the larger markets. Now it is known how to make good to from Grinkan and this information could be widely communicated. This communication process s begun in Mali. 13 Now there is a technical solution so the problem is communication 14 (see the companion paper, Introducing a New Sorghum Production System in Mali). The problems tt we documented need to be considered as second generation problems because Grinkan is an outstanding new cultivar. Grinkan progeny or sister lines ve already been developed in Mali with a rder endosperm for greater resistance to storage insects. A longer cycle progeny would be able to be planted earlier without as much risk from late season rains. The experiment stations (in both FarokaBa and Fada) ve incorporated Grinkan into their breeding activity. So there was a setback here in but we expect a strong comeback for the progeny of Grinkan or lines with similar cracteristics. We expect a Grinkanlike cultivar to emerge from INERA in the next few years (Hamido Traore, DG of INERA, Dec 7, 20). Meanwhile, these research stations could continue to produce foundation seed of Grinkan for the private seed companies to make certified seed available to farmers. Unfortunately, sorghum hybrids ve been the focus of the national programs in Mali and Burkina Faso with AGRA financing 13 This adaptation of processing for maize to is also necessary for some of the new maize hybrids. 14 The extension service in Sikasso s already been training women in adapting the processing techniques as many of the new maize hybrids ve a similar soft, floury nature. This needs to be supplemented with TV and radio explanations aimed at women to take advantage of the potential of Caudatum cultivars. Grinkan and similar related cultviars continue to be diffused in Mali and in the high rainfall region of Niger. 9

10 and ICRISAT research support over the last five years. Moreover, in the cotton zone the focus of development attention is on the new Bt cotton and the high yields of maize cultivars and hybrids. In our pilot program in Burkina there should ve been more initial effort to identify and focus field activities on the more marginal cotton regions where both cotton and maize are more subject to rainfall variation The other components of our pilot program especially the introduction of new marketing practices and the development of the farmers associations are now known. Many of these associations ve split into smaller units. So even if the funding and several associations remain, they ve lost this dynamic incentive from the new agricultural technology. A successful new technology introduction drives this process of improving storage and marketing In contrast with Mali the farmers associations ve not cnged very much their level of the marketing cin to which they sell except to ndle directly the collection functions. Increasing interest in the marketing activity will occur once the farmer associations get back to a higher yielding cultivar. Then marketing performance becomes much more important. References Abdoulaye, T., J.H. Sanders and B. Ouendeba, 200. Evaluation of Sorghum and Millet Technology and Market Strategy Introduction: Crop year, INTSORMIL Bulletin No Lincoln Ne 22 pages Baquedano, F., J.H. Sanders, and J. Vitale, 20. Increasing Incomes of Malian Farmers: Is Elimination of US Subsides the Only Solution? Agricultural Systems, 3: Coulibaly, Jeanne, 20. Evaluation des Technologies de Production et de Commercialisation du Sorgho et du Mil dans le Cadre du Projet IERINTSORMIL/Mali, Campagne Agricola Bulletin IERINTSORMIL n, Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, 36 pages. Coulibaly, J. J.H. Sanders, P. Preckel, and T. Baker, 20 Will Cotton Make a Comeback in West AfricaMali? Agricultural Economics, 46:5367 Coulibaly, Jeanne, Gautam Kumaraswamy and John H. Sanders, 2013.Economic Impact of Sorghum and Millet Technologies in Mali Agricultural Campaign, 2011, Bulletin IERINTSORMIL n 11, Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, 31 pages. Table A1. Cracteristics of the Participating Farmers Associations in the Bobo (Cotton Zone) Region, Zones : Cotton zone Traditional Production System No 1. Kouakale Area () First year Members Reimbursement sacks sacks sacks Maize : 1.5 Sésame : 1 Red sorghum 1 Sariasso 11 :2,5

11 (5 sacks/) Sorghum Price (ASS.) Inorganic Fertilizer/ (unsubsidized) a Organic Fertilizer/ 12,500 f en Mai 3 sacks NPK 20 05; 1 NPK= f en Mai 3 sacks NPK 20 05; (1NPK=17500f) 3 sacks NPK 20 05;1 NPK=17500f 7.5 t/ Cowpeas: 0.25 a No2. Missibougou (part of Kouakale) Area () First year Members Reimbursement Price Inorganic fertilizer/ (unsubsidized) Organic fertilizer/ sacks (5 sacks/) 12,500 fcfa 2 sacks de NPK (20N P 5K) sacks 12,000 fcfa sacks 5.4 tons Cotton : 3.5 Maize : 2 Millet : 2 Sariasso 11 :1 No3. Lena Monemeta Area () First year Members Reimbursement Price Inorganic Fertilizers / (subsidized: Urea=12500 f and NPK=13500f) Organic fertilizer/ No4. Lena : Korodiadi and Relwindi Area () First Year Members Reimbursement Price assoc. sorghum Price individual (sorg) Inorganic fertilizer/ (subsidized) with 4 women 200 sacks (4 sacks/),000 b 2NPK ( ) + 1 Urea 0 (but planted after cotton) sacks 4sac/),000fcfa b 9,000 fcfa 2 NPK ( )+ 1 Urea (4 sack/) 11,000 fcfa 2NPK ( ) + 1 Urea 32 sacs 11,000fcfa 9,000 fcfa 2 NPK ( ) + 1 Urea sacs 2NPK ( ) + 1 Urea 40 sacs 2 NPK ( ) + 1 Urea Cotton : 4 Maize : 5 Sesame : 2 Red sorghum 2 Sariasso 11: 1 Cotton : 3 Maize : 2.5 Millet : 1 Sariasso 11 : 1 Peanuts: 0.25 Cowpeas :

12 Organic fertilizer/ 5.4 tons a. In Kouakale, the unsubsidized NPK (2005) was: 17,500 fcfa. In Lena farmers were able to get the subsidized NPK (142314) at 13,500f/sack and Urea at 12,500 f/sack. DAP is (1460) and Urea is (460 0) b. Purcsed by SONEGESS, the Burkina agency crged to acquire and distribute cereals to the malnourished. Table A2.Interviews with Farmers associations on the Central Plateau (Febuary 20) Zone of Korsimoro Traditional Production System No 1. Relwende 2009 Area () ICSV Members Reimbursement Yields (sacks/) Price/sack Inorganic fertilizer/ Subsidized : Urea 12,500f ; NPK=13,500f Organic fertilizer/ 24 1,000 fcfa 3 T with zai 6 T without zai ,000 fcfa 2NPK (142314) + 1 Urea 3 T with zai 6 T without zai DAP + 1 Urea 3 T with zai 6 T without zai Maize: ¼ ½ Millet: ½ 1 Sesame: ½ 1 Sorghum: ICSV: 1 5 Local Sorghum: ½ 1 Peanuts ¼ 1 Cowpea: ½ 1 Upland rice: ¼ ½ No2. Nabouswende Area () First year Members Reimbursement total Price/sack Inorganic fertilizer/ Organic fertilizer/ sacks 1,000 fcfa sacks 1,000 fcfa 3 T with zai 6 T without zai sacks 1 DAP+1 Urea 3 T with zai 6 T without zai 12

13 No3. Tegwende Area () First Year Members Reimbursement total Price (fcfa)/sack Inorganic fertilizer/ (subsidized : Urea f et NPK=13500f) sacks 1, , DAP + 1 Urea Organic fertilizer/ 3 T with zai 6 T without zai 3 T with zai 6 T without zai 3 T with zai 6 T without zai No 4. Wendwaoga Area () First Year Members Reimbursement Price/sack association Inorganic Fertilizers/ (subsidized) , , DAP + 1 Urea Organic fertilizers/ 3 T with Zai 6 T without Zai 3 T with Zai 6 T without Zai Zone de Pissila Systèmes de production No 1. Tegwende Area () First Year Members Rembursement Price/sack paid by association Inorganic fertilizer/ (subsidized) Fumure organique/ 2011 Reimbursed in cash No sale Reimbursed in cash No sale 2 NPK ( ) + 1 Urea 1.75 t 1.75 t Maïze: ¼ Millet : 1 2 Sesame : 1 Sorghum Kapelga : 14 Peanuts : ¼ 1 Cowpea: 1 13

14 No 2. Namanegb Area () First Year Members Rembursement Price/sack paid by association Inorganic fertilizer/ (subsidized) 2013 Crédit reimbursed in cash No sale This farmers association was not financed by the project. Farmers imitated the farmers association implementing the project activities. Organic fertilizer/ No 3. Sougrimane Area () First Year Members Rembursement Price/sack paid by association Inorganic fertilizer/ (subsidized) 1.5 t 2013 Sold cowpeas to reimburse credit No sale 1.5 t This farmers association was not financed by the project. Farmers imitated the farmers association implementing the project activities Organic fertilizer/ 2.25 t 2.25 t 14