Probing light emission at the nanoscale with cathodoluminescence Brenny, B.J.M.

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1 UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Probing light emission at the nanoscale with cathodoluminescence Brenny, B.J.M. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Brenny, B. J. M. (2016). Probing light emission at the nanoscale with cathodoluminescence General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam ( Download date: 01 Jan 2018

2 PROBING LIGHT EMISSION AT THE NANOSCALE WITH PROBING LIGHT EMISSION AT THE NANOSCALE WITH Benjamin Brenny 2016 Benjamin Brenny 2016 ISBN: ISBN: PROBING PROBINGLIGHT LIGHTEMISSION EMISSION AT ATTHE THENANOSCALE NANOSCALEWITH WITH Invitation Invitation to the to the public public defense defense of the of the doctoral doctoral thesis: thesis: PROBING PROBING LIGHT LIGHT EMISSION EMISSION AT AT THE THE NANOSCALE NANOSCALE WITH WITH on Thursday on Thursday June June 16, 16, at 10:00 at 10:00 in the in the Agnietenkapel, Agnietenkapel, Oudezijds Oudezijds Voorburgwal Voorburgwal 231,231, Amsterdam. Amsterdam. TheThe defense defense willwill be be followed followed by aby reception. a reception. Benjamin Benjamin Brenny Brenny bjmbrenny27@gmail.com bjmbrenny27@gmail.com Paranymphs: Paranymphs: Toon Toon Coenen Coenen PaulPaul Grandjean Grandjean Benjamin Benjamin J. J. M.M. Brenny Brenny

3 PROBING LIGHT EMISSION AT THE NANOSCALE WITH

4 Cover image: The front shows the measured polarized angular emission distribution radiated by a vertical indium phosphide nanowire, with the number of rings dictated by the length of the nanowire (3D design by Henk-Jan Boluijt). The back shows the calculated angle-dependent time evolution of transition radiation emitted by an electron impinging on a metallic surface (top image), and a cathodoluminescence excitation map of a silicon photonic crystal waveguide measured at a free space wavelength of λ 0 =1425 nm (bottom image). Ph.D. Thesis University of Amsterdam, June 2016 Probing light emission at the nanoscale with cathodoluminescence Benjamin Joseph Maarten Brenny ISBN A digital version of this thesis can be downloaded from

5 PROBING LIGHT EMISSION AT THE NANOSCALE WITH Meten van lichtemissie op de nanoschaal met kathodeluminescentie ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op donderdag 16 juni 2016 te 10:00 uur door Benjamin Joseph Maarten Brenny geboren te Amsterdam

6 Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. dr. A. Polman Universiteit van Amsterdam Overige Leden: Prof. dr. M. Kociak Université Paris Sud Prof. dr. ir. O. J. Luiten Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Prof. dr. H. B. van Linden van den Heuvell Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. dr. W. C. Sinke Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. dr. F. E. Schreck Universiteit van Amsterdam Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Informatica This work is part of the research program of the Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), which is financially supported by the Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO). It is also funded by NanoNextNL, a nanotechnology program funded by the Dutch ministry of economic affairs, and the European Research Council (ERC).

7 Contents 1 Introduction Light A short history of light Nanophotonics The electron Light from electrons: cathodoluminescence Cathodoluminescence processes Electron-matter interactions Outline of this thesis 23 2 Angle-resolved cathodoluminescence imaging polarimetry and spectroscopy Cathodoluminescence in a scanning electron microscope Optical setup Scanning cathodoluminescence spectroscopy Visible spectral range Near infrared (NIR) spectral range System response Angle-resolved cathodoluminescence imaging Polarimetry Pinhole scanner 33 3 Femtosecond plasmon and photon wave packets excited by a highenergy electron on a metal or dielectric surface Introduction Electron external field An electron impinging on a planar surface Surface plasmon polaritons Transition radiation Conclusions 55 5

8 Contents 3.7 Supporting information Full time, frequency and material dependence of SPPs Full comparison of TR for different material/electron parameters Dependence of TR on material permittivity 63 4 Quantifying coherent and incoherent cathodoluminescence in semiconductors and metals Introduction Experiment Results and discussion Conclusions Supporting information 79 5 Angle-resolved cathodoluminescence imaging polarimetry Introduction CL polarimetry CL polarimetry on plasmonic structures CL polarimetry applied to incoherent emitters Conclusions Methods Supporting information Spectral measurements on bullseye Calculation of the Mueller matrices Polarimetry of transition radiation emission Spirals Silicon and GaAs polarimetry 98 6 Azimuthally polarized cathodoluminescence from InP nanowires Introduction Experiment Results and discussion Conclusions Supporting information Directional emission from leaky and guided modes in GaAs nanowires measured by cathodoluminescence Introduction Experiment Nanowire waveguide modes CL polarimetry Directional emission Conclusions Methods 124 6

9 Contents 7.8 Supporting information Additional nanowires HE11 mode Influence of the substrate Nanoscale optical tomography with cathodoluminescence spectroscopy Introduction Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and 2D imaging D reconstruction of monochromatic cathodoluminescence Spectroscopic cathodoluminescence tomography Conclusions Methods Supporting information Nanocrescent mode simulations Cathodoluminescence signal at high energies Boundary element method simulations of cathodoluminescence Electron-sample interaction simulations Reconstructed crescent geometry Effect of substrate on crescent tilt-series Step-by-step cathodoluminescence reconstruction Cathodoluminescence tomogram at high energy Cathodoluminescence tilt-series reconstruction and reprojection Purcell factor calculations Near-infrared spectroscopic cathodoluminescence imaging polarimetry on silicon photonic crystal waveguides Introduction Experiment Near-infrared spatially-resolved cathodoluminescence Spectroscopic polarimetry Conclusions Methods Supporting information Reproducibility for different geometrical parameters Input waveguide and short NIR-wavelength measurements TM polarized calculations Implementation of spectroscopic polarimetry Polarization of the even and odd waveguide modes 185 References 189 Scientific summary 207 7

10 Contents Wetenschappelijke samenvatting 211 Résumé scientifique 215 Layperson s summary 219 Samenvatting voor allen 223 Résumé pour tous 227 List of publications 231 Acknowledgements 233 About the author 237 8