Organic Pesticides The science behind their efficacy
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- Felicia Fleming
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1 Organic Pesticides The science behind their efficacy
2 Pesticide modes of action Preventative* Feeding Egg laying Spore and seed germination Curative Suffocation Starvation Disruption of biochemical and/or physiological processes *must be able to predict
3 Preventative - feeding Odor Taste Repellant Fear-inducing Irritant Repellent Touch Oily Gritty
4 Preventative egg laying & germination Prevent insect egg laying Make surface inaccessible Make surface unpleasant Prevent fungal spore germination Make surface inaccessible Change surface chemistry
5 Suffocation Curative Cover surfaces or clog pores Starvation Digestive system poisons Disruption Cuticle abrasion Growth and development Enzyme poisoning Neurotoxin
6 Study parameters Compiled information from scientific databases Included only materials certified as organic through OMRI (Organic Materials Review Institute) Focus on materials with potential, practical use for landscapes and gardens
7 OMRI website
8 Crop Pest, Weed, and Disease Control pages l_pdf/crops_category.pdf
9 Pesticide realities Pesticide registration does not include product efficacy testing Success in lab testing does not guarantee success in the field
10 Key to symbols Robust science behind use Research results are mixed Research does not support use in study context Research does not support use
11 Inorganic chemicals Boric acid Copper (fixed and sulfate) Diatomaceous earth Ferric phosphate (iron EDTA) Hydrogen peroxide Kaolin Lime sulfur (calcium polysulfide) Potassium bicarbonate Potassium silicate Sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate (sodium percarbonate) Sodium chloride Sulfur
12 Organic chemicals Citric acid Limonene Oils (no biological activity) Peracetic acid Soap (sodium lauryl sulfate) Sucrose octanoate ester Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
13 Botanical derivatives Azadirachtin Castor oil Cinnamon oil Garlic Pyrethrum (aka pyrethrins) Rosemary oil Sesame oil Thyme oil Black pepper oil Cedar oil Clove oil Peppermint oil Reynoutria extract Sabadilla Soapbark tree extract Wintergreen oil
14 Biocontrol organisms Bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bacillus subtilis Bacillus thuriengensis Chromobacterium subtsugae Paenibacillus popilliae Pantoea agglomerans Pseudomonas spp. Streptomyces acidiscabies no research Streptomyces griseoviridis Streptomyces lydicus
15 Biocontrol organisms Fungi and related species Beauveria bassiana Coniothyrium minitans Gliocladium catenulatum Gliocladium virens Myrothecium verrucaria Nosema locustae Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Paecilomyces lilacinus Pythium oligandrum Trichoderma harzianum Ulocladium oudemansii
16 Biocontrol organisms Nematodes Steinernema carpocapse Steinernema glaseri Virus sprays Coddling moth granulosis virus Helicoverpa zea single capsid NPV Spodoptera exigua NPV
17 Biological products Animal Blood (dried) Coyote/fox urine Egg solids (putrescent) Pheromones Microbial (bacterial) Rhamnolipid biosurfactants Spinosad Streptomycin sulfate Tetracycline
18 Bactericides Pantoea agglomerans Pseudomonas spp. Streptomycin sulfate Tetracycline
19 Fungicides Boric acid Copper Kaolin Neem Oils (physical) Potassium bicarbonate Reynoutria Soap/saponins Sulfur/lime sulfur
20 Fungal antagonists Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilus Coniothyrium minitans Gliocladium catenulatum Gliocladium virens Myrothecium verrucaria Pythium oligandrum Streptomyces griseoviridis Streptomyces lydicus Trichoderma harzianum Ulocladium oudemansii
21 Herbicides Myrothecium verrucaria Oils (physical) Reynoutria Soap/saponins
22 Insecticides Azadirachtin/neem Boric acid Diatomaceous earth Kaolin Neem Oils (physical) Pheromones Pyrethrum Sabadilla Soap/saponins Spinosad Sucrose octanoate ester
23 Insecticides Bacillus thuriengensis Beauveria bassiana Chromobacterium subtsugae Coddling moth GV Paenibacillus popilliae Nosema locustae Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Steinernema carpocapse Steinernema glaseri
24 Other pesticides Molluscicide - Ferric phosphate Nematicide - Paecilomyces lilacinus (recently renamed Purpureocillium) Rodenticide Vitamin D3
25 Deterring browsers Modes of action Neophobia (meat and bone meal) rapid habituation when feeding pressure is high Conditioned aversion (addition of chemicals such as thiram that cause gastric upset) Irritation (capsaicin) Flavor modification (blood meal)
26 Effective against deer when added directly to foliage (flavor modification) Can be phytotoxic Blood Ineffective against rabbits
27 Coyote/fox urine Coyote urine effective against deer, mountain beaver, and possum browsing inconsistent against rodents Fox urine effective against gray squirrels Urine from non-predators ineffective Diet composition important for the repellency of predator odors
28 Putrescent egg solids Limited effectiveness against elk (5 weeks) Limited effectiveness against deer Limited effectiveness against cattle (3 weeks) Most effective when browsing intensity is low
29 Essential oils Black pepper Cedar Clove Garlic Peppermint Thyme Cinnamon Limonene Rosemary Wintergreen
30 Essential oils Volatile, so short-lived in landscape Work best in enclosed areas, like beehives Can be phytotoxic Generally not cost effective
31 Popular mixed essential oil products blending extracts does not ensure enhanced biological activity. numerous plant-derived essential oil products have not been subject to rigorous evaluation. Products vary in their effectiveness against certain arthropod pests and are phytotoxic.
32 Phytotoxic oils Species-specific Too much applied Temperature too high Test first!
33 Potential drawbacks big and small Broad spectrum pesticides can kill beneficials, other non-target organisms More frequent application often needed Pests can develop resistance Some products phytotoxic
34
35 Organic Pesticides: Reviewing the Science Behind their Efficacy CF A,U,T,M,L,Bs
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