Introduction to biopesticides

Transcription

1 Introduction to biopesticides

2 IPM sustainable crop protection Nema todes Insect Fungi Agroecosystem Macroorganisms Microorgs Bact. Virus Monitoring IPM IPM Biopesticides Phero mones Semiochems Crop botany Synthetic Chemical pesticides Botanicals

3 $ billion Biopesticide markets Year Market annual growth: biopesticides 15%, conventional chemical pesticides 3% Global market = $1.3 billion in To reach $3.2 billion by 2017

4 Biopesticides EU active substances Updated October 2014* Insect Fungi Weeds Nematodes Other Micro-organism Bt Micro-organism non-bt 11 (2) 24 (9) Botanical 5 (2) Semio-chemical 28 (2) Other Total 61 (6) 32 (9) * Definition of biopesticide not fixed so approximate numbers only 106 (15) = 121 Figures in bracket = pending

5 What are biological control agents or biopesticides?

6 Biological control agents - biopesticides Crop protection products derived from the flora and fauna No fixed global or EU definition Macroorganisms natural enemies, nematodes Semio-chemicals - pheromones Botanicals - plant derived compounds such as plant extracts, Microbials - micro-organism based products

7 Macrobial/Invertebrate Control Agents Predators Parasitoids Nematodes

8 Registration exempted biopesticide products in the UK Active Substance Product Name Type of product Target(s) Steinernema feltiae Nemasys Entompathogenic nematode Sciarids, leafminer, WFT Steinernema kraussei Nemasys L Entompathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis Nemasys H Entompathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis Lavanem Entompathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis Nemasys H Entompathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocasae Nemasys C Entompathogenic nematode Vine weevil Vine weevil Vine weevil Grubs Codling moth Steinernema carpocasae Nemasys C Entompathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae Capsanem Entompathogenic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Nemaslug slug parasitic nematode Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 Hylobius sp., Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Slugs Trianum Micro-organism Soil diseases

9 Registration-exempt biopesticide products

10 Biological control agents - biopesticides Crop protection products derived from the flora and fauna No fixed global or EU definition Macroorganisms natural enemies, nematodes Semio-chemicals - pheromones Botanicals - plant derived compounds such as plant extracts, Microbials - micro-organism based products

11 Semio-chemicals Semio-chemicals Pheromones are semiochemicals that modify the behaviour of other individuals of the same species Semio-chemicals chemicals emitted by plants, animals, and other organisms - and synthetic analogues of such substances - that evoke a behavioural or physiological response in individuals of the same or other species Delta Trap in Olive Tree

12 Semio-chemicals SCLP s Straight-chained lepidopteran pheromones (SCLPs) unbranched aliphatics having a chain of 9-18 carbons, containing < 3 double bonds, ending in an alcohol, acetate or aldehyde functional group. This structural definition encompasses the majority of known pheromones produced by insects in the order Lepidoptera, which includes butterflies and moths.

13 Semio-chemicals The Principle of Mating Disruption Pheromones are released to interfere with the ability of male insects to locate females of the same species, thereby disrupting mating and controlling the damage to crops inflicted by the hatching larvae.

14 Semio-chemicals Selibate CS Control of Chilo suppressalis in rice devices/ha applied once Lasts 3-4 months Matrix Systems for Controlled Release Frustrate PBW Control of Pink Bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella in cotton 250 devices/ha applied once Lasts 3-4 months

15 Semio-chemicals Reservoir Systems for Controlled Release of Pheromones timed released formulations

16 Semio-chemicals Other Control Strategies using Semiochemicals Lure and Kill Again a simple concept: bring the insects to the insecticide and not the insecticide to the insect Key again is to attract females Mass Trapping Simple Concept: trap as many insects as you can Key is to attract and trap females Kairomones becoming increasingly important Both techniques can be integrated with other techniques for IPM

17 Semio-chemicals UK Active Substance Product Name Type of product Target(s) 8,10-dodecandien-1-01 Exosex CM Biorational Mites, aphids, whitefly

18 Biological control agents - biopesticides Crop protection products derived from the flora and fauna No fixed global or EU definition Macroorganisms natural enemies, nematodes Semio-chemicals - pheromones Botanicals - plant derived compounds such as plant extracts, Microbials - micro-organism based products

19 What are plant derived pesticides or botanicals? Orange Clove Cymbopogon sp. Thyme Garlic Spearmint Tagetes sp.

20 What are botanicals? From the EU Botanical Guidance document (rev. 8) A 'botanical' active substance: obtained by subjecting plants or parts of plants to a process such as pressing, milling, crushing, distillation and/or extractions. The process may include further concentration, purification and/or blending, provided that the chemical nature of the components is not intentionally modified/altered by chemical and/or microbial processes. The plants are live or dried plants or parts of plants, including fruits and seeds but excluding genetically modified plants.

21 Botanicals etc. UK Active Substance Product Name Type of product Target(s) Maltodextrin Eradicoat Biorational Mites, aphids, whitefly Maltodextrin Majestik Biorational Mites, aphids, whitefly Fatty Acids Savona Fatty Acids Whitefly, thrips, mite, aphids Laminarin Vacciplant Plant extract Cereal diseases Citronella oil Barrier H Plant extract Herbicide Garlic concentrate Eagle Green Care Plant extract Free living nematodes

22 Biological control agents - biopesticides Crop protection products derived from the flora and fauna No fixed global or EU definition Macroorganisms natural enemies, nematodes Semio-chemicals - pheromones Botanicals - plant derived compounds such as plant extracts, Microbials - micro-organism based products

23 Micro-organism biopesticides Cydia pomonella granulosis virus Trichoderma harzianum Isaria fumosoroseus Bacillus firmus Clonostachys rosea Coniothyrium minitans Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus subtilis Gliocladium catenulatum Lecanicillium lecanii Metarhizium anisopliae Trichoderma asperellum Pasteuria penetrans Fusarium oxysporum Ampelomyces quisqualis Beauveria bassiana

24 Trichoderma spp. Microbial biofungicides MoA Bacillus subtilis

25 Microbial bioinsecticides MoA Entomopathogenic fungi

26 Baculoviruses MoA

27 Microbial Biopesticide production

28 Microbial Biopesticide production

29 Micro-organism bioinsecticides/nematicides UK Active Substance Product Name Target(s) Adoxophyes orana gv Capex Summer fruit tortrix Bacillus firmis strain I-1582 Flocter Free-living nematodes Bacillus subtilis strain QST713 Serenade ASO Botrytis spp. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis strain AM65-52 Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki strain ABST351 Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki strain EG2348 Beauveria bassiana strain ATCC74040 Vectobac 12AS DiPel DF Lepinox Plus Naturalis-L Chironomid larvae Lepidoptera pests Lepidoptera pests Whitefly, thrips, spidermite Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus Carpovirusine Codling moth Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus Cyd-X and Cyd-X Extra Codling moth Lecanicillium muscarium strain V-6* Mycotal Whitefly, thrips, scale Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 Met 52 Granular Black vine weevil * Not yet marketed in UK

30 Micro-organism biofungicides etc. UK Active Substance Product Name Target(s) Ampelomyces quisqualis strain M10 AQ10 Powdery mildew Bacillus subtilis strain QST713 Serenade ASO Botrytis spp. Candida oleophila strain O Nexy1 Post harvest diseases Coniothyrium minitans strain CON/M/91-08 Contans WG Sclerotinia spp. Gliocladium catenulatum strain J1446 (new species name Clonostachys rosea) Prestop Botrytis, soft rots Lecanicillium muscarium strain V-6* Mycotal Whitefly, thrips, scale Peniophora gigantea PG Suspension PGR Streptomyces griseoviridis strain K61 Mycostop* Soft rots Trichoderma atroviridae strain T34 T34 Fusarium sp. on dianthus * Not yet marketed in UK

31 Biopesticides plant interactions Production of alarm compounds to attract predators and parasites of pest herbivores phytohormone stimulation Stimulation of new biosynthesis of phytochemicals terpenoids, phenylpropanoids and fatty-acid derived green leaf volatiles Stimulation of plant defense mechanisms jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Potentially improve ability of plant to withstand environmental stresses. Induction in roots, shoots and leaves treatment of seeds, soil and foliar

32 Microbial Biopesticide application

33 Biopesticides benefits to farmers and growers Efficacy killing target pest Efficacy - yield and quality improvement Host specificity Use in IPM programmes Useful for resistance management Useful for residue management Growers - crop management Worker safety Favourable environmental footprint Use in organic production

34 Exercise Do biopesticides work? What is efficacy? What are the advantages? What are the disdvantages? What effects expected? Impact of interactions with chemical pesticides? How to get the best results?

35 % efficacy Biopesticides efficacy Contans WG CyD-X DiPel DF Exosex CM Majestik Mycotal Naturalis-L Serenade ASO

36 Population Biological control agents programme use Damage threshold Time Biopesticide 2 Biopesticide 1

37 Biopesticides important characteristics Product quality improved formulations Effectiveness: mostly 40-70% 80-90% CONSISTENCY & LIMITATIONS Environmental robustness How it should be used relative to target

38 Biopesticides efficacy Good practice to get good efficacy Timing of application relative to the pest or disease Frequency of application What effect is needed IPM programme Consider application water volumes Consider techniques and equipment

39 Plant Protection Product Registration EU timelines 1107/2009 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year A.S. Dossier Submission Completeness check Rapporteur evaluation DAR completed EFSA comment on DAR EFSA peer review Standing committee vote Positive List (Annex I) Application - zonal product Zonal evaluation Country evaluation Product approval

40 Biopesticide Cost of development Activity $ Millions Research and Development 3-5 Formulation 1-2 Development 2-3 (USA) (ROW) Registration Product launch 1 (USA) 3-10 (ROW) (over > 50 global)

41 Biopesticides -biorationals grey products Registration Exempt Entomopathogenic nematodes Physically acting agents Out of scope for registration Plant strengtheners/growth promoters/stimulants Root symbionts Registered Biopesticides (microorganism, semiochemicals, botanicals) Biorational substances (acetic acid, gibberelins, ferrous sulphate, fatty acids) Grey Products Passing-off of similar microbial agents Claiming plant strengthener or biostimulant but for crop protection use

42 Thank you for your attention