Handbook of Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics

Transcription

1 Handbook of Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics

2

3 Motoichi Ohtsu Editor Handbook of Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics With 732 Figures and 24 Tables

4 Editor Motoichi Ohtsu Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan ISBN ISBN (ebook) ISBN (print and electronic bundle) DOI / Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Preface Recent advances in photonic systems demand drastic increases in the degree of integration of photonic devices for large-capacity, ultrahigh-speed signal transmission and information processing. Device size has to be scaled down to nanometric dimensions to meet this requirement, which will become even more strict in the future. Moreover, the equipment used for fabricating photonic devices must drastically decrease the size of the fabricated patterns in order to achieve ultralarge-scale integrated circuits. However, these requirements cannot be met even if the physical dimensions of material structures are decreased by advanced methods based on nanotechnology. It is also essential to decrease the spatial extent of the electromagnetic field used as a carrier for signal transmission, processing, and fabrication. Reducing the electromagnetic field to dimensions beyond the diffraction limit of propagating field is possible by using optical near fields. Nano-optics deals with the light generated in or on nanometer-sized particles. The concepts have been applied to open up an innovative field of technology nanophotonics allowing the development of novel photonic devices, fabrication techniques, and systems. Nanophotonics, proposed by the author in 1993, is a novel optical technology that exploits the unique properties of the optical near-field or dressed photon. The interest in nanophotonics is due not only to its ability to meet the above requirements but also to its qualitative innovations in photonic devices, fabrication techniques, energy conversion, and information processing systems by utilizing the novel functions and phenomena made possible by optical near-field interactions, which are otherwise impossible with conventional propagating light. Based on interdisciplinary studies involving condensed-matter physics, optical science, and quantum field theory, nano-materials and optical energy transfer in the nanometric regime have been extensively studied in the last two decades. Through these studies, novel dressed photon theories have been developed, and a variety of novel phenomena have been found. The results of this basic research have been applied to develop nanometer-sized photonic devices, nanometer-resolution fabrication techniques, highly efficient energy conversion, and novel information processing, resulting in qualitative innovations. Furtheradvancementin these areas is expected to create novel optical sciences in the nanometric domain, which will spur further progress in nanophotonics that will help to support the sustainable development of people s lives all over the world. v

6 vi Preface This unique text Handbook of Nano-optics and Nanophotonics has been published to review the results of advanced studies in the field of nanophotonics and covers the most recent topics of theoretical and experimental interest in relevant fields. It is composed of six parts, and the chapters in these parts are written by leading scientists in the relevant field. Thus, this handbook will provide high-quality scientific and technical information to scientists, engineers, and students who are or will be engaged in nanophotonics research. Each chapter originally appeared in the monograph series Progress in Nano-Electro-Optics I VII and Progress in Nanophotonics I (edited by M. Ohtsu, published in the Springer Series in Optical Science). The content of each original article has been revised, expanded, and updated for inclusion in this handbook. I am grateful to Dr. C. Ascheron of Springer-Verlag for his guidance and suggestions throughout the preparation of this handbook. This handbook is published with the support of Prof. T. Yatsui of the University of Tokyo, an associate editor. I hope that this handbook will be a valuable resource for readers and future specialists in nanophotonics. April 2013 Motoichi Ohtsu Tokyo, Japan

7 About the Editor Motoichi Ohtsu Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Motoichi Ohtsu received his Dr. Eng. degree in Electronics Engineering from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, in He was first appointed as research associate, then as associate professor, and finally as professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. From 1986 to 1987, while on leave from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, he joined the Crawford Hill Laboratory, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, New Jersey, USA. In 2004, he moved to the University of Tokyo as a professor. He has been the leader of the Photon Control project ( : the Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan), the Localized Photon project ( : ERATO, JST, Japan), the Terabyte Optical Storage Technology project ( : NEDO, Japan), the Near Field Optical Lithography System project ( : Ministry of Education, Japan), the Nanophotonics team ( : SORST, JST, Japan), the Innovative Nanophotonics Components Development project ( : NEDO, Japan), and the Nanophotonics Total Expansion: Industry-University Cooperation and Human Resource Development project ( : NEDO, Japan). vii

8 viii About the Editor Dr. Ohtsu has written over 470 papers and received 83 patents. He is the author, co-author, and editor of 62 books, including 27 in English. In 2000, he was appointed as President of the IEEE LEOS Japan Chapter. From 2000, he has been an executive director of the Japan Society of Applied Physics. His main field of interests are the nanophotonics and dressed photon technology. Dr. Ohtsu is a fellow of the Optical Society of America and a fellow of the Japan Society of Applied Physics. He is also a tandem member of the Science Council of Japan. He has been awarded 14 prizes from academic institutions, including the Issac Koga Gold Medal of URSI in 1984; the Japan IBM Science Award in 1988; two awards from the Japan Society of Applied Physics in 1982 and 1990; the Inoue Science Foundation Award in 1999; the Japan Royal Medal with a Purple Ribbon from the Japanese Government in 2004; the H. Inoue Award from JST in 2005; the Distinguished Achievement Award from the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineering of Japan in 2007; and the Julius Springer Prize for Applied Physics in 2009.

9 Contents Volume 1 1 Introduction... 1 Motoichi Ohtsu Part I Principle and Theoretical Background :::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 2 Classical Theory of Optical Near Field Itsuki Banno 3 Optical Near-Field Interactions and Yukawa Potential Kiyoshi Kobayashi, Suguru Sangu, and Motoichi Ohtsu 4 A Phenomenological Description of Optical Near Fields and Optical Properties of N Two-Level Systems Interacting with Optical Near Fields Akira Shojiguchi, Kiyoshi Kobayashi, Suguru Sangu, Kazuo Kitahara, and Motoichi Ohtsu 5 Theory and Principles of Operation of Nanophotonic Functional Devices Suguru Sangu, Kiyoshi Kobayashi, Akira Shojiguchi, Tadashi Kawazoe, and Motoichi Ohtsu 6 Quantum Description of Optical Near Fields Including Vibrational Degrees of Freedom Kiyoshi Kobayashi, Yuji Tanaka, Tadashi Kawazoe, and Motoichi Ohtsu Part II Basic Tools :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Near-Field Optical Fiber Probes and the Applications I Shuji Mononobe ix

10 x Contents 8 Near-Field Optical Fiber Probes and the Applications II Takashi Yatsui and Motoichi Ohtsu 9 Near-Field Optical Head Technology for High-Density, Near-Field Optical Recording Takuya Matsumoto Part III Sensing and Spectroscopy::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Nano-optical Imaging and Spectroscopy of Single Semiconductor Quantum Constituents Toshiharu Saiki 11 Optical Interaction of Light with Semiconductor Quantum-Confined States at the Nanoscale Toshiharu Saiki 12 Recombination Dynamics in In x Ga 1 x N-Based Nanostructures Yoichi Kawakami, Akio Kaneta, Kunimichi Omae, Yukio Narukawa, and Takashi Mukai 13 Near-Field Optical Microscopy of Plasmonic Nanostructures Kohei Imura and Hiromi Okamoto 14 Luminescent Nanomaterials for Molecular-Specific Cellular Imaging Andrei Vasilyevich Zvyagin, Zhen Song, Annemarie Nadort, Varun Kumaraswamy Annayya Sreenivasan, and Sergey Mikhailovich Deyev Volume 2 Part IV Devices, Fabricated Structures, and Relevant Materials :::::: Integration and Evaluation of Nanophotonic Devices Using Optical Near Field Takashi Yatsui, Wataru Nomura, Gyu-Chul Yi, and Motoichi Ohtsu 16 Properties of Optical Near-Field Excitation Transfers in Randomly Distributed Spherical Quantum Dots Wataru Nomura, Takashi Yatsui, and Motoichi Ohtsu 17 Ultrahigh-Density Storage Media for Near-Field Optical Recording Hiroyuki Hieda, Katsuyuki Naito, Takashi Ishino, Kuniyoshi Tanaka, Masatoshi Sakurai, Yoshiyuki Kamata, Seiji Morita, Akira Kikitsu, and Koji Asakawa

11 Contents xi 18 Temperature-Induced and Photo-Induced Phase Transition in a Bistable Metal-Cyanide Polymer Hiroko Tokoro and Shin-ichi Ohkoshi 19 Photoinduced Energy Transfer in Artificial Photosynthetic Systems Hiroshi Imahori and Tomokazu Umeyama 20 Growth and Electro-Magneto-Optics of Oxide Quantum Structures Based on ZnO Hiroaki Matsui and Hitoshi Tabata 21 Self-Formation of Semiconductor Quantum Dots Koichi Yamaguchi 22 Simple Approaches for Constructing Metallic Nanoarrays on a Solid Surface Hidenobu Nakao Part V Nanophotonic Systems ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Nanophotonic Systems Based on Localized and Hierarchical Optical Near-Field Processes Makoto Naruse 24 Probe-Free Nanophotonic Systems: Macroscale Applications Based on Nanophotonics Naoya Tate, Makoto Naruse, and Motoichi Ohtsu Part VI Related Basic Sciences :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Momentum Modulation of Electrons in Optical Near-Fields Jongsuck Bae, Ryo Ishikawa, and Koji Mizuno 26 Deflecting and Detecting Atoms with Near-Field Lights Haruhiko Ito 27 Laser Desorption and Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using Plasmonic Substrates Lee Chuin Chen, Hirokazu Hori, and Kenzo Hiraoka Index

12

13 Contributors Koji Asakawa Organic Materials Laboratory, Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan Jongsuck Bae Department of Engineering Physics, Electronics and Mechanics, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan Itsuki Banno Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Lee Chuin Chen Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Sergey Mikhailovich Deyev Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Hiroyuki Hieda Storage Materials & Devices Laboratory, Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan Kenzo Hiraoka Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Hirokazu Hori Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Hiroshi Imahori Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Kohei Imura Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Tokyo, Japan Ryo Ishikawa Department of Communication Engineering and Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro- Communications, Chofu, Japan xiii

14 xiv Contributors Takashi Ishino Storage Materials & Devices Laboratory, Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan Haruhiko Ito Department of Electronics and Applied Physics, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan Yoshiyuki Kamata Storage Materials & Devices Laboratory, Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan Akio Kaneta Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Yoichi Kawakami Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Tadashi Kawazoe School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Akira Kikitsu Storage Materials & Devices Laboratory, Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan Kazuo Kitahara Graduate School of Science Education, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan Kiyoshi Kobayashi Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan Hiroaki Matsui School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Takuya Matsumoto Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Koji Mizuno Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Seiji Morita Storage Materials & Devices Laboratory, Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan Shuji Mononobe Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan Takashi Mukai Nichia Corporation, Tokushima, Japan Annemarie Nadort Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Katsuyuki Naito Storage Materials & Devices Laboratory, Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan Hidenobu Nakao Ion Beam Group, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan Yukio Narukawa Nichia Corporation, Tokushima, Japan

15 Contributors xv Makoto Naruse Photonic Network Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan Nanophotonics Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Wataru Nomura School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Nanophotonics Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Shin-ichi Ohkoshi Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Motoichi Ohtsu School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Nanophotonics Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Hiromi Okamoto Institute for Molecular Science, Aichi, Japan The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Aichi, Japan Kunimichi Omae Nichia Corporation, Tokushima, Japan Toshiharu Saiki Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan Masatoshi Sakurai Storage Materials & Devices Laboratory, Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan Suguru Sangu Device Technology Development Center, Ricoh Co., Ltd, Miyagi, Japan Akira Shojiguchi Green Platform Research Laboratories, NEC Corp., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan Zhen Song MQ Biofocus Research Centre and MQ Photonics Research Centre, Macquarie University, Australia Varun Kumaraswamy Annayya Sreenivasan MQ Biofocus Research Centre and MQ Photonics Research Centre, Macquarie University, Australia Nanophotonics Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Hitoshi Tabata School of Engineering, Department of Electronic Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Kuniyoshi Tanaka Storage Materials & Devices Laboratory, Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan Yuji Tanaka Steel Research Laboratory, JFE Steel Corporation, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan Naoya Tate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Nanophotonics Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Hiroko Tokoro Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

16 xvi Contributors Tomokazu Umeyama Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Koichi Yamaguchi Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan Takashi Yatsui School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Nanophotonics Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Gyu-Chul Yi Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea National Creative Research Institute, Center for Semiconductor Nanostructure, Seoul, Korea Andrei Vasilyevich Zvyagin MQ Biofocus Research Centre and MQ Photonics Research Centre, Macquarie University, Australia