An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics

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1 An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics Wolfgang Freude Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics (IPQ), University of Karlsruhe, Germany Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IPQ) The 90th OSA Annual Meeting Frontiers in Optics 2006 / Laser Science XXII October 8 12, 2006, Rochester (NY), USA

2 The Beginning of All Maxwell s equations Transverse waves Longitudinal waves Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 1

3 Maxwell s Equations Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 2

4 Formal Wave Solutions without External Excitation Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 3

5 Longitudinal (Compressional) Waves Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 4

6 Why Does a Local Charge Perturbation Not Propagate? Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 5

7 Outline Plasma density oscillation Electron density perturbation Plasma frequency and dispersion diagram Modeling the dielectric constant Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric constant Dielectric-dielectric interface Boundary conditions Fresnel s formulae. Brewster s angle Dielectric-metal interface Boundary conditions. Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) Dispersion diagram. Characteristic lengths SSP excitation. SNOM visualization Summary Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 6

8 Plasma Density Oscillation for Local Concentration Perturbation Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 7

9 Plasma Density Oscillation (Plasmon). Dispersion Diagram Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 8

10 Outline Plasma density oscillation Electron density perturbation Plasma frequency and dispersion diagram Modeling the dielectric constant Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric constant Dielectric-dielectric interface Boundary conditions Fresnel s formulae. Brewster s angle Dielectric-metal interface Boundary conditions. Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) Dispersion diagram. Characteristic lengths SSP excitation. SNOM visualization Summary Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 9

11 Medium Properties Refractive Index and Dielectric Constant Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 10

12 Free and Bound Charge Carriers Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 11

13 Free Carriers and Dielectric Constant Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 12

14 Free Carriers and Dielectric Constant: Yet Another Approach Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 13

15 Outline Plasma density oscillation Electron density perturbation Plasma frequency and dispersion diagram Modeling the dielectric constant Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric constant Dielectric-dielectric interface Boundary conditions Fresnel s formulae. Brewster s angle Dielectric-metal interface Boundary conditions. Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) Dispersion diagram. Characteristic lengths SSP excitation. SNOM visualization Summary Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 14

16 Dielectric-Dielectric Interface Boundary Conditions Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 15

17 Dielectric-Dielectric Interface Fresnel s Formulae Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 16

18 Outline Plasma density oscillation Electron density perturbation Plasma frequency and dispersion diagram Modeling the dielectric constant Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric constant Dielectric-dielectric interface Boundary conditions Fresnel s formulae. Brewster s angle Dielectric-metal interface Boundary conditions. Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) Dispersion diagram. Characteristic lengths SSP excitation. SNOM visualization Summary Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 17

19 Dielectric-Metal Interface Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 18

20 Dielectric-Metal Interface Plane Wave Ansatz Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 19

21 Dielectric-Metal Interface Boundary Conditions Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 20

22 Surface Plasmon Polariton Condition Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 21

23 Dielectric-Metal Interface Dispersion Relation Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 22

24 SPP Penetration Depths Barnes, W. L.: J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 8 (2006) S87 S93 Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 23

25 SPP Wavelength and Propagation Length Barnes, W. L.: Surface plasmon-polariton length scales: a route to sub-wavelength optics. J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 8 (2006) S87 S93 Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 24

26 Surface Plasmon Polariton Excitation Zayats, A. V.; Smolyaninov, I. I.; Maradudin, A. A.: Nano-optics of surface plasmon polaritons. Physics Reports 408 (2005) Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 25

27 Surface Plasmon Polariton Seen by SNOM Barnes, W. L.; Dereux, A.; Ebbesen, T. W.: Surface plasmon subwavelength optics. Nature 424 (2003) Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 26

28 Outline Plasma density oscillation Electron density perturbation Plasma frequency and dispersion diagram Modeling the dielectric constant Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric constant Dielectric-dielectric interface Boundary conditions Fresnel s formulae. Brewster s angle Dielectric-metal interface Boundary conditions. Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) Dispersion diagram. Characteristic lengths SSP excitation. SNOM visualization Summary Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 27

29 Surface Plasmon Polariton Overview Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 28

30 Surface Plasmon Polariton Boundary Conditions Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 29

31 Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation Results Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 30

32 Surface Plasmon Polariton Summary Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 31

33 Further Reading (1/2) Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 32

34 Further Reading (2/2) Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 33

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