Answers. Unit 1 Cell biology Chapter 1 Cells. Activity 1.1. Activity 1.2

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1 CELLS Answers Unit 1 Cell biology Chapter 1 Cells Activity Structure Cell membrane Type of cell Animal Plant Yeast Bacterial Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell wall Vacuole Chloroplast Plasmid 2. Answers will vary depending on the choice of materials available. 3. Answers will vary but are likely to include the key features of the different cell types. 4. Answers will vary but are likely to include the functions of the key features identified in Question Answers will vary but should include clean and careful diagrams, appropriately labelled. 6. Answers will vary but are likely to include structures and functions identified previously in this activity. 7. Answers will vary but key points to mention include: a title, a source and an opinion. Activity (a) 50 units (b) 125 units 1

2 CELL BIOLOGY Activity Answers will vary depending on the choice of cell, but key points to mention include: a title, labels and a description of the specialist function of the cell. 2. Type of cell Function Description Nerve cell Carries electrical messages Long insulated fibres Root hair cell Absorbs water and minerals Large surface area Red blood cell Transports oxygen Large surface area and no nucleus Sperm cell Swims towards an egg Tiny cell with a tail Palisade cell Photosynthesis Leaf cells which contain many chloroplasts Activity Answers will vary but are likely to include the following: genetic engineering, stem-cell therapy, clinical tests of drugs and medical research. 1. (a) A cell membrane; B cytoplasm; C nucleus 3 (b) 1 C; 2 A; 3 B 2 [1 out of 3 correct = 1 mark; all correct = 2] (c) Chloroplast and cell wall 2 2. (a) Yeast baking bread or brewing beer (alcohol) bacteria cheese or yoghurt 2 (b) 100 units 1 Total 10 2

3 CELL DIVISION Chapter 2 Cell division 1. Activity 2.1 Species Chromosome number in their cells African lion 38 Red kangaroo 16 Oak tree 24 Cabbage plant Key points to mention include: growth and repair. 3. Key points to mention include: production of new unspecialised cells by cell division followed by specialisation and organisation of these cells to replace lost tissues. 4. Models will vary but should include parent and daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes. 5. Key points to mention include: the growth of bacterial colonies from single bacterial cells by cell division. Activity (a) 64 (b) The graph points should be plotted accurately and joined by straight lines, with labelled and evenly scaled axes and labelled origin. Activity Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell division which can produce a mass of cells called a tumour. Cancer cells can break off from the mass of cells and travel to other parts of the body in the bloodstream. 2. Answers will vary depending on the disease chosen but should mention at least three lifestyle choices. 3

4 CELL BIOLOGY 1. (a) Chromosome 1 (b) (i) identical to 1 (ii) identical to 1 2. Cancer cells 1 4. Growth repair replacement regeneration named example 1 Total 6 Chapter 3 DNA function and profiling Activity The human body is made up of cells. Each cell has a nucleus containing genetic information. The genetic information is made of DNA. Some sections of DNA are called genes. Each gene carries instructions for making a protein. 2. Protein group Example Job done by the protein Proteins which make up the body structure Proteins which control body function Bone protein Muscle protein Enzymes Antibodies Makes bones flexible Helps the body move Speed up chemical reactions in cells Help fight infections 3. Student s own answer but should include: title, source, be words long, and express an opinion about trustworthiness. Activity Washing powder. Answers will vary but are likely to include the following: washing powders may contain various enzymes to break down different types of stain, such as proteins, fats and starches. Washing powders containing enzymes work best at moderate temperatures and neutral ph. Enzymes are generally harvested from microorganisms. Apple juice. Answers will vary but are likely to include the following: enzymes are used to break down cell walls, making it easier to squeeze out the juice by mechanical means, and are used to reduce cloudiness. 2. Your plan should include a fully labelled diagram of any apparatus and a brief description of the measurements you will need to take. Think about how you can make your experiment fair you will need to control the amount of blackcurrant juice in each stain, the temperature and agitation of any washes. 4

5 DNA FUNCTION AND PROFILING Activity (a) Each individual has a unique combination of genes. (b) In forensics, DNA samples can be obtained from blood, saliva and skin. This information can be useful in helping the police to solve crimes. (c) Paternity tests can be carried out to confirm a child s biological father. (d) The food industry uses DNA profiling to check that the food labelled on the packet has not been replaced by something else, for example, using horse meat instead of beef to make burgers. (e) Genetic screening can be carried out to assess health risks such as cancer. (f) In archaeology, DNA profiling can be used to identify unknown remains. 2. (a) 1 and 3 (b) Child 2 is only biologically related to the mother. 3. Y 4. Answers will vary but are likely to include the following: an account of what you did and a labelled drawing of the boiling tube containing the extraction fluid, ethanol and fruit DNA. 5. The hair of suspect 2 and the owner was found at the scene/in the shop. The results only show that the suspect may have been in the shop. He may have shopped there or someone could have left a sample of his hair in the shop. Although the DNA evidence is useful, other evidence would also be required. Activity Answers will vary but should include both arguments for and against the question. 2. Answers will vary depending on each student s individual point of view. Students should be able to defend their assessment of each statement being an argument in favour or an argument against. 1. DNA carries the code/instructions for making proteins passes on inherited information/characteristics/genetic information Any one named example, e.g. enzymes, hormones, antibodies, muscle, hair, bones, nails The proteins are enzymes that break down and remove biological stains Any one of: forensics paternity testing assessing health risks food industry. 1 Plus one appropriate benefit such as: to identify a person who may have committed a crime to show the identity of the biological father to assess the chances of developing a certain disease or medical condition such as 5

6 CELL BIOLOGY cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer s to check if meat, fish and other food contents are as labelled Answers will vary but may include one of the following: privacy risks in medical genetic screening there are issues surrounding whether information should be shared with other family members public concerns that the information could be used by employers or insurance companies. 1 Total 6 Chapter 4 DNA, genes and chromosomes Activity (a) The nucleus is the region of a cell where the genetic code is stored. (b) Chromosomes are made of DNA. (c) A gene is a section of DNA that carries the code to make a protein. 2. A 4 B 2 C 5 D 3 E 1 Activity (a) DNA contains the instructions for making proteins. (b) Gene (c) From digested protein in its diet (d) Genes carry the coded instructions for making particular proteins. 2. In the course of this activity, students should realise that DNA has four coding letters (coloured beads in the model) and that each sequence of three code for one amino acid. Activity (a) Any three of: different genders, ages, skin colours, hair colours, or any other sensible difference. (b) They have inherited some of the same DNA from their parents, so they are quite alike but each also has unique DNA which makes them different. (c) Genetic information that is passed on from parents to offspring. 2. Answers will vary depending on the disease chosen but should include rarity, symptoms and treatments. 6

7 THERAPEUTIC USE OF CELLS 1. B 1 2. (a) X gene; Y protein 2 (b) As a code sequence of chemical letters 1 3. (a) Offspring inherit their DNA from their parents. 1 (b) The DNA of a human is unique to the individual. 1 Total 6 Chapter 5 Therapeutic use of cells Activity insulin gene obtained from human cell human insulin gene added to bacterial cell modified bacterial cells culture(d) human insulin extracted and purified 2. (a) 40 Approximate percentage of each age group with diabetes in < Age range (years) (b) As age increases, the percentage of individuals in the population with diabetes increases. (c) Increased level of obesity longer exposure to a high-sugar diet decreased level of exercise in later life increases the risk of developing diabetes. 7

8 CELL BIOLOGY Activity Stem cells are unspecialised cells found in embryos and in adult tissue. They can divide to produce more stem cells which can then become specialised to carry out different functions. 2. (b) Description of organ Examples Flat sheet Tube shaped Hollow sac Solid Skin, cornea Blood vessel, windpipe Bladder, stomach Liver, lung 3. Both therapies use a donor to give cells to a patient. Only bone marrow transplant relies on stem cells. Both therapies use a donor to give cells to a patient. In blood transfusions the donated cells are already specialised, but in bone marrow transplants the donated cells are unspecialised. 4. Answers will vary but are likely to include the following: must be licensed by HFEA (Human Fertilisation and Embryo Authority) must be considered absolutely necessary for research purposes embryos must have been created in vitro/for fertility treatment must have been donated with full consent of parents embryos must be no older than 14 days. 5. Answers will vary but, may include: Cornea transplant the cornea is the clear outer layer at the front of the eyeball; it acts as a window to the eye the cornea helps to focus light rays on to the retina at the back of the eye when damaged, it can become less transparent or change shape and affect vision stem cells from the patient s other (healthy) eye can be isolated they can be cultured in the laboratory and transplanted into the affected eye to repair the damaged cornea this can recover the person s sight Bone marrow transplant used to treat conditions affecting the blood cells such as leukaemia stem cells in transplant are special cells produced by bone marrow that can turn into different types of blood cells 8

9 THERAPEUTIC USE OF CELLS involves taking healthy stem cells from the bone marrow of one person ideally a close family member and transferring them to the patient best chance of getting a match is from a brother or sister if there are no matches in the family a search of the British Bone Marrow Registry can be carried out Skin grafting skin is removed from an unaffected area of the body and used to cover lost or damaged skin general anaesthetic or a local anaesthetic used, depending on the size and location of the affected area graft is held in place using stitches, staples, clips or special glue graft is covered with a sterile dressing until connected with the surrounding blood supply, about 5 7 days a dressing is placed over the area where the skin has been taken from to help protect it from infection it takes 1 2 years for the appearance of the skin to settle down completely 6. Answers will vary but are likely to include the following: argument for, the potential to treat serious conditions and save lives using cells that cannot be obtained in any other way; argument against, the idea that embryos have the same human rights as all people and should be protected. 1. (a) Approximate percentage Age range (years) [Two axes correctly scaled: 1 mark; two axes correctly labelled: 1 mark; bars accurately drawn: 1 mark] 3 (b) As the age of the population increases, the number of people (percentage of population) with diabetes increases B, C, A 1 3. Grafts transplants artificial organs 1 Total 6 9

10 CELL BIOLOGY Chapter 6 Enzymes and their use in industry Activity Enzyme: protein produced by living cells that acts as a biological catalyst Catalyst: a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction Substrate: the substance on which an enzyme works Product: substance made by an enzyme-catalysed reaction Specific: term used to describe an enzyme only being able to work on one particular substance 2. (a) Protein (b) They speed up chemical reactions in living cells. (c) Vital chemical reactions within the living cell would take place too slowly for the cell to survive. (d) They only work on one particular substance. (e) Substrate (f) Product (g) They remain unchanged (in the reactions that they speed up). (h) The breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase breakdown of starch into maltose by amylase. (i) Phosphorylase Activity (a) Starch has been produced. (b) Phosphorylase builds glucose into starch. (c) Row B shows that the phosphorylase did not contain any starch at the start. Row C shows that the glucose does not build up into starch on its own and that it is the phosphorylase which is active. 2. (a) (i) 10 minutes (ii) 21 minutes (iii) 30 minutes (b) The results shown in the graph suggest that starch breaks down to maltose. This is because, as the maltose level increases the starch level decreases. When all the starch has gone, no further maltose is made. 3. Plan should include: a labelled diagram of the apparatus, a method with a suitable control and the measurements to be taken, safety precautions, the variables that must be kept constant, any measures to increase the reliability of the results, and a results table with correct headings and units. 10

11 ENZYMES AND THEIR USE IN INDUSTRY 4. (f) (i) Only catalase can break down hydrogen peroxide catalase is specific to hydrogen peroxide enzymes are specific. (ii) Only one variable was altered important variables were controlled. (iii) Any two from: volume of hydrogen peroxide, volume/drops of detergent, volume of enzymes, time (iv) Any one from: temperature, concentration of solutions (v) Repeat the experiment (vi) Use different/more enzymes Activity (a) To allow a comparison with the volume of juice produced using pectinase to show the effect of using pectinase. (b) Any two from: type of apple, method of pulping apple, time, temperature, type of filter paper used (c) As the volume of pectinase increased, the volume of apple juice collected increased, then levelled off. (d) 2 times (e) 2 cm 3 is the lowest volume of pectinase needed to produce the maximum volume of juice. 2. Key points to mention include: the source of enzymes used in manufacture and their functions. 3. Plan should include: a list or labelled diagram of the apparatus, a method, a suitable control and the measurements to be taken, the variables that must be kept constant, any measures to increase the reliability of the results and a method of recording your results. 4. Answers will vary but should include both pros and cons of using each type of rennet, and a justification of the final choice. 1. They speed up chemical reactions in living organisms Without enzymes reactions would be too slow to maintain life/for survival X: substrate; Y: product 2 4. Break-down reactions give product molecules that are smaller than the substrate. 1 Whereas build-up reactions give product molecules that are larger than the substrate Any two from: production of leather, wine, cheese, yoghurt, soft-centred sweets, baking of bread, brewing of beer, treatment of sewage, tenderising meat, contact-lens cleaners, genetic engineering, treatment of blood clots and some types of tumour 2 Total 8 11

12 CELL BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Microorganisms Activity (a) Microorganisms are very small. (b) They are found almost everywhere. (c) The main examples of microorganisms are bacteria and fungi. (d) Microorganisms grow by producing new cells. (e) Some larger fungi grow by producing new cells to make fungal threads get longer. 2. Points to include in bacterial cell diagram: cell wall and cell membrane, no nucleus, circular DNA chromosomes and plasmids; points to include in fungal cell: separate nucleus, thicker cell wall. 3. Answers will vary but are likely to include references to microorganisms in nature, food, medicine and as the causes of diseases. 4. Answers will vary depending on the article selected for comment. Activity Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi need suitable conditions to grow and reproduce. They need a food supply, water, warmth and a suitable ph. 2. Answers will vary depending on the surfaces selected for investigation, but should include a comment about the value of the control Petri dish. 3. Answers will vary but should include conclusions about how temperature (and then, in part (g), sugar concentration) affects the numbers of cells produced during the growth of yeast. 4. Method of preservation Examples of food preserved by this method Drying Freezing Pickling in vinegar Raisins, currants, sultanas, milk, lentils, rice, pasta, others Peas, sweetcorn, carrots, fish fingers, hamburgers, others Beetroot, onions, cabbage, gherkins, others 5. Antifungal: clotrimazole/others Antiseptic: alcohol/phenol/iodine/salt/tcp/others Antibiotic: penicillin/streptomycin/tetracycline/chloramphenicol/others 6. Student s own answer. 12

13 MICROGANISMS IN INDUSTRY 1. (a) A 1 (b) A nucleus is shown (a) 3 million 1 (b) 12 hours 1 (c) If the bacteria had been cultured at a lower temperature, the number of living cells present after 36 hours would have been less. 1 (d) Moisture level of acidity presence of chemicals/antibiotics/antiseptics level of oxygen present 1 Total 6 Chapter 8 Microorganisms in industry Activity Answers will vary but should include three properties of microorganisms that are useful in industry, such as ability to be cultured and some products that can be made. 2. Industrial activity The role of microorganisms in the process Brewing Baking Cheese production Sewage treatment Bioethanol production Produce alcohol Produce carbon dioxide, which makes dough rise Produce acids which thicken and flavour the products Break down human wastes to harmless substances Produce alcohol from plant material/sugar/ starch in crops 3. Answers will vary but should include a method, results, an explanation of the results and a comment about why a control is included in the experiment. 4. Answers will vary but should include a method, a graph of results and an explanation of the results. 5. Answers will vary but should include text, artwork and photos to illustrate the use of microorganisms in the production of biofuel, the treatment of sewage and in bioremediation. 13

14 CELL BIOLOGY 1. (a) They grow rapidly use a wide range of substances as food make a wide range of products. 1 (b) Microorganism Product 2 Bacteria Yoghurt or cheese Yeast Alcoholic drinks, e.g. beer and wine 2. (a) (i) Use an even scale from 0 and take label from table heading, including units. 1 (ii) Give an accurate plot of points and join points with straight lines. 1 (b) Yeast cells have enzymes which work best in warm conditions. 1 Total 6 Chapter 9 Photosynthesis Activity Answers will vary but should include the key words given: glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and light. 2. (a) Chloroplasts (b) Carbon dioxide and water (c) Chlorophyll (d) Glucose and oxygen (e) carbon dioxide + water glucose/sugar + oxygen Activity Answers will vary but should be roughly similar to Figure 9.2. Activity Results should be similar to those shown in the diagram illustrating positive and negative starch tests. 2. Cards should be ordered correctly according to the experimental steps described in Activity 9.3 Question 1. 14

15 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Activity (a) The plant needs to be de-starched to make sure that all of its stores of starch are used up before the experiment is started. We can then be sure that the plant has made the starch detected under the conditions of the experiment. (b) A similar plant set up in exactly the same way but with no carbon dioxide absorbing chemical/soda lime/sodium hydroxide. (c) Less oxygen would have been produced/collected. Activity (a) Photosynthesis provides food/energy for all other organisms/animals/food chains/food webs and produces oxygen for respiration. (b) Any two food chains that include humans, e.g. grass cow humans wheat humans 2. Student s own answer. 1. Carbon dioxide and water 2 2. From light energy from the Sun 1 3. Sugar/glucose and oxygen 2 4. For food/energy or as producers of oxygen 1 5. (a) 50 kg 1 (b) Mass would increase 1 Total 8 15

16 CELL BIOLOGY Chapter 10 Limiting factors in photosynthesis Activity At point 1 on the graph, light intensity is a limiting factor. As the light intensity increases so does the rate of photosynthesis. At point 2 the light intensity has increased further but the rate of photosynthesis has remained the same. Therefore, at point 2 another factor must be in short supply and is limiting the rate of photosynthesis. 2. (a) Both axes correctly labelled with units. Plotted accurately and connected using a ruler. (b) There is no light energy for photosynthesis. (c) Light intensity is no longer a limiting factor. (d) Temperature carbon dioxide concentration (e) Repeat the experiment and calculate an average. Activity At point 1 on the graph, carbon dioxide concentration is increasing, as is the rate of photosynthesis. This tells us that carbon dioxide concentration is the limiting factor. At point 2 on the graph, the rate of photosynthesis stays the same despite the increasing carbon dioxide concentration. As the plant is being given more carbon dioxide, but the rate of photosynthesis is not increasing, carbon dioxide concentration cannot be the limiting factor. One of the other factors must be in short supply. Activity At point 1 on the graph, temperature is increasing, as is the rate of photosynthesis. This tells us that temperature is the limiting factor. At point 2 on the graph, the rate of photosynthesis is at a maximum or optimum. At point 3, the temperature continues to increase but the rate of photosynthesis decreases. This happens because the enzymes that control photosynthesis have an optimum temperature at which they work best. At temperatures above the optimum, the enzymes start to be denatured and the rate of photosynthesis slows down until it stops completely. 16

17 RESPIRATION Activity Answers will vary but should include the following key points: irrigation systems used to control the amount of water available; artificial lighting used so that the plants can continue growing at night or out of season; carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere around the plant by burning coal or oil stoves; artificial heating used to increase the temperature. 1. (a) 15 seconds 1 (b) Same size surface area thickness type of leaf 1 (c) Temperature light intensity carbon dioxide concentration 1 (d) Change the light intensity by moving the lamp different distances from the test tube (a) 240 kg 1 (b) Any two from: increased temperature, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration 2 (c) Limiting factors 1 Total 8 Chapter 11 Respiration Activity (a) (i) The thermometers show a higher temperature in the experiment flask with the germinating peas. (ii) To stop heat getting into the peas from outside or to stop heat escaping to outside (b) Respiration releases energy in the form of heat. (c) The control shows that it must have been the respiration of the peas which released the heat energy. 2. Type of cell Oxygen used Product(s) All cells Yes Carbon dioxide and water High Yeast and plant cells No Carbon dioxide and alcohol Low Human muscle cells No Lactic acid Low Amount of energy released per molecule of glucose used (high or low) 17

18 CELL BIOLOGY 3. (a) glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy (b) glucose lactic acid + energy (c) glucose carbon dioxide + alcohol + energy 4. Successfully produce a model of glucose and appreciate that energy is contained in the bonds between the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. 5. Answers will vary but should cover the difference between respiration in muscle cells using oxygen during moderate exercise and respiration in the absence of oxygen during intense exercise. Activity (a) Answers will vary but should include a sketch graph with title, labelled axes and correctly plotted points that shows respiration increasing as temperature increases over this temperature range. (b) Increasing temperature increases rate of respiration; at high temperatures respiration is slowed/stopped. (c) Respiration is controlled by enzymes, which are affected by temperature. (d) (i) 8 cm 3 CO 2 per hour (ii) 0 cm 3 CO 2 per hour respiration stops 2. Plan could include: (a) Method Set up three flasks each containing the same volume and concentration of yeast suspension. Add 1 g of sugar to one flask, 2 g to the second and 3 g to the third. Put a CO 2 sensor into each flask. Leave at the same temperature for the same length of time. Read CO 2 levels on the sensor. (b) Prediction The more sugar added, the higher the rate of respiration. 18

19 CONTROVERSIAL BIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES 1. Statement True False Correction In plant cells, respiration with oxygen produces carbon dioxide and alcohol. water In animal cells, respiration without oxygen produces lactic acid. Respiration with oxygen releases less energy than more respiration without oxygen (a) Flask C; has the best temperature for enzyme action. 2 (b) Mass of sugar ph oxygen availability 1 Total 6 Chapter 12 Controversial biological procedures Activity Answers will vary, but may include the following points: For: the procedure produces an exact genetic match for the material needed for treatment; it might save treatment costs. Against: the procedure does not recognise the human rights of the saviour sibling; the saviour sibling may feel valued only because of their potential to help their sibling and not as a person in their own right; the procedure may be stressful for the saviour sibling because of the emotional pressure and the potentially painful donation of tissue. Activity Answers will vary depending on the issue chosen. 19

20 CELL BIOLOGY 1. Answers may vary but could include one from the following sets of answers. (a) Saviour siblings 1 (b) Provides material for treatment of an ill sibling 1 (c) Breaches the human rights of the donor sibling and may cause emotional stress or pain to donor sibling 2 (a) Gene therapy 1 (b) Cures the genetic condition 1 (c) May damage health of patient/risk of cancer and offspring of patient may inherit the genes 2 (a) Pharming 1 (b) Inexpensive large quantities of product 1 (c) Welfare issues of pharmed organisms and safety of products for human use 2 (a) Transgenic organisms 1 (b) Increase crop yields/quality reduced pesticide application 1 (c) Health concerns of GM products and accidental release of GM genes 2 (a) Stem-cell technology 1 (b) Provide replacement tissues artificial organs 1 (c) Issues regarding embryonic stem cells and tumour formation in patients 2 (a) DNA profiling 1 (b) Allows identification of an individual from a small DNA sample in forensics paternity testing archaeology prediction of future health risks 1 (c) Use by insurance companies to deny cover and use by employers to deny work 2 Total 4 20

21 UNIT 1 PRACTICE ASSESSMENT Unit 1 Practice assessment National 3 1. (a) A: nucleus; B: cell membrane 2 (b) 2 Microorganism Use by humans Bacteria Yeast cells Making yoghurt Baking/bread-making or brewing/making beer or wine making 2. DNA carries the instructions to make proteins Forensics solving crimes; Archaeology identifying unknown remains 1 4. (a) Carbon dioxide 1 (b) (i) 4 (kg) 1 (ii) 8 (kg) mass increases by 2 (kg) 1 5. Bacteria and fungi/yeast 2 6. (a) 35 (g) 1 (b) Z 1 (c) If the temperature of the fermenter had been kept at 20 C, the mass of yeast cells present after 12 hours would be more. 1 Total 14 National 4 1. (a) 8 1 (b) Any one from: growth, repair, replacement cells, regeneration 1 2. Statement True False Correction 2 Genes are made of protein. DNA Genes are located on chromosomes. 3. Cell used therapeutically Product of the activity of these cells 2 Genetically engineered bacterial cells Insulin/factor VIII/HGH Stem cells Artificial organs 4. (a) Enzymes only act on one substrate type. 1 (b) Enzymes are unchanged by their reaction/can be used again and again. 1 21

22 CELL BIOLOGY 5. (a) Any one from: grow rapidly use diverse food sources make a wide range of products 1 (b) 5 1 (c) Any one from: dairy/cheese/yoghurt; bioremediation; sewage treatment; brewing; baking 1 6. (a) Temperature 1 (b) 30 ( C) 1 (c) Carbon dioxide concentration 1 7. (a) Alcohol/ethanol carbon dioxide 1 (b) (i) Increase 1 (ii) Cells produce heat energy during respiration Any one from the following sets of answers: (a) Saviour siblings 1 (b) Provides material for treatment of an ill sibling 1 (c) Thought to breach the human rights of the donor sibling may cause emotional stress or pain to donor sibling 1 (a) Gene therapy 1 (b) Cures the genetic condition 1 (c) May damage health of patient/risk of cancer offspring of patient may inherit the genes 1 (a) Pharming 1 (b) Inexpensive large quantities of product 1 (c) Welfare issues of pharmed organisms safety of products for human use 1 (a) Transgenic organisms 1 (b) Increase crop yields/quality reduced pesticide application 1 (c) Health concerns of GM products accidental release of GM genes 1 (a) Stem-cell technology 1 (b) Provide replacement tissues artificial organs 1 (c) Issues regarding use of embryonic stem cells tumour formation in patients 1 (a) DNA profiling 1 (b) Allows identification of an individual from a small DNA sample in forensics paternity testing archaeology prediction of future health risks 1 (c) Potential use by insurance companies to deny cover by employers to deny work 1 Total 20 22