Recommended LRFD Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Highway Bridges Part II: Commentary and Appendices

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1 MCEER/ATC-49 Recommended LRFD Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Highway Bridges Part II: Commentary and Appendices Based on NCHRP Project 12-49, FY 98 Comprehensive Specification for the Seismic Design of Bridges National Cooperative Highway Research Program Prepared by ATC/MCEER JOINT VENTURE A partnership of the Applied Technology Council ( and the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research ( Prepared under the MCEER Highway Project Project 094, Task F3-1 Federal Highway Administration NCHRP PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Project Team Project Engineering Panel Ian Friedland, Principal Investigator Ian Buckle, Co-Chair Ronald Mayes, Technical Director Christopher Rojahn, Co-Chair Donald Anderson Serafim Arzoumanidis Michel Bruneau Mark Capron Gregory Fenves Ignatius Po Lam John Kulicki Paul Liles John Mander Brian Maroney Lee Marsh Joseph Nicoletti Geoffrey Martin Charles Roeder Andrzej Nowak Frieder Seible Richard Nutt Theodore Zoli Maurice Power Andrei Reinhorn 2003

3 2003 GUIDELINES FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES PART II: COMMENTARY AND APPENDICES PREFACE In 2003 the ATC/MCEER Joint Venture, a partnership of the Applied Technology Council (ATC) and the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER), University at Buffalo, published the document, Recommended LRFD Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Highway Bridges, Part I, Specifications. As part of the developmental effort for Part I, Specifications, the ATC/MCEER Joint Venture also developed this companion document, Part II, Commentary and Appendices, which describes the technical basis, optional approaches, and related background information pertaining to the Specifications. Part I and Part II (also known as the MCEER/ATC-49 Report) are reformatted versions of the seismic design provisions (specifications and commentary) for highway bridges developed under NCHRP (National Cooperative Highway Research Program) Project 12-49, a recently completed project to develop seismic design provisions that would be compatible with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. The reformatting effort, which was carried out to facilitate immediate use of the Project provisions by bridge design professionals, was funded as a task under the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored MCEER Highway Project. NCHRP Project also included companion studies to investigate the effects of liquefaction and an effort to develop design examples using the NCHRP provisions. These studies are documented in two companion MCEER/ATC reports: (1) the MCEER/ATC Report, Liquefaction Study Report, Recommended LRFD Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Highway Bridges (ATC/MCEER, 2003a), and (2) the MCEER/ATC-49-2 Report, Design Examples, Recommended LRFD Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Highway Bridges (ATC/MCEER, 2003b). A broad array of engineering expertise was engaged by the ATC/MCEER Joint Venture to develop the original NCHRP seismic design provisions, companion liquefaction study, and design examples. Ian Friedland of ATC (and formerly MCEER) served as the Project Principal Investigator and Ronald Mayes (Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, Inc.) served as the Project Technical Director. The NCHRP Project team consisted of Donald Anderson (CH2M Hill, Inc.), Michel Bruneau (University at Buffalo), Gregory Fenves (University of California at Berkeley), John Kulicki (Modjeski and Masters, Inc.), John Mander (University of Canterbury, formerly University at Buffalo), Lee Marsh (BERGER/ABAM Engineers), Ronald Mayes (Simpson, Gumpertz & Heger, Inc.), Geoffrey Martin (University of Southern California), Andrzej Nowak (University of Michigan), Richard Nutt (bridge consultant), Maurice Power (Geomatrix Consultants, Inc.), and Andrei Reinhorn (University at Buffalo). The project also included an advisory Project Engineering Panel; Ian Buckle, of the University of Nevada at Reno, co-chaired this committee with Christopher Rojahn of ATC, who also served as the Project Administrative Officer. Other members included Serafim Arzoumanidis (Steinman Engineers), Mark Capron (Sverdrup Civil Inc.), Ignatius Po Lam (Earth Mechanics), Paul Liles (Georgia DOT), Brian Maroney (California DOT), Joseph Nicoletti (URS Greiner Woodward Clyde), Charles Roeder (University of Washington), Frieder Seible (University of California at San Diego), and Theodore Zoli (HNTB Corporation). NCHRP Project Panel C12-49, under the direction of NCHRP Senior Program Officer David Beal and chaired by Harry Capers of the New Jersey Department of Transportation (DOT), also provided a significant amount of input and guidance during the conduct of the project. The other members of the NCHRP Project Panel were D.W. Dearasaugh (Transportation Research Board), Gongkang Fu (Wayne State University), C. Stewart Gloyd (Parsons Brinckerhoff), Manoucher Karshenas (Illinois DOT), Richard Land (California DOT), Bryan Millar (Montana DOT), Amir Mirmirman (University of Central Florida), Charles Ruth (Washington State DOT), Steven Starkey (Oregon DOT), and Phillip Yen (FHWA). Three drafts of the Project specifications and commentary were prepared and reviewed by the ATC Project Engineering Panel, NCHRP Project Panel 12-49, and the AASHTO Highway Subcom- MCEER/ATC-49 iii PREFACE

4 PART II: COMMENTARY AND APPENDICES 2003 GUIDELINES FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES mittee on Bridges and Structures seismic design technical committee (T-3), which was chaired by James Roberts of Caltrans. A subset of the original NCHRP Project team, consisting of Donald Anderson, Michel Bruneau, Ronald Mayes, Lee Marsh, Richard Nutt, and Maurice Power, prepared Parts I and II of the Recommended LRFD Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Highway Bridges (MCEER/ATC- 49 Report). ATC and MCEER staff provided editorial and desktop publishing services during the preparation of Part II, Commentary and Appendices. Michel Bruneau, MCEER Christopher Rojahn, ATC PREFACE iv MCEER/ATC-49

5 2003 GUIDELINES FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES PART II: COMMENTARY AND APPENDICES TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE... iii C1 INTRODUCTION...1 C2 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATIONS...3 C2.1 DEFINITIONS...3 C2.2 NOTATIONS...4 C3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS...9 C3.1 APPLICABILITY...9 C3.2 SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES...9 C3.3 SEISMIC DESIGN APPROACH...12 C3.3.1 Earthquake-Resisting Systems (ERS)...17 C3.4 DESIGN GROUND MOTION...21 C3.4.1 Design Spectra Based on General Procedure...22 C3.4.2 Site Effects on Ground Motion...23 C Site Class Definitions...23 C Definitions of Site Class Parameters...24 C Site Coefficients...25 C3.4.3 Response Spectra Based on Site-Specific Procedure...25 C3.4.4 Acceleration Time Histories...25 C3.4.5 Vertical Acceleration Effects...27 C3.5 LOAD FACTORS...27 C3.6 COMBINATION OF SEISMIC FORCE EFFECTS...28 C3.6.1 SRSS Combination Rule...28 C % - 40% Combination Rule...28 C3.7 SELECTION OF SEISMIC HAZARD LEVEL (SHL), SEISMIC DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES (SDAP) AND SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (SDR)...29 C3.8 TEMPORARY AND STAGED CONSTRUCTION...29 C4 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES (SDAP)...31 C4.1 SINGLE SPAN BRIDGES...31 C4.2 SDAP A1 AND A C4.3 SDAP B NO SEISMIC DEMAND ANALYSIS...32 C4.3.1 No Analysis Approach...32 C4.3.2 Limitations...32 C4.3.3 Capacity Design and Strength Requirements of Members Framing into Columns...33 C4.4 SDAP C CAPACITY SPECTRUM DESIGN METHOD...33 C4.4.1 Capacity Spectrum Design Approach...33 C4.4.2 Limitations...35 C4.5 SDAP D ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD...35 C4.6 SDAP E ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD WITH DISPLACEMENT CAPACITY VERIFICATION...35 C4.7 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTORS...35 C4.8 CAPACITY DESIGN...36 C4.8.1 Inelastic Hinging Forces...37 C4.9 PLASTIC HINGE ZONES...37 C4.10 ELASTIC DESIGN OF SUBSTRUCTURES...37 C All Substructure Supports are Designed Elastically...37 C Selected Substructure Supports are Designed Elastically...37 MCEER/ATC-49 v TABLE OF CONTENTS

6 PART II: COMMENTARY AND APPENDICES 2003 GUIDELINES FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES C5 ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS C5.1 DEFINITION OF PROCEDURES C5.1.1 General C5.1.2 Selection of Analysis Procedure C5.2 SEISMIC LATERAL LOAD DISTRIBUTION C5.2.1 Applicability C5.2.2 Design Criteria C5.2.3 Load Distribution C5.3 MODELING REQUIREMENTS C5.3.1 General C5.3.2 Distribution of Mass C5.3.3 Stiffness and Strength C General C Substructure C Superstructure C5.3.4 Foundations C5.3.5 Abutments C5.3.6 Seismic Isolator Units C5.3.7 Bearings and Joints C5.3.8 Damping C5.4 ANALYSIS PROCEDURES C5.4.1 Capacity Spectrum Analysis C Seismic Isolation Systems C5.4.2 Elastic Response Spectrum Analysis C Selection of Analysis Method C Uniform Load Method C Multi-Mode Dynamic Analysis Method C5.4.3 Seismic Displacement Capacity Verification C5.4.4 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis Procedure C6 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (SDR) 1 AND C6.1 GENERAL C6.2 DESIGN FORCES C6.3 DESIGN DISPLACEMENTS C6.4 FOUNDATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS C6.5 ABUTMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS C6.6 LIQUEFACTION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS C6.7 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS C6.7.1 SDR C6.7.2 SDR C Ductile Moment-Resisting Frames and Bents C Columns C Concentrically Braced Frames and Bents with Nominal Ductility C7 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (SDR) C7.1 GENERAL C7.2 DESIGN FORCES C7.2.1 Ductile Substructures (R>1) Flexural Capacity C7.2.2 Capacity Protected Elements or Actions C7.2.3 Elastically Designed Elements C7.2.4 Abutments and Connections C7.2.5 Single Span Bridges TABLE OF CONTENTS vi MCEER/ATC-49

7 2003 GUIDELINES FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES PART II: COMMENTARY AND APPENDICES C7.3 DESIGN DISPLACEMENTS...52 C7.4 FOUNDATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...52 C7.4.1 Foundation Investigation...52 C7.4.2 Spread Footings...52 C Moment and Shear Capacity...53 C Liquefaction Check...53 C7.4.3 Driven Piles...53 C General...53 C Design Requirements...54 C Moment and Shear Design...54 C Liquefaction Check...54 C7.4.4 Drilled Shafts...55 C7.5 ABUTMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...55 C7.5.1 General...55 C7.5.2 Longitudinal Direction...56 C7.5.3 Transverse Direction...56 C7.6 LIQUEFACTION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...56 C7.6.1 General...56 C7.6.2 Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential...56 C7.6.3 Evaluation of the Effects of Liquefaction and Lateral Ground Movement...56 C7.6.4 Design Requirements if Liquefaction and Ground Movement Occurs...56 C7.6.5 Detailed Foundation Design Requirements...57 C7.6.6 Other Collateral Hazards...57 C7.7 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...57 C7.8 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...57 C7.9 BEARING DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...57 C7.9.1 Prototype and Quality Control Tests...57 C7.10 SEISMIC ISOLATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...57 C8 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (SDR) 4, 5 AND C8.1 GENERAL...59 C8.2 DESIGN FORCES...59 C8.2.1 Ductile Substructures (R>1) Flexural Capacity...59 C8.2.2 Capacity Protected Elements or Actions...59 C8.2.3 Elastically Designed Elements...59 C8.2.4 Abutments and Connections...59 C8.2.5 Single Span Bridges...60 C8.3 DESIGN DISPLACEMENTS...60 C8.3.1 General...60 C8.3.2 Minimum Seat Width Requirement...60 C8.3.3 Displacement Compatibility...61 C8.3.4 P- Requirements...61 C8.3.5 Minimum Displacement Requirements for Lateral-Load-Resisting Piers and Bents...62 C8.4 FOUNDATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...62 C8.4.1 Foundation Investigation...62 C General...62 C Subsurface Investigations...62 C Laboratory Testing...62 C8.4.2 Spread Footings...62 C Spring Constants for Footings...63 MCEER/ATC-49 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS

8 PART II: COMMENTARY AND APPENDICES 2003 GUIDELINES FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES C Moment-Rotation and Shear-Displacement Relationships for Footing C8.4.3 Driven Piles C General C Design Requirements C Axial and Rocking Stiffness for Driven Pile/Pile Cap Foundations C Lateral Stiffness Parameters for Driven Pile/Pile Cap Foundations C Pile Cap Stiffness and Capacity C Moment and Shear Design C Liquefaction and Dynamic Settlement Evaluations C8.4.4 Drilled Shafts C8.5 ABUTMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS C8.5.1 General C8.5.2 Longitudinal Direction C SDAP C C SDAP D and E C8.5.3 Transverse Direction C SDAP C C SDAP D and E C8.6 LIQUEFACTION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS C8.6.1 General C8.6.2 Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential C8.6.3 Evaluation of the Effects of Liquefaction and Lateral Ground Movement C8.6.4 Design Requirements if Liquefaction and Ground Movement Occur C8.6.5 Detailed Foundation Design Requirements C8.6.6 Other Collateral Hazards C8.7 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS C8.7.1 General C8.7.2 Materials C8.7.3 Sway Stability Effects C8.7.4 Ductile Moment-Resisting Frames and Single Column Structures C Columns C Beams C Panel Zones and Connections C Multi-Tier Frame Bents C8.7.5 Ductile Concentrically Braced Frames C Bracing Systems C Design Requirements for Ductile Bracing Members C Brace Connections C Columns, Beams and Other Connections C8.7.6 Concentrically Braced Frames with Nominal Ductility C Bracing Systems C Design Requirements for Nominally Ductile Bracing Members C Brace Connections C Columns, Beams and Other Connections C Chevron Braced and V-Braced Systems C8.7.7 Concrete Filled Steel Pipes C Combined Axial Compression and Flexure C Flexural Strength C Beams and Connections C8.7.8 Other Systems TABLE OF CONTENTS viii MCEER/ATC-49

9 2003 GUIDELINES FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES PART II: COMMENTARY AND APPENDICES C Ductile Eccentrically Braced Frames...84 C Ductile End-Diaphragm in Slab-on-Girder Bridge...85 C Ductile End Diaphragms in Deck Truss Bridges...85 C Other Systems...86 C8.7.9 Plastic Rotational Capacities...86 C Life Safety Performance...86 C Immediate Use Limit State...86 C In-Ground Hinges...86 C8.8 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...86 C8.8.1 General...86 C8.8.2 Column Requirements...87 C Longitudinal Reinforcement...87 C Flexural Resistance...87 C Column Shear and Transverse Reinforcement...87 C Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement at Plastic Hinges...88 C Transverse Reinforcement for Longitudinal Bar Restraint in Plastic Hinges...89 C Spacing for Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement and Longitudinal Bar Restraint...90 C Splices...90 C Flexural Overstrength...90 C8.8.3 Limited Ductility Requirements for Wall-Type Piers...91 C8.8.4 Moment-Resisting Connection Between Members (Column-Beam and Column-Footing Joints)...91 C Implicit Approach: Direct Design...91 C Explicit Approach: Detailed Design...91 C Design Forces and Applied Stresses...91 C Maximum Required Horizontal Reinforcement...92 C Maximum Allowable Compression Stresses...92 C Reinforcement for Joint Force Transfer...92 C Acceptable Reinforcement Details...92 C Vertical Reinforcement...93 C Horizontal Reinforcement...93 C Hoop or Spiral Reinforcement...94 C Structural Strength of Footings...94 C8.8.5 Concrete Piles...94 C Transverse Reinforcement Requirements...94 C8.8.6 Plastic Rotation Capacities...95 C Life Safety Performance...95 C Operational Performance...95 C In-Ground Hinges...95 C8.9 BEARING DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...95 C8.9.1 Prototype and Quality Control Tests...95 C8.10 SEISMIC ISOLATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...96 C8.11 SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...96 C General...96 C Load Paths...96 C Effective Superstructure Width...96 C Superstructure-To-Substructure Connections...97 C15 SEISMIC ISOLATION...99 MCEER/ATC-49 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS

10 PART II: COMMENTARY AND APPENDICES 2003 GUIDELINES FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES C15.1 SCOPE C15.2 DEFINITIONS C15.3 NOTATION C15.4 ANALYSIS PROCEDURES C Capacity Spectrum Method C Uniform Load Method C Multimode Spectral Method C Time-History Method C15.5 DESIGN PROPERTIES OF THE ISOLATION SYSTEM C Nominal Design Properties C System Property Modification Factors C Minimum and Maximum System Property Modification Factors C System Property Adjustment Factors C15.6 CLEARANCES C15.7 DESIGN FORCES FOR SDAP A1 AND A C15.8 DESIGN FORCES FOR SDAP C, D, AND E C15.9 OTHER REQUIREMENTS C Non-Seismic Lateral Forces C Service Force Resistance C Cold Weather Requirements C Lateral Restoring Force C Vertical Load Stability C Rotational Capacity C15.10 REQUIRED TESTS OF ISOLATION SYSTEMS C System Characterization Tests C Low-Temperature Test C Wear and Fatigue Tests C Prototype Tests C Determination of System Characteristics C System Adequacy C15.11 ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS C General C Shear Strain Components for Isolation Design C Load Combinations C15.12 ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS-CONSTRUCTION C15.13 SLIDING BEARINGS DESIGN C General C Materials C PTFE Bearing Liners C Other Bearing Liner Materials C Mating Surface C Geometry C Loads and Stresses C Contact Pressure C Coefficient of Friction C Service Coefficient of Friction C Seismic Coefficient of Friction C Other Details C Materials for Guides C15.14 SLIDING BEARINGS CONSTRUCTION C15.15 OTHER ISOLATION SYSTEMS TABLE OF CONTENTS x MCEER/ATC-49

11 2003 GUIDELINES FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES PART II: COMMENTARY AND APPENDICES C Scope C System Characterization Tests C Design Procedure C Fabrication, Installation, Inspection, and Maintenance Requirements C Prototype Tests C Quality Control Tests APPENDIX A COMMENTARY ON THE SELECTION OF THE DESIGN EARTHQUAKES A.1 INTRODUCTION A.2 CURRENT AASHTO MAP (1990 USGS MAP) A.3 NEW USGS MAPS A.4 NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARD REDUCTION PROGRAM (NEHRP) MAXIMUM CONSIDERED EARTHQUAKE (MCE) MAPS A.5 DESIGN EARTHQUAKES A.5.1 Rare Earthquake (MCE) A.5.2 Expected Earthquake A.6 IMPACT STUDIES APPENDIX B PROVISIONS FOR SITE CHARACTERIZATION B.1/C.B.1 GENERAL B.2/C.B.2 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATIONS B.2.1/C.B.2.1 In Situ Tests B.2.2/C.B.2.2 Exploration for Seismic Studies B.2.2.1/ C.B Liquefaction Potential B.2.2.2/ C.B Site Response Determination B.3/C.B.3 LABORATORY TESTING B.3.1/C.B.3.1 Standard Laboratory Tests B.3.2/C.B.3.2 Special Testing for Seismic Studies B.3.3/C.B.3.3 Rock Testing APPENDIX C GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING SITE-SPECIFIC GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND DYNAMIC SITE RESPONSE ANALYSES C.1 INTRODUCTION C.2 SITE-SPECIFIC GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION C.3 DYNAMIC SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS APPENDIX D PROVISIONS FOR COLLATERAL SEISMIC HAZARDS D.1/C.D.1 GENERAL D.1.1/C.D.1.1 Evaluation of Collateral Hazards D.1.2/C.D.1.2 Designing for Collateral Hazards D.2/C.D.2 LIQUEFACTION D.2.1/C.D.2.1 Preliminary Screening for Liquefaction D.2.2/C.D.2.2 Field Explorations for Liquefaction Hazards Assessment D.2.3/C.D.2.3 Ground Motions for Liquefaction Analysis D.2.4/C.D.2.4 Evaluation of Liquefaction Hazard D.2.4.1/C.D Simplified Method D.2.4.2/C.D Numerical Modeling Methods D.2.5/C.D.2.5 Liquefaction Hazards Assessment D.2.5.1/C.D Lateral Flows D.2.5.2/C.D Lateral Spreading D.2.5.3/C.D Settlement D.3/C.D.3 OTHER COLLATERAL HAZARDS D.3.1/C.D.3.1 Fault Rupture MCEER/ATC-49 xi TABLE OF CONTENTS

12 PART II: COMMENTARY AND APPENDICES 2003 GUIDELINES FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES D.3.2/C.D.3.2 Landsliding D.3.3/C.D.3.3 Differential Compaction D.3.4/C.D.3.4 Flooding or Inundation D.4/C.D.4 DESIGNING FOR COLLATERAL HAZARDS D.4.1/C.D.4.2 Spread Footing Foundations D.4.1.1/C.D Loss of Bearing Support for Spread Footings D.4.1.2/C.D Settlement of Spread Footing D.4.2/C.D.4.2 Deep Foundations D.4.2.1/C.D Loss in Lateral Support for Deep Foundations D.4.2.2/C.D Loads from Lateral Spreading/Flow D.4.2.3/C.D Settlement and Downdrag D.4.3/C.D.4.3 Ground Improvement D.4.3.1/C.D Bearing Capacity and Settlement D.4.3.2/C.D Lateral Spreading and Flow APPENDIX E DUCTILE END-DIAPHRAGMS IN GIRDER BRIDGES E.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE APPENDIX F DUCTILE END-DIAPHRAGM IN DECK TRUSS BRIDGE F.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE APPENDIX G PARAMETRIC STUDY OF COLUMN DESIGNS G.1 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE G.2 SCOPE OF THE PARAMETER STUDY G.3 DESCRIPTION OF COLUMN DESIGNS G.4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS G.4.1 Column Strength Control G.4.2 Column Performance G.4.3 Column Size Effect G.4.4 Column Overstrength G.4.5 Cost Impact APPENDIX H LIQUEFACTION EFFECTS AND ASSOCIATED HAZARDS H.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE H.2 DESIGN APPROACH H.3 SITE SELECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION H.4 BRIDGE TYPE H.5 DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRA AND TIME HISTORIES H.6 LIQUEFACTION STUDIES H.6.1 Simplified Liquefaction Analyses H.6.2 DESRA-MUSC Ground Response Studies H Without Embankment Fill H With Embankment Fill H.6.3 Lateral Ground Displacement Assessment H Initial Stability Analyses H Lateral Spread Implications from DESRA-MUSC Analyses H Stability Analyses with Mitigation Measures H Displacement Estimates from Simplified Methods H Displacement Estimates Using Site Response Analysis Results H.7 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN H.7.1 Vibration Design H.7.2 Lateral Spreading Structural Design/Assessment H Modes of Deformation TABLE OF CONTENTS xii MCEER/ATC-49

13 2003 GUIDELINES FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES PART II: COMMENTARY AND APPENDICES H Foundation Movement Assessment H Pinning Force Calculation H.8 COMPARISON OF REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES H.8.1 Summary of Structural and Geotechnical Options H.8.2 Comparisons of Costs H.9 MISSOURI EXAMPLE H.9.1 Site Characterization and Bridge Type H.9.2 Liquefaction Analyses H.9.3 Initial Stability Analysis H.9.4 Stability Analyses with Mitigation Measures H.9.5 Displacement Estimates from Simplified Methods H.9.6 Pinning Force Calculations H.9.7 Comparison of Remediation Alternatives H.10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX I ISOLATION DESIGN PARAMETERS I.1/CI.1 SLIDING ISOLATION SYSTEMS I.1.1 Factors for Establishing λ min I.1.2 Factors for Establishing λ max I λ max,a I λ max,v I.1.2.3/CI λ max,c I λ max,tr I λ max,t I.2/CI.2 ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS I.2.1 Factors for Establishing λ min I.2.2 Factors for Establishing λ max I.2.2.1/CI λ max,a I λ max,v I λ max,c I λ max,tr I.2.2.5/CI λ max,t I λ max,scrag REFERENCES PROJECT PARTICIPANTS MCEER/ATC-49 xiii TABLE OF CONTENTS

MCEER / ATC 49. ATC/MCEER Joint Venture. A Partnership of: Applied Technology Council and Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research

MCEER / ATC 49. ATC/MCEER Joint Venture. A Partnership of: Applied Technology Council and Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research ATC/MCEER Joint Venture A Partnership of: Applied Technology Council and Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research MCEER / ATC 49 MULTIDISCIPLINARY CENTER FOR EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING