Intelligent Glazed Facades - an experimental study
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1 Intelligent Glazed Facades - an experimental study Frederik V. Winther PhD Fellow fvw@civil.aau.dk Aalborg University Department of Civil Engineering
2 Future maximum energy demand in The Danish Building Regulation 100 kwh/m² 80 kwh/m² 60 kwh/m² 40 kwh/m² 20 kwh/m² 0 kwh/m² BR ZEB
3 Zero Energy Buildings ZEB A ZEB is non grid connected building fully matching its annual energy needs/consumption by on-site generation fully based on renewables. Net ZEB A Net ZEB is a grid connected, energy efficient building that balances its total annual operating energy needs /consumption and associated carbon emissions by onsite feed-in credits. Focus of the on-site generation is matching the on-site load. Net ZE Cluster A Net ZE cluster is a network of buildings fulfilling the Net ZE definition not on the level of each building, but a cluster of buildings using the identical energy infrastructure. The clusters uses benefits from the economy of scale and levelling out the load and generation profiles of each building. Source: Per Heiselberg, Aalborg Universitet
4 Reduction of Energy Demand - Typical energy distribution (2009) A typical distribution of the energy demand for modern office buildings in 2009 U-value: 1,5 W/m²K G-value: 0,6 30 % windowarea in relation to floor area Cooling Lighting Misc. Ventilati on Misc. Heating Ventilation Cooling Heating Lighting Energy Demand: 96 kwh/m² pr år
5 Intelligent Glazed Facades - Static Facade Solutions Technologies Multiple layered glazing systems Refined gas in cavity Composite materials with low conductivity Solar reflective coatings with high selectivity
6 Intelligent Glazed Facades - Static Facade Solutions 100 kwh/m² 80 kwh/m² 60 kwh/m² 40 kwh/m² 20 kwh/m² Misc. Ventilation Plant Lighting Heating Cooling BR kwh/m² Basis Be06 U-værdi: 1,5 G-værdi: 0,6 Lt-værdi: 0,7 Lt-kontrol: M +lowu U-værdi: 0,7 G-værdi: 0,6 Lt-værdi: 0,7 Lt-kontrol: M +lowg U-værdi: 0,7 G-værdi: 0,25 Lt-værdi: 0,3 Lt-kontrol: M +IntLight U-værdi: 0,7 G-værdi: 0,25 Lt-værdi: 0,3 Lt-kontrol: K Published: Winther, FV, Heiselberg, P, Jensen, RL, 2010, Intelligent Glazed Facades for fulfillment of future energy regulations 3 rd Nordic Passive House Conference
7 Influence + Heating Cooling Total Heat capacity Envelope area U-value g-value SFP factor Heat recovery Cooling efficiency Intelligent Glazed Facades - Correlation -Sampling method: Latin Hypercube -Post Processing: Sensitivity Analysis - PEAR
8 Intelligent Glazed Facades - Dynamic Facade Solutions The intelligent glazed facade shall control the: Heat transfer Irradiance Energy storage Mass transport Lighting level
9 What is an Intelligent Glazed Facade in practice?
10 Intelligent Glazed Facades - Dynamic Facade Solutions 100 kwh/m² 80 kwh/m² 60 kwh/m² 40 kwh/m² 20 kwh/m² Misc. Ventilation Plant Lighting Heating Cooling BR08 BR10 BR15 BR20 0 kwh/m² Basis U-værdi: 1,5 G-værdi: 0,6 Lt-værdi: 0,7 SEL: 2,1 Lt-kontrol: M Termisk: Let +dynu-val U-værdi: 1,5 G-værdi: 0,6 Lt-værdi: 0,7 SEL: 2,1 Lt-kontrol: M Termisk: Let +dyng-val U-værdi: 1,5 G-værdi: 0,6 Lt-værdi: 0,7 SEL: 2,1 Lt-kontrol: M Termisk: Let +DCVent U-værdi: 1,5 G-værdi: 0,6 Lt-værdi: 0,7 SEL: 0,5 Lt-kontrol: M Termisk: Let +LightCtrl +E-Storage +airtightness U-værdi: 1,5 U-værdi: 1,5 G-værdi: 0,6 G-værdi: 0,6 Lt-værdi: 0,7 Lt-værdi: 0,7 SEL: 0,5 SEL: 0,5 Lt-kontrol: K Lt-kontrol: K Termisk: Let Termisk: Tung Published: Winther, FV, Heiselberg, P, Jensen, RL, 2010, Intelligent Glazed Facades for fulfillment of future energy regulations 3 rd Nordic Passive House Conference
11 Intelligent Glazed Facades - General model
12 Temperature (C) Model development - 2 layered glazing Experiment BSim IES FVW final R²=0,85 (energi) - FVW R²=0,96 (temperatur) - FVW Not published. Do not cite!
13 Model development - Dynamic U-value Glass Cavity Shutter t sky t room (4) t surf (1) t cavity (2) t tech* (3) t tech t amb Inde U * win U win a conv,cav e surf a conv,cav e tech* Source: A A^2 4 P B Q Ude 2A z A 12 dyn 3 L d 1.5 n B 2 2 R 2 d L tech a conv,amb e t tech amb t P g H 0 H1 T cavity cavity Air flow through cracks, P.H. Baker, S. Sharples, I.C. Ward, Building and Environment SBi Anvisning 202
14 Temperature (C) Model development - 2 layered glazing & polystyrene Experiment FVW initial FVW final R²=0,97 (energi) - FVW R²=0,96 (temperatur) - FVW Not published. Do not cite!
15 Total U-value Model development - Dynamic U-value 2.7 W/m²K 2.4 W/m²K 2.1 W/m²K R(l=0.018W/mK,e=0.02m)=1.11 m²k/w R(l=0.039W/mK,e=0.05m)=1.28 m²k/w R(l=0.039W/mK,e=0.10m)=2.56 m²k/w 1.8 W/m²K 1.5 W/m²K 1.2 W/m²K 0.9 W/m²K 0.8 W/m²K 1.5 W/m²K 2.1 W/m²K 2.7 W/m²K 0.6 W/m²K 0.3 W/m²K 0.0 W/m²K 0.00 m²k/w 0.30 m²k/w 0.60 m²k/w 0.90 m²k/w 1.20 m²k/w 1.50 m²k/w Heat resistance Not published. Do not cite!
16 Heat resistance Model development - Dynamic U-value 1.50 m²k/w 1.20 m²k/w 0.90 m²k/w 0.60 m²k/w m m m m m 0.30 m²k/w 0.00 m²k/w 0.00 l/s pr m² 0.50 l/s pr m² 1.00 l/s pr m² 1.50 l/s pr m² 2.00 l/s pr m² 2.50 l/s pr m² Crack flow Not published. Do not cite!
17 Model development - Dynamic g-value BSim IES-VE Fs(as,hs)=Fs(0,0) Fs(40,10)=Fs(10,40)
18 Fs Model development - Dynamic g-value h s -g f a s -a f Not published. Do not cite!
19 Model development - Dynamic g-value
20 DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF A CONTEMPORARY HIGH PERFORMANCE SHADING SCREEN- INTEGRATION OF FORM AND SIMULATION TOOLS Azadeh Omidfar, Proceedings of Building Simulation 2011: 12th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association, Sydney, November
21 Model development - Dynamic g-value Glass Cavity Shading t sky t room (4) t surf (1) t cavity (2) t tech* (3) t tech t amb Inde Ude U * win a conv,cav e surf a conv,cav e tech* R tech Fs vs. U win t sol, sol, sol* a conv,amb e tech
22 Experimental setup - PCM in glazing
23 Model development - PCM in glazing Not published. Do not cite!
24 Energy balance for glazing - Potential in glazing systems a k 1 i T k i 2 tan 1 1 rad 4 T i 2 k T melt 1 a solid aliquid aliquid What are the optical properties under different phases? Absorbtion Abs1 Abs2 Abs3 Tsol Rfsol Not published. Do not cite!
25 Energy balance for glazing - Potential in glazing systems PCM Glass Room temperature: 24 C 3 Layered Glass Not published. Do not cite!
26 Energy balance for glazing - Potential in glazing systems Use of PCM with high phase change temperature can reduce maximum cooling load Reduced view when material is translucent Use of PCM with low phase change temperature can reduce heat load Risk of the material not changing phase during daytime hours
27 Intelligent Glazed Facades - Conclusion Focus should not only be put on U-value g-values but on how the façade can change characteristic e.g. High U-value to low U-value High g-value to low g-value
28 Intelligent Glazed Facades - Discussion: Design process
29 Intelligent Glazed Facades - Discussion: Benefits & flaws These results show that modern office buildings which fulfil energy regulations from 2008, can minimize energy demand for building services by 76% by introducing dynamic façade technologies But a flaw in the technologies and the used control strategies will result in no energy savings!
30 Intelligent Glazed Facades - an experimental study Frederik V. Winther PhD Fellow fvw@civil.aau.dk Aalborg University Department of Civil Engineering
Intelligent Glazed Facades for Fulfilment of Future Energy Regulations Winther, Frederik Vildbrad; Heiselberg, Per Kvols; Jensen, Rasmus Lund
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