WORK ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE

Transcription

1 WORK ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE HARVEST OF MISCANTHUS Franz Handler und Emil Blumauer XXXIV CIOSTA CIGR V Conference 2011 Efficient and safe production processes in sustainable agriculture and forestry June 30 th, 2011, Vienna - Austria Contact: lfz FRANCISCO JOSEPHINUM WIESELBURG BLT - BIOMASS LOGISTICS TECHNOLOGY Rottenhauser Str. 1 Tel.: +43/7416/ AT 3250 Wieselburg Fax: +43/7416/ franz.handler@josephinum.at 1

2 Overview Introduction Material and Methods Results of time studies Results of model calculations Conclusions 2

3 Introduction - Miscanthus Perennial crop growing up to 20 years. Harvested annually starting up from the second growing season Harvest end of March or in April (dry matter content higher than 85%) Used for fuel, horse bedding 3

4 Overview Introduction Material and Methods Results of time studies Results of model calculations Conclusions 4

5 Materials and methods Analysed procedures Procedure 1: Harvesting as bulk chopped material 5

6 Materials and methods Analysed procedures Procedure 2: Two-phase harvest with forage harvester and square baler 6

7 Materials and methods Analysed operations Harvesting (chopping by the forage harvester, baling of the chopped material) Transport including loading and unloading (transport of the chopped material respectively of the square bales) Storage Time studies All operations were divided into parts of an operation Time measurement: Ortim a3 Influence factors for parts of an operation were evaluated (e. g. distance, masses, yield, water content, bulk density, grit size, loading space, speed) Statistical evaluation of time studies: ORTIMzeit Professional and SPSS Model calculations were done based on determined times 7

8 Overview Introduction Material and Methods Results of time studies Results of model calculations Conclusions 8

9 Procedure 1: Harvesting as bulk chopped material Parts of the operation of the forage harvester Chopping Turning on the headland d Changing the transport vehicles Set-up and shut-down operations when arriving and leaving the field Malfunction periods 9

10 Procedure 1: Harvesting as bulk chopped material flow [t DM M/h] mass FH-1: 305 kw, 4.5 m, 14 mm FH-2: 372 kw, 4.5 m, 7 mm 45.0 FH-3: 458 kw, 6.0 m, 18 mm FH-4: 570 kw, 7.5 m, 24 mm FH-4: 570 kw, 7.5 m, 7 mm y = x R² = 1.00 y = 2.88x R² = 0.79 y = 3.21x R² = 0.94 y = 1.63x R² = 0.70 y = 0.50x R² = yield [t DM/ha] Mass flow related to effective chopping time 10

11 Laid miscanthus Caused by high nitrogen supply or snow Laid miscanthus causes obstruction at the header Effect on working time Average time for removing an obstruction 0.48 min For 90 % of the cases the value lies within 0.11 and min For strongly laid miscanthus after a chopping distance of every 70 m obstructions occurred on average. Generally the driver of the forage harvester was not forced to leave the cab for removing the obstruction. Usually obstructions are removed by driving shortly backwards and starting again. 11

12 Dust formation Dust caused by the dry crop Additional time for maintenance occurs The cooler of the forage harvester had to be cleaned every 0.48 ha on average Average time requirement 2.06 min In 90% of the cases the value ranged between 1.06 and 3.65 min. 12

13 Procedure 2: : Two-phase harvest Forage harvester and square baler Parts of the operation of the forage harvester Chopping Turning on the headland Set-up and shut-down operations when arriving i and leaving the field Malfunction periods 13

14 Procedure 2: Chopping with open drum bottom masss s flow [t DM/h] y=194x x 7.81 R² = 0.96 forage harvester 305 kw, row independent corn header 4.5 m working width yield [t DM/ha] Mass flow related to effective chopping time 14

15 Procedure 2: : Two-phase harvest Forage harvester and square baler Parts of the operation of the square baler Baling Turning on the headland Set-up and shut-down operations when arriving i and leaving the field Malfunction periods 15

16 Procedure 2: Baling of chopped miscanthus mass flo ow [kg DM M/h] y = 2.50x R² = 0.74 tractor 190 kw, bale width 120 cm, bale height 90 cm, bale length 220 cm mass of the swath [kg DM/m] Mass flow related to effective baling time 16

17 Density of chopped material and bales 17

18 Overview Introduction Material and Methods Results of time studies Results of model calculations Conclusions 18

19 Model calculations The following model calculations includes the working time requirement of the forage harvester square baler (procedure 2) transport vehicles loader 19

20 Working time for harvesting as bulk chopped material Procedure 1 quiremen nt [h/t DM] workin ng time re laid miscanthus 5 transport vehicles standing miscanthus yield 10 t DM/ha, plot size 3 ha, forage harvester 18.0 t DM/h, tractor pulled trailers with 16 m³ loading capacity, bulk density of the chopped material 140 kg DM/m³, average speed of all transport vehicles 25 km/h; storage with a wheel loader haul distance [km] wheel loader 20

21 Working time for harvesting as bulk chopped material Procedure working time req quirement [h/t DM] transport vehicles 5 transport vehicles 103 kg DM/m³, 36.4 t DM/h, 24 mm 149 kg DM/m³, 25.6 t DM/h, 7 mm yield 15 t DM/ha; plot size 3 ha, ratio length to width: 3:1, tractor pulled trailers with 27 m³ loading capacity, average speed of all transport vehicles 25 km/h; storage with a wheel loader haul distance [km] sto age t a 21

22 Working time for harvesting DM] wo orking tim me requirem ment [h/t procedure 1-18 t DM/h, 15 t DM/ha, 16 m³ procedure 1-18 t DM/h, 10 t DM/ha, 27 m³ procedure 1-18 t DM/h, 15 t DM/ha, 27 m³ procedure 1-30 t DM/h, 15 t DM/ha, 27 m³ procedure t DM/h, 20.2 t DM/h, 10 t DM/ha procedure t DM/h, 24.6 t DM/h, 15 t DM/ha 3 transport vehicles haul distance [km] plot size 3 ha, ratio length to width: 3:1, average speed of all transport vehicles 25 km/h; procedure 1: bulk density of the chopped material 140 kg DM/m³, storage with a teleloader; procedure 2: bale density 230 kg DM/m³, bale width 120 cm, bale height 90 cm, bale length 240 cm, 24 bales per trailer, loading the bales with a tractor mounted front-end loader, unloading and storage with a teleloader 22

23 Working time for harvesting procedure 1-30 t DM/h, 15 t DM/ha, 27 m³ procedure t DM/h, 24.6 t DM/h, 15 t DM/ha 0.30 equireme ent [h/t DM M] work ing time r idle time teleloader teleloader idle time transport vehicles transport vehicles idle time tractor with front-end loader tractor with front-end loader square baler forage harvester 23

24 Conclusions Chopping length significantly influences the mass flow through the forage harvester and the bulk density of the chopped material Increasing the driving speed when the yield is decreasing is mostly not possible due to problems arising with the crop flow at the row-independent corn header Yield influences the mass flow through the forage harvester The opened drum bottom and the higher theoretical chopping length in the second procedure allow a significant higher mean mass flow through the forage harvester (up to 45.0 t DM/h) The mass flow through h the square baler depends d on the mass of the swath. At a swath mass of the chopped material of 5.9 kg DM/m, the mean mass flow amounts 24.0 t DM/h 24

25 Conclusions Depending on the adjustment of the square baler and at a theoretical chopping length of 84 mm, the density of the square bales ranges from 165 kg DM/m³ to 233 kg DM/m³. According to model calculations harvesting miscanthus as bulk chopped material causes the lowest working time requirement (h/t DM) for chopping, transport and put into storage at haul distances up to 1.2 km, when using trailers with a loading capacity of 27 m³. For larger haul distances the procedure 2 is more effective. 25

26 26 Are there any questions?