François Simon Robert pp Savoie,, Thesis Director Pierre Luc Hébert

Transcription

1 François Simon Robert pp Savoie,, Thesis Director Philippe Pierre Luc Hébert

2 Context Introduction Research objectives Methodology Results Opportunities Conclusion

3 Conversion of fertile eagricultural u a cropland copa to energy e crops is generally not a well accepted model However, Canada has large areas of low value land which may potentially sustain energy plantations like short rotation willow or poplar

4 Fallow land is defined dfi das previously cultivated t land where agricultural production has been abandoned temporarily or permanently (Brunet et al., 1993; Théry, 1993; Benjamin 2005) Low value areas that could potentially be used for short rotation crops for energy Abandoned lands Naturals Pastures 130,000 ha 1,490,000 ha 160,000 ha 871,000 ha

5 Annual Herbs Perennial Herbs Shrubs Coniferous Forest Decidious Forest Maarel(2005)

6 Organic Matter (g/kg) Time (years) Zhang (2007)

7 Organic Matter Available Nitrogen Bulk Bulk Density Density (g m 33 ) Available potassium (mg kg 1 ) Zhang (2007)

8 RAD 2000 Caterpillar D6 Stump extraction and windrowing Windrow grinding Debris spreading and soil levelling No biomass is valued in the process with high operating costs Morbark k1300 Galotrax 500 Komatsu D37EX

9 Biobaler harvesting and depositing a completed bale of woody crop Fixed flail knives rotating upwards Potential cut up to 150 mm diameter stems

10 Longs pieces > 15 cm Short pieces < 15 cm Bales harvested in Poularies (NW Quebec) with substantial losses Collecting non harvested biomass toestimateti t loss and recovery Percentage of recovery = Harvested biomass x 100% (harvested biomass + losses)

11 Site Vegetation Management Objective Site characteristics St Pamphile A Cornus Rugosa, Herbs, salix bebbiana Biomass Valorisation Abandoned land St Pamphile B Cornus Rugosa, Herbs idem Abandoned d land Ste Perpétue A Cornus Rugosa, Herbs idem Abandoned land idem Ste Perpétue B Salix Bebianna, alnus Abandoned land Ste Perpétue C Cornus Rugosa, Herbs idem Abandoned land idem Ste Perpétue D Salix Bebianna, alnus Abandoned land Hearst Populus tremuloides, alnus, sapin baumier, Biomass production Forest regeneration Cochrane Tamarack Larch, herbs Land clearing for solar energy project Abandoned land Poularies A Salix Bebianna, Alnus, Populus tremuloides Forage establishment Poplar regeneration Poularies B Salix Bebianna, Alnus, Populus tremuloides Precommercial thinning for tree plantation Poplar regeneration in forest zone

12 Field Heterogeneity

13 Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Poularies A # of DBH BD # of DBH BD # of DBH BD stems (mm) (mm) stems (mm) (mm) stems (mm) (mm) Alder Willow Trembling Aspen Balsam Poplar Station mass 12.57m² (kg) Stem population/ha 87,580 64,490 78,822 Average population ( stems/ha) 76,964

14 Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Poularies B # of DBH BD # of DBH BD # of DBH BD stems (mm) (mm) stems (mm) (mm) stems (mm) (mm) Alder Salix Trembling Aspen Balsam Poplar Station mass 12.57m² (kg) Stem population/ha 58,121 18,312 45,382 Average population lti (stem/ha) 40,605

15 Site Wet Dry # of Bale Harvested matter Bales MC matter bales mass length harvested Density harvested (kg) (m/bale) (%) (t WM/ha) (t DM/ha) (kg DM/m³) St Pamphile A St Pamphile B NA Ste Perpétue A NA Ste Perpétue B NA Ste Perpétue C NA Ste Perpétue D Hearst Cochrane Poularies A # NA Poularies A # NA Poularies B NA Average

16 Site Time Harvest capacity Fuel consumption per bale Bales FM DM bale FM DM (min:sec) (bales/h) (t FM/h) (t DM/h) (L/bale) (L/t FM) (L/t DM) St Pamphile A 309 3: NA NA NA St Pamphile B 2: NA NA NA Ste Perpétue A 3: Ste Perpétue B 5: Ste Perpétue C 3: Ste Perpétue D 3: Hearst 6: Cochrane 6: Poularies A #1 3: Poularies A #2 3: Poularies B 8: Average 4:

17 Harves st Capa acity (T DM/h h) Savoie et al, 2010 Harvested yield (T DM/ha)

18 After only one passage

19 Marginal land harvested in North Ontario

20 Mass of large (>15 cm) and short (<15 cm) woody pieces left on the ground were added for total loss after bio baler passage on Poularies site in Northwestern Quebec in fall Site Total loss (mass on the ground) Harvested biomass Recovery (t DM/ha) (t DM/ha) (%) Poularies A # % Poularies B %

21 Available biomass: average of 18 t FM/ha, ranging between 46and t FM/ha Harvest capacity: average of 15 bales/h, ranging between 7 and 21 bales/h (or between 1.8 and 5.2 t DM/h) Preliminary economic analysis: Harvesting costs were $32/t DM in good conditions; $ 60/t DM when harvest operations were slow; Biomass market pays $ 60/t DM for residual fibre; biomass worth close $ 200/t DM when used to replace oil or gas for heating H ti t l d f l d l i i l ti l Harvesting natural woody crop for land clearing is a relatively new activity with high potential return

22 Harvesting woody crops on abandoned farmland represents several opportunities: Rural jobs Village heating energy e self sufficiency sufficiency cy Residue valorization Good economic return Reduction of fossil fuel imports and a way to control heating costs

23 Agriculture and Agri Food Canada Natural Resources Canada and CBIN (Canadian Biomass Innovation Network) Anderson Group

24 François-Simon Robert, graduate student, Univ. Laval