PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE

Transcription

1 Workshop on Use of agricultural residues for bioenergy September 2014, Kyiv, Ukraine PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE Tetiana Zheliezna, Georgii Geletukha

2 Main types of primary agricultural residues straw stalks maize residues cobs sunflower residues stalks heads

3 World experience in energy production from straw Denmark: >10,000 farm boilers (0.1-1 MW), ~55 DH plants ( MW), 8 CHP plants (2-28 MW е ) and 4 TPPs for co-combustion of straw with other types of BM and/or fossil fuels UK: TPP 38 MW е (200 kt/yr); construction of TPP 40 MW е is planned Spain: TPP 25 MW е (160 kt/yr), TPP 16 MW е (102 kt/yr) Poland: ~100 boilers (~100 kw), >40 DH plants (0.5-7 MW). Construction of TPP 30 MW е is planned Sweden: farm boilers and DH plants in operation. Planned CHP plant: 110 MW wood chips boiler, 45 MW straw boiler, 53 MW e turbine China: 34 TPPs of 1200 MW e total capacity Production of solid biofuels straw pellets: Lithuania, UK, Estonia, Poland, Canada, USA; straw briquettes Estonia, Denmark, Canada, Lithuania; pellets from maize residues USA Straw CHPP of Rudkøbing (Denmark)

4 Structure of the sown area in Ukraine 1990 All cereal crops (without corn) Corn 7% 9% % 41% Technical crops (without sunflower) Sunflower 19% 39% Potato, vegetables and cucurbitaceous crops 16% 6% 5% 7% 4% Fodder crops 10%

5 Yield of crops, centners per heactare Gross harvest of cereal crops and sunflower, Mt Production of grain crops and sunflower in Ukraine ,7 30,8 27,4 33,9 22,8 25,3 20,9 32,1 30,9 All cereal crops (without corn) Corn Sunflower ,8 3,5 7,2 4,7 11,9 6,8 8,7 8,4 11, ,4 64, ,1 19,8 12,2 12,8 43,2 45,1 28,5 26,8 15,0 33,5 18,4 47,9 28,0 16,5 33,9 21,7 Corn Wheat Sunflower

6 Technologies for collecting straw in Ukraine Streaming Stacking Swathing Spreading Collecting straw by the streaming technology Baler for round bales Swathing non-comminuted straw Baler for square bales

7 Production and use of straw in Ukraine Harvest losses and stubble remains Burning straw on the field Solid biofuels made from straw 2012: Straw pellets 21,700 t Straw briquettes 2,000 t Combustion in boilers ~ 80,000 t

8 Location of some biomass boilers in Ukraine straw fired boilers, wood fired boilers, boilers operating on sunflower husk

9 Introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers in Ukraine Mineral fertilizers, kg of nutrient per ha Fertilizers introduced under all crops, including: nitrogen fertilizer potash fertilizer phosphate fertilizer Fertilizers introduced under: cereal and leguminous crops technical crops Organic fertilizers*, t/ha Fertilizers introduced under all crops, ,5 0.5 including: cereal and leguminous crops technical crops * Manure, different composts, organic-mineral mixtures, poultry excrement etc.

10 Technologies for grain maize harvesting peeled ears not peeled ears thrashed ears Maize harvesting (CLAAS harvester) Options for treating stalks and leaves Comminuted and collected into removable trailers Comminuted and scattered over the field to be ploughed back into the soil Stalks without ears are left on the field. Later on they are mown down, comminuted and ploughed into soil. Another possible option is baling maize stalks. Baler for maize stalks Massey Ferguson (USA) Bailer for maize stalks Vermeer (USA)

11 Maize residues: current and prospective uses in Ukraine Current uses: Organic fertilizer Feed for livestock Few examples of energy production Maize cobs Prospective uses: Biofuel (bales) Feedstock for the production of solid biofuels (pellets/briquettes) Feedstock for the production of biogas (with some limitations) Baled maize stalks

12 Technologies for sunflower harvesting Sunflower stalks are cut off with heads Cutting off stalks with heads, thrashing heads, comminuting heads with stalks, scattering over the field or collecting in a trailer. Sunflower stalks are left on the field Cutting off and thrashing heads, collecting and unloading non-comminuted heads on the field. Stalks that are left on the field then are cut off and shredded by disc ploughs. Sunflower harvesting (CLAAS harvester) Sunflower harvesting (New Holland harvester)

13 Sunflower residues: current and prospective uses in Ukraine Current uses: Organic fertilizer Feed for livestock No examples of energy production Prospective uses: Biofuel (bales) Feedstock for the production of solid Sunflower stalks on the field after harvesting biofuels (pellets/briquettes) Feedstock for the production of biogas (with some limitations)

14 Fuel properties of the crop residues Parameters Yellow straw Grey straw Maize stalks* Sunflower stalks* Wood chips (for comparison) Water content, % (after harvesting) (dried in the air) (after harvesting) ~20 (dried in the air) Lower heating value, MJ/kg (W 45-60%) (W 15-18%) (W<16%) Volatile components, % >70 >70 >70 >70 >70 Ash, % Elementary composition, %: Carbon Hydrogen 5 5, Oxygen Chlorine Potassium (alkali metal) mg/kg d.m Nitrogen Sulfur Ash melting point, С * Data on volatile components, ash content and elementary composition are in % of dry matter

15 Country / region Type of residues Share of the total amount (theoretical potential) available for energy production Germany straw 30% Greece straw 15% M, S 60% Sweden straw, M 60% Poland straw 20% Estonia straw 15-65% EU-15 + Norway and Switzerland straw 50% M 25% EU-27 straw, M, S, O 30% EU-27 straw 45% M, S 40-50% EU straw, M 25% EU straw, M, S 30% EU straw 50% USA straw 40% USA straw, M 30-40% USA M 30-60% 76-82% (under No-Till technology) USA straw 40-50% M 40% 35-70% (under No-Till technology) USA straw 60% M 60-70% (under No-Till technology) USA M 30-70% (under No-Till technology) USA M 30-40% UKRAINE straw 38% (enterprises of potato-grain-livestock area) UKRAINE straw 40% UKRAINE straw 86% (enterprises of sugar-grain-livestock area) UKRAINE straw 20% UKRAINE straw 50% (after 2008) M, S 100% Assessment of the share of crop residues available for energy production Ukraine: Studies by Golub G.A., Kukharets S.М., Kaletnik G.М., Klius S.V. M grain maize residues, S sunflower residues, O other crop residues

16 Position of the Bioenergy Association of Ukraine The issue of the share of straw and other crop residues that can be used for energy or biofuels production should be addressed individually for each farm. At the same time, all relevant agro-economic factors should be taken into account. For Ukraine as a whole the following general recommendations can be suggested taking into account own needs of agriculture. It is possible to use for energy purposes : - up to 30% of the theoretical potential of cereal straw; - up to 40% of the theoretical potential of grain maize and sunflower residues.

17 Energy potential of crop residues in Ukraine (2013) Type of residues Grain crops straw Grain maize residues: total, including* Crop harvest, Mt Total amount of residues (theoretical Share of residues for Energy potential potential), Mt energy Mt W, % LHV, MJ/kg Mtce Grain crops (excluding % maize): 32.1 maize: % stalks (with leaves) cobs Sunflower residues: total, including sunflower: % stalks (with leaves) heads TOTAL * The rest is husk leaves with shanks

18 Biomass potential in Ukraine (2013) Type of biomass Theoretical potential, Mt Share available for energy production, % Economic potential, Mtce Grain crops straw Rapeseed straw Grain maize residues (stalks, cobs) Sunflower residues (stalks, heads) Secondary agriculture residues (husks, bagasse) Wood biomass (firewood, felling residues, wood processing residues) Biodiesel (rapeseed) Bioethanol (maize and sugar beet) Biogas (residues and byproducts of 1.6 bln m 3 СН agricultural sector) Landfill gas 0.6 bln m 3 CH Sewage gas (industrial and municipal wastewater) 1.0 bln m 3 CH Energy crops: - willow, poplar, miscanthus maize (biogas) 3.3 bln m 3 CH Peat TOTAL Mtce (41%)

19 Potential of wheat straw in Ukraine

20 Potential of barley straw in Ukraine

21 Potential of maize residues in Ukraine

22 Potential of sunflower residues in Ukraine

23 Conclusions By today there has been accumulated quite wide experience in energy production from crop residues in the world (Denmark, China, Spain, UK). Special design and technology approach have been found for the successful use of straw as a fuel. The use of other crop residues requires further research. Ukraine should switch over to harvesting technologies which provide the collection of crops residues. Recommendation for Ukraine as a whole: energy sector may take up to 30% of grain crop straw and up to 40% of grain maize and sunflower residues. Potential of the crop residues in Ukraine (2013): 33.6 Mt or 10.6 Mtce that is 38% of the total energy potential of biomass. Recommended uses of crop residues for energy: biofuel, feedstock for the production of pellets/briquettes and biogas (the latter with some limitations).

24 Thank you for your attention! Tetiana Zheliezna Member of UABio expert board, PhD t./f