Short rotation coppices for energy and biorefinery Michał Krzyżaniak, Mariusz Stolarski, Stefan Szczukowski, Józef Tworkowski

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1 Short rotation coppices for energy and biorefinery Michał Krzyżaniak, Mariusz Stolarski, Stefan Szczukowski, Józef Tworkowski University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

2 PRESENTATION PLAN Introduction Species cultivated in short rotation coppices Productivity of SRC Harvest technology and biomass logistic chain Conclusions

3 Acrage of perennial energy crops (ha) in Poland in 2010 Willow Poplar Birch Alder Giant miscanthus Other grasses Reed canarygrass Virginia mallow wood grasses semi-wood herbaceous source: Gajewski 2010

4 Perennial energy plants in the structure of agricultural land Agricultural land ca 15.5 mln ha The area perennial energy plants 2010 r. ca 10,000 ha The area perennial energy plants 2020 r. ca 500,000 ha % of Agricultural land 0.06% % of Agricultural land 3.23%

5 Arable land potentially suitable for the cultivation of perennial energy plants in Poland (Jadczyszyn i in. 2007, IUNG-PIB) Voivodeship (region) thousand ha % dolnośląskie 88,3 6.8 kujawsko-pom. 8,1 0.6 lubelskie 68,8 3.1 lubuskie 53,4 6.5 łódzkie 80,2 4.9 małopolskie 15,1 2.3 mazowieckie 105,2 3.3 opolskie 49,9 7.2 podkarpackie 92, podlaskie 56,2 3.6 pomorskie 49,1 3.8 śląskie 70,8 9.0 świętokrzyskie 21,9 2.3 warmińsko-maz. 42,6 2.3 wielkopolskie 42,9 1.8 zachodnio-pom. 109,4 6.5 Total 954,1 4.6

6 Species cultivated in short rotation coppices

7 Willow Salix L. S. viminalis, S. alba, S. pentandra, S. dasyclados, S. triandra and more Phot. M. Stolarski Phot. M. Krzyżaniak

8 Poplar Populus L. Populus nigra x P. Maximowiczii Henry cv. Max-5T Phot. M. Krzyżaniak and M. Stolarski

9 Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia Phot. M. Krzyżaniak and M. Stolarski

10 Productivity of short rotation coppices

11 MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING THE YIELD OF BIOMASS Climatic conditions Species, variety Soil habitat Agricultural treatments Harvest frequency

12 One-year old willow stems (Salix viminalis) Phot. M. Stolarski

13 Three-year old willow Phot. M. Krzyżaniak

14 alluvial humus clay soil Phot. M. Stolarski Three year old stems on four year old stumps

15 Four-year old willow stems Phot. M. Stolarski

16 Examples of planting denisities for short and long rotations 48,000 plants ha ,000 plants ha -1. 0,25 m 0,35 m 0,75 m 0,90 m 0,75 m 0,75 m 1,5 m 0,75 m

17 Yield of willow in selected researches Country (author) No. of clones/ varieties Yield (Mg d.m. ha -1 year -1) Harvest cycle (years) Planting density (cuttings ha -1 ) UK [Wilkinson et al. 2007] ,000 25,000 UK [Lowthe-Thomas et al. 2010] ,000 Canada [Labrecque and Teodorescu 2003] ,000 USA [Adegbidi et al. 2001] , ,600 Finland [Tahvanainen and Rytkonen 1999] ,000 20,000 Estonia [Heinsoo et al. 2002] ,000

18 Yield of poplar and black locust in selected researches Crop Country No. of clones/ varieties Yield (Mg d.m. ha -1 year -1 ) Harvest cycle (years) Density Source Germany 3 1,3 2, Hofmann-Schielle et al Sweden 2 7,3 7, Telenius 1999 Poplar China 14 3,2 25, Guo and Zhang, 2010, Canada 6 1,9 16, Fortier et al Belgium 17 2,8 11, Laureysens et al Germany 8 2,3 9, Bungart and Huttl 2001 Black locust 3 3 1,0 9,6 3,6 12,8 Greece >30 3,5 9,75 Hungary and more Armstrong et al Aravanopoulos ,7 8, Redei et al ,1 9, Redei et al. 2010

19 Willow yields from Polish researches Source Stolarski i in. [2008] Szczukowski i in. [2009] Kuś i Matyka [2010] Nowak i in. [2011] Chołuj i in. [2010] Institution University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivaton Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences Warsaw University of Life Sciences Harvest cycle (years) Yield (Mg d.m. ha -1 year -1 ) ,9 33,2 14,6 17,7 18,7 12,7 14,1 15,4 17,9 5,6 9,4 13,1 20,6 Clones/ varieties Salix viminalis: 1023, 1033, 1037, 1054, 1056 i 1058 Salix viminalis x S. purpurea Salix viminalis (Tur, Turbo) 1 Salix viminalis UWM Salix viminalis:1023, 1047, 1052, 1054, Gigantea, Torhild, Tora, Olof, Sven Salix viminalis dasyclados ssp. Baltica 1001, Salix viminalis selecta x americana 1019, Salix viminalis var. gigantea 1047, Orm Valne 1053 Salix viminalis Salix viminalis

20 Harvest technology and biomass logistic chain

21 Biomass and energy flow Biomass, energy and cash flow chain [Stolarski 2012] Biomass producers Cash flow Biomass compacting Energy and biofuels producers Energy and bioproducts consumers

22 Two-stage woody biomass harvest Phot. M. Stolarski

23 Two-stage woody biomass harvest - bundling Phot. M. Stolarski

24 Two-stage woody biomass harvest - storage Zbiór oraz belowanie wierzby (Stolarski 2011) Phot. M. Stolarski

25 Two-stage woody biomass harvest - transport Phot. M. Stolarski

26 Two-stage woody biomass harvest - Biobaler Harvest and baling of biomass in one operation Phot. M. Stolarski

27 Phot. M. Stolarski Storage of whole stems

28 One stage harvest of willow plants Phot. M. Stolarski Phot. M. Krzyżaniak

29 Phot. M. Stolarski and M. Krzyżaniak One stage harvest of woody plants storage and transport

30 CONCLUSIONS Perennial energy plants has a very high productivity potential but it is important to remember about plantation management, choice of suitable species, varieties and soil conditions. The average yield of biomass from commercial plantations on good soils, may range from 9 to 15 t d.m./ha/year. However, the yield on worse soils will be much lower from 4 to 7 t d.m./ha/year. Yield from field trials is higher by 20-30% than in commercial plantations and sometimes may be higher than 25 t/ha/year. One or two stage harvest technology give wide possibilities to deliver lignocellulosic biomass for energy or biorafinery purposes.

31 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION dr. Michał Krzyżaniak, assistant professor University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production