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1 UNIT 3 NOTES FOUNDATIONS OF THE MODERN STATE Constitutionalism vs. Absolutism Family Trees from: Also useful is:

2 Constitutional Monarchy Defined Monarch Limited by Documents Constitution Laws Judicial decisions Legislative body Prime Minister

3 Absolutism Defined Power flows from absolutist His power surpasses law Parliament s power suppressed He needs financial support of landed nobility Court culture becomes form of state power (court nobility) Orderly, efficient bureaucracy Lack of technology limits his ability to directly regulate people s lives Has large standing army to enforce his (or her) will

4 Absolutism Defined (cont d.) Monarch has strong personality traits as symbol of state/nation Traits of hero Art and spectacle produces exalted image of him Absolute government is costly Usually requires heavy taxation Mercantilism as economic system Sometimes justified by theory of "divine right" monarchy Absolutist is God's anointed on earth

5 England

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7 Tudors Expanded central government authority (almost absolute monarchs) Economic prosperity Made England leading power Aroused nationalism Immensely popular rulers

8 Tudors Ruled Henry VII New Monarch Henry VIII Unit 2 Ruled

9 Divorced Beheaded Died Divorced Beheaded Survived

10 Tudors Ruled Edward VI Followed father briefly to throne Mary I Unit 2 Ruled

11 Tudors Elizabeth I Ruled Refused marriage 1588-Defeated Spanish Armada

12 Tudors Elizabeth I (cont d.) Worked with Parliament Went on progresses Greatly mourned at death

13 Stuarts Claimed divine right Kings are justly called gods for they exercise a manner of divine power upon earth. James I, 1603 Unpopular friendship with Spain Treated Puritans badly Heavily taxed middle class Neglected foreign trade Imprisoned opponents without a fair trial

14 Stuarts James I King of Scotland as James VI Ruled As king of England commissioned English version of Bible Based on Tyndale s version

15 Stuarts Charles I Ruled Parliament passed Petition of Right controlling king s power Charles didn t call Parliament until 1640 Needed money for war with Scots 1642 Civil War began

16 Stuarts Charles I (cont d.) Tried by Parliament Sentenced to death

17 Puritan Revolution Parliament won Civil War Commonwealth republic Cromwell military dictator Lord Protector Admired by some Disliked by others Dissolved Parliament in 1654

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20 Stuarts Ruled Ruled Charles II Exiled during Commonwealth Yielded to Parliament s authority James II Outraged people with pro- Catholic actions Birth of son aroused fear

21 Glorious Revolution Parliament offered throne to closest Protestant relatives William of Orange and Mary (James II s daughter) James II fled to France Ruled & 1702 Bill of Rights included: Monarch must be Anglican Basic civil rights

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23 France

24 Religious Civil Wars 16 th century Ended in 1589 when Henry of Navarre became Henry IV Married Marguerite, daughter of Catherine de Medici and Henry II St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre

25 Henry IV Ruled 1589 (1594) Became king Paris is worth a mass. Edict of Nantes ended religious conflict Worked to restore central authority Founded Bourbon dynasty which ruled for 200 years

26 Cardinal Richelieu Minister Ruled Catholic Cardinal Minister to Louis XIII Attained supremacy of king and France Destroyed nobles power Taxed without Estates- General Led France in 30 Years War

27 Louis XIV Fronde Ruled Absolute monarch Divine right Built Palace of Versailles Never called Estates-General Sun king I am the state

28 Louis XIV Colbert was financial minister Improved trade/industry Improved transportation Revoked Edict of Nantes Hurt economy Ambitious foreign policy At his death France was leading continental nation

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30 Spain

31 Philip II Son of Charles V Wife Mary I of England Ruled Built El Escorial Built Spanish Empire Helped defeat Turks with Venice and the pope Failed to: Suppress Dutch revolt Defeat England

32 Philip II (cont d.)

33 Philip II (cont d.) Produced: Inefficient government Crushing tax burden Stagnant economy

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35 Russia

36 Early History 10th century converted to Orthodoxy 13 th -15th centuries Mongols controlled it 15 th -16 th centuries Moscow led Russia

37 Ivan III (the Great) Ended Mongol domination Extended his territories Ruled Subdued nobles, attaining absolute power

38 Ivan IV (the Terrible) Ruled Grandson of Ivan the Great Used great cruelty First to assume the title of czar

39 Michael Romanov Ruled Grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible Chosen by an assembly of nobles in 1613 Began the 300 year Romanov dynasty

40 Peter I (the Great) Ruled Strengthened absolutism Crushed revolt of nobles Extended gov t. control over Church Tried to westernize Russia Toured western Europe Brought western customs to Russia Gained a new seaport St. Petersburg

41 Catherine II (the Great) German wife of Peter III Ruled Removed him Extended Russia South to Black Sea West in partitioning Poland (along with Austria and Prussia)

42 Partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, and 1795

43 Prussia

44 Early Hohenzollern Rule 15th century Nobles from Berlin area Ruled Prussia through: Autocratic government Well-trained army Ruled for 500 years Unified Germany (1871)

45 30 Years War Phases First war for balance of power HRE Before HRE After

46 Frederick William (Great Elector) Pursued mercantilism Ruled Promoted industry and agriculture Emphasized duty and honesty Organized strong army Waged successful wars against: Swedes Poles Austrians

47 Austria

48 Early Habsburgs 13th century Originally lesser feudal lords in: Alsace (France/Germany) Switzerland Southern Germany

49 Rudolf I HR Emperor Rudolf from Habsburg German Descendants governed Austria for 600+ years With one exception headed HRE until its end (1806) Expanded domains through: Marriage Alliances

50 Habsburg Reverses 13 th -18 th centuries Failed to halt Protestant movement Didn t defeat France in 30 Years War

51 Habsburg Achievements Defeated Turks at Vienna By 18th century controlled many nationalities

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53 Nation-States Achievements Weakened forces tending to disunite a country Provided strong central government Generally furthered growth of national state

54 Nation-States Weaknesses Made nation depend on ability of one person Often sacrificed national well-being for autocrat s personal wishes Costly wars Disregarded needs and rights of common people

55 Absolutism attacked by intellectuals in the Enlightenment

56 UNIT 3 NOTES FOUNDATIONS OF THE MODERN STATE Constitutionalism vs. Absolutism