Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department. Door County Beach Contamination Source Identification Interim Report May 2006

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1 Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department Door County Beach Contamination Source Identification Interim Report May 26

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3 The Door County Beach Contamination Source Identification Project would not be possible without the help of the contributors. Principle Report Editor: Vinni Chomeau - Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department Report Contributors: Vinni Chomeau Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department Greg Kleinheinz - UW Oshkosh Microbiology Rhonda Kolberg - Door County Public Health Department Colleen McDermott - UW Oshkosh Microbiology Meredith B. Nevers - US Geological Survey Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station William Schuster - Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department Richard L. Whitman -US Geological Survey Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station Primary Financial Contributor: Wisconsin Coastal Management Program Additional Financial Contributors: City of Sturgeon Bay Clark Lake Advancement Association Door County Chamber of Commerce Door County Economic Development Corporation Door County Public Health Department Door County Property Owners Town of Liberty Grove Town of Sevastopol Town of Sturgeon Bay Village of Ephraim Sturgeon Bay Jaycees In-kind Supporters: Bay Shore Property Owners Association Bay Shore Outdoor Store Lyle Burnt Crossroads at Big Creek Door County Sanitarian Department Door County Parks Department Fish Creek Watershed Study Group Newport State Park Peninsula State Park Rock Island State Park Judy and Albert Scherb Ship Yard Marina University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Microbiology Department University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Water Institute US Coast Guard Sturgeon Bay Station US Geological Survey - Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station Whitefish Dunes State Park

4 UW Oshkosh Beach Data Collection and Analysis Team Amanda Griesbach Tabitha Zehms Katie Voss Dustin Gross Jason Mankowski Dale Lange Amanda Brown Joe Felt Brenda Larson Candace Otte Angela Kiefer

5 Table of Contents Introduction...1 Results and Recommendations per Beach...2 Door County Beaches Located in the Sturgeon Bay Canal... 2 Otumba Park Beach...2 Sunset Park Beach (Sturgeon Bay)...4 Door County Beaches Located on Green Bay... 6 Fish Creek Beach...6 Ephraim Beach...8 Sister Bay Park Beach...9 Ellison Bay Park Beach...11 Egg Harbor Park Beach...12 Murphy Park Beach...14 Nicolet Bay Beach Peninsula State Park...15 Haines Park Beach...17 Door County Beaches on Lake Michigan Whitefish Dunes State Park Beach...18 Baileys Harbor Ridges Beach...19 Portage Park Beach...21 Newport State Park Beach...22 Lakeside Beach...22 Europe Bay Park Beach...24 Sturgeon Bay Recreational Area Canal Beach...25 Sandy Bay Beach...26 Anclam Park Beach...27 Whitefish Bay...28 Door County Beaches on Washington and Rock Island Sand Dunes Beach...28 School House Beach...29 Percy Johnson Memorial Park Beach...3 Gialison Park Beach...31 Jackson Harbor Beach...32 Rock Island Beach...33 Inland Lake Beaches Clark Lake...34 Kangaroo Lake...35 Europe Lake...36 Beach Project Methodology and Results Beach Monitoring Program Monitoring Methodology...37 Monitoring Results...38 Beach Contamination Source Identification Program...42 Overall Beach Contamination Source Identification Methodology Specific Source Identification Methodology and Results Impact of Physical Features/Conditions...43 Impact of Beach Location Seasonal Impact Spatial E. coli Sampling Methodology Spatial E. coli Sampling Results Rainfall Quantity Methodology i

6 Rainfall Quantity Results Rain Event Beach Water Sampling Methodology... 5 Rain Event Beach Water Sampling Results... 5 Wind Methodology Wind Results Wave Height Methodology Wave Height Results E. coli Concentrations in Beach Sand...6 Sand Sampling Methodology... 6 Sand Sampling Results... 6 Impact of Biological Factors...64 Bird Count Methodology Avian Waste Survey Methodology Bird Count and Avian Waste Survey Results Algae Impact Study Methodology Algae Impact Study Results Further Study on Impacts of Algae at the Beach Pathogen Presence - Methodology...72 Pathogen Presence - Results...72 Determining the Identity of E. coli Contaminating Door County Beaches...73 E. coli Identity Methodology Antibiotic Resistance Methodology Genetic Fingerprinting Methodology Source Identification E. coli Identity - Results/Conclusions...76 Beach Contamination Source Identification Methods Recommendations...77 General Beach Management Recommendations...78 Appendix A: Storm water Conveyance Systems as a Source of E. coli in Beach Water Otumba Park and Ephraim Beach...79 Otumba Park Beach Method Results Ephraim Beach Methods Appendix B: Watershed Study Bay Shore Property Association Summer ii

7 Maps, Figures, and Tables Table of Contents Map 1: Door County Beaches Monitored for E. coli in Figure 1: Door County Health Department beach monitoring for E. coli public information signs Table 1: E. coli testing May - September, Door County, WI Figure 2: E. coli testing May - September Door County, WI Figure 3: Mean E. coli count for categories of beaches in Figure 4: Mean E. coli MPN/1mL by Location in Figure 5: Mean E. coli count for all beaches over the summer Figure 6: Entire County Mean E. coli MPN/1mL in Beach Water in Figure 7: Seasonal Countywide Average E. coli MPN/1mL Beach Levels in Figure 8: Depth Sampling of E. coli - Door County, WI, Figure 9: Comparison of E. coli counts at center, left, and right at 5 subject beaches in Figure 1: Rainfall at three monitoring stations compared to mean E. coli count Figure 11: Rainfall at three monitoring stations compared to mean E. coli count Table 2: Significant Correlations E. coli MPN vs. 24hrs PPT Figure 12: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Anclam beach Figure 13: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Baileys Harbor Ridges beach Figure 14: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Egg Harbor beach Figure 15: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Ephraim beach Figure 16: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Fish Creek beach Figure 17: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Lakeside Park beach Figure 18: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Murphy Park beach Figure 19: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Otumba Park beach Figure 2: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Sister Bay beach Figure 21: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Sunset Park beach Figure 22: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Whitefish Dunes beach Table 3: Wet Weather Beach Swimming Advisories Determination Table 4: Mean E. coli in beach water on the Green Bay side of Door County in various wind conditions in Table 5: T-Test Correlation between Door County Beach Water Samples E. coli MPN/1mL of water and Wind Direction/Type Table 6: Correlation between Wave Height and E. coli Levels in Figure 23: Sunset Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels Figure 24: Baileys Harbor Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels Figure 25: Otumba Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels Figure 26: Fish Creek Beach Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels Figure 27: Ephraim Beach Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels Figure 28: Whitefish Dunes State Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels Figure 29: Anclam Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels Figure 3: Lakeside Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels Figure 31: Murphy Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels Figure 32: Nicolet Bay Beach Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels Figure 33: Ellison Bay Beach Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels Figure 34: Sister Bay Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels Figure 35: Example of Avian Waste Survey transect and sample plot areas in Otumba Park Beach Table 7: Pearson Correlation of Avian Waste, Bird Counts, and E. coli Levels in Table 8: Pearson Correlation of Avian Waste, Bird Counts, and E. coli Levels in iii

8 Figure 36: Cladophora glomerata structure Table 9: Cladophora Distribution Survey Percentages of Total Samples Table 1: Summary of relationships between Cladophora observations and E. coli levels at beaches during summer Figure 37: Lakeside Park 25 E. coli samples in Cladophora Mats Figure 38: Murphy Park 25 E. coli samples in Cladophora Mats... 7 Figure 39: Whitefish Dunes State Park 25 E. coli samples in Cladophora Mats Figure 4: Anclam Park 25 E. coli samples in Cladophora Mats Table 11: Pathogens detected from five selected beaches in Door County during summer 24 and Figure 41: Quanti-Trays with positive fluorescence for E. coli Table 12: Antibiotics used for antibiotic resistance testing of E. coli isolates and their concentrations Table 13: Antibiotics used in replica plating technique and their concentration Figure 42: Genetic Groupings of E. coli Isolates MANOVA Results by Beach Figure 43: Otumba Park Storm Water Conveyance Sample Results Figure 44: Ephraim Storm Water Conveyance Sample Results Table 14: Comparison of E. coli concentrations exceeding safe swimming standards in 24 and 25. Asterisks indicate substantial increase in 25 compared to Figure 45: Bay Shore Property Association Watershed Study Summer iv

9 Introduction The following report addresses the E. coli monitoring and beach contamination source identification data collected in 25 for Door County, Wisconsin. This report is an interim report on the current findings in the beach contamination source identification project. This report summarizes relevant results and recommendations for each individual beach in the first chapter. The methodology, full results and tables and figures detailed in chapter 2. The appendices are separate water quality monitoring efforts in Door County that impact the beaches. All findings are subject to change based on both the additional statistical analysis that will occur on the current data in the spring of 26 and on additional data that will be collected and analyzed in 26. This report also describes the additional work/data collection that is needed to further identify E. coli sources at Door County beaches. The data and data analyses that were completed in 23 through 25 will be used to determine the best methods for sampling in 26. In 26 many of the E. coli sources that are not identified will be identified and the collective information on the beaches will be used to develop best management plans for the beaches and surrounding watersheds to reduce E. coli contamination levels at Door County beaches. Implementation of best management plans will be the focus of the 27 project. In 23 through 25 data were collected at 28 beach locations along both sides of the peninsula, at Washington Island, within Sturgeon Bay, and at three inland lakes (Map 1, pg 2). Ambient conditions in the field were recorded, including wind conditions, wave height, number of gulls present on the beach, and abundance of amassed Cladophora algae along the shoreline. Daily rainfall data were collected at multiple locations on the peninsula. Additional ambient weather data were collected, including barometric pressure and wind/wave conditions, at a NOAAoperated buoy located at the north end of Lake Michigan, near the north end of the Door County peninsula. In 25 intensive samples were repeated at Ephraim, Fish Creek, Otumba, Sister Bay, and Whitefish Dunes beaches and nine additional beaches were sampled intensively including, Portage, Sunset, Nicolet, Egg Harbor, Murphy, Ellison Bay, Baileys Harbor Ridges, Lakeside and Anclam beaches. E. coli was sampled spatially (depth of water and location on the beach) and after rain events on a temporal scale. E. coli collected and isolated from these beaches was analyzed to determine resistance to antibiotics and genetic identity, and thus determines the potential for the E. coli sources to be from human and/or animal sources. Water samples were also collected and tested for the presence of pathogens. These beaches were also sampled for E. coli after rain events and an avian waste survey was conducted at multiple beaches to determine the potential for avian waste to be an E. coli source. In 25 sand samples were also collected at these beaches to determine the amount on E. coli present in beach sand. This report is a descriptive analysis of the data set collected for Door County; it includes preliminary comparisons of E. coli results with ambient conditions. It also provides some analysis of the spatial distribution of E. coli in beach water, beach sand and storm water sampling, rain event E. coli concentrations, and antibiotic resistance and genetic identity of E. coli. Additional data will be collected in the summer of 26, focusing on collecting water samples for E. coli during rain events E. coli. In 27 the beach project will focus on using the previous years of collected data and analysis to make final recommendations for beach improvements to reduce potential for beach water contamination. SWCD would like to work with the county, 1

10 town, village and city administrators and beach managers to establish best beach management practices and to reduce and abate non-point pollution discharge to the beaches. Map 1: Door County Beaches Monitored for E. coli in 25.. Results and Recommendations per Beach The beach results stated in this interim beach report are subject to change based on the additional statistical analysis and the additional data that will be collected from beach contamination source identification work in 26 and 27. This section is an overview of beach monitoring and source identification results, source identification recommendations, and current beach management recommendations for all 29 beaches monitored for E. coli in Door County. Door County Beaches Located in the Sturgeon Bay Canal There are 2 monitored beaches located in the Sturgeon Bay Canal (Sunset Park and Otumba Park) (Map 1, pg 2). These beaches had significantly higher mean E. coli concentrations in than all other beach locations monitored in Door County (Green Bay, Lake Michigan, Washington/Rock Islands, and inland lakes) (Figure 4, pg 44). Both of the beaches have storm water pipes, runoff areas and or stream that outlet on or near the beaches. Otumba Park Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 92 samples for E. coli taken in the beach water monitoring program at 2

11 Otumba Park beach, and 5 (5.4%)of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and none exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 6 E. coli samples were taken, and 6 (1%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and 2 (3.3%) tests exceeded the closure level. In E. coli samples were taken, and 6 (11%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and 2 (4%) tests exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Otumba beach show that the beach has two storm water pipes that outlet water directly onto the beach, and several other storm water pipes that outlet water in the eastern and northwestern sides of the bay the beach is in. Storm water runoff from the parking lot and connecting streets is discharged to the beach water during moderate to heavy rainfall. The bathroom facility at this beach consists of two flush toilets. The wastewater from these toilets and from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach is treated by a municipal wastewater treatment facility. Rain Event E. coli Sampling Water sampling during rain events revealed E. coli levels in beach water that exceeded the advisory level within 24 hours in all 8 sampled rain events, and exceeded closure levels in 6 of the 8 sampled rain events (Figure 19, pg 54). There were no correlations between rainfall 24, 48 or 72 hours prior to high E. coli MPN/1mL in a monitoring beach water sample. This may indicate that there is a relationship between elevated E. coli levels and rain events for up to 24 hours after the rain event. See Appendix A for storm water pipe and catch basin E. coli results. Impact of Wind and Waves Elevated E. coli counts are related to wind out of the E (long shore) than when out of the N, NE, NW, and W (on shore and barrier) in 25 (Table 5, pg 59). Elevated E. coli counts were not correlated to wave height in 25 (Table 6, pg 6). E. coli Levels in Beach Sands Overall the E. coli levels in the sand were fairly low (Figure 25, pg 61). There were occasions when the E. coli levels in the sand were above the beach water advisory level of 235 MPN/1mL. The swash zone samples were typically higher in E. coli than the sand samples taken up shore of in sand located 6-12 underwater. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Pathogen Testing in Beach Water Shigella and Salmonella pathogens were not found at Otumba beach in 24 or 25, but Campylobacter was found in 69% of the beach water samples taken for pathogens in 24, and in 36% from 25 (Table 11, pg 72). The pathogens tests done could not identify individual strains of Campylobacter. The Campylobacter that was found did not match any of the known human strains. E. coli Identity/Sources The antibiotic resistance testing and the genetic fingerprinting of E. coli isolates collected in 24 and 25 from Otumba beach both indicate that E. coli isolates are from multiple sources, 3

12 human, avian, dog and other unidentified sources (Figure 41, pg 74). This indicates that the E. coli is not coming from one obvious source, but instead it is accumulating from many sources and being transported to the beach. Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. The delivery system at Otumba beach consists mainly of storm water pipes discharging on the beach. The physical survey indicates that the immediate potential sources of E. coli at Otumba beach are storm water from storm water pipes and parking lot runoff, and re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test additional E. coli concentrations during rain events and determining the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and storm water pipes, and in Cladophora algae mats. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Additional sampling for pathogens, especially testing to determine the specific source of Campylobacter should be done. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Recommended: considering measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. Required: post wet weather beach swimming advisory sign at the beach for 24 hours after all rain events of ¼ inches with 24 hours. The wet weather beach swimming advisory is required to protect public health immediately after rain events that are likely to result in closure E. coli levels, since the current method of determining E. coli levels in beach water takes a minimum of 18 hours to process. Sunset Park Beach (Sturgeon Bay) Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 91 samples for E. coli taken in the beach water monitoring program at Sunset beach, and 9 (9.9%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and 1 (1.1%) exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In E. coli samples were taken, and 12 (2.7%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and 1 (1.7%) test exceeded the closure level. In E. coli samples were taken, and 12 (21%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and 4 (7%) test exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Sunset beach show that the beach has several storm water pipes that outlet water to the north of the beach. One of these outlets pipes delivers water from Bradley Lake which serves as a storm water retention system for a large area in Sturgeon Bay. Large areas of impervious surface at an industrial land use area along the southern shoreline adjacent to the beach result in water runoff during rainfall. There is also a substantial amount of runoff at the boat launch that is adjacent to the beach from the parking lot and streets. The bathroom facility at this beach consists of two flush toilets. The wastewater from these toilets and from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach is treated by a municipal wastewater treatment facility. Rain Event E. coli Sampling E. coli concentrations were tested during 5 rain events in 24 and 2 rain events in 25 at Sunset Park (Figure 21, pg 55). E. coli concentrations were tested at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 4

13 hours after.5 inches of rain within 24 hours. The E. coli levels exceeded the advisory level within 24 hours in all 7 sampled rain events, and the closure level was exceeded in 2 of the 7 sampled rain events. There were no correlations between rainfall 24, 48 or 72 hours prior to high E. coli MPN/1mL in a monitoring beach water sample. This may indicate that there is a relationship between elevated E. coli levels and rain events for up to 24 hours after the rain event (Table 2, pg 5). Impact of Wind and Waves Elevated E. coli counts are related to wind out of the North and South more than when the wind is out of the NE, E, and SE. Wind out of the N and S blows parallel to the shoreline but is somewhat blocked by barriers (Table 5, pg 59). Elevated E. coli counts were correlated to wave height in 25 (Table 6, pg 6). E. coli Levels in Beach Sands Overall the E. coli levels in the sand were fairly low (Figure 23, pg 6). There were occasions when the E. coli levels in the sand were above the beach water advisory level of 235 MPN/1mL. The swash zone samples were typically higher in E. coli than the sand samples taken up shore of in sand located 6-12 underwater. However there were some samples in the up shore and wet sand areas that exceeded the water advisory level. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Pathogen Testing in Beach Water Shigella and Salmonella pathogens were not found at Sunset beach in 25, but Campylobacter was found in 42% of the samples taken in 25 (Table 11, pg 72). The pathogens tests done could not identify individual strains of Campylobacter. Therefore it is not known if the Campylobacter was from a human or avian source. However the Campylobacter that was found did not match any of the known human strains. E. coli Identity/Sources The antibiotic resistance testing and the genetic fingerprinting of E. coli isolates collected in 25 from Sunset Park beach indicate that E. coli isolates are from multiple sources, human, avian, dog and other unidentified sources (Figure 41, pg 74). This indicates that the E. coli is not coming from one obvious source, but instead it is accumulating from many sources and being transported to the beach. This finding takes the emphasis off of the remediation of one source and places it on remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. The delivery system at Sunset beach consists mainly of storm water runoff from impervious surfaces discharging on the beach. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Sunset beach are storm water from shoreline and parking lot runoff and re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. 5

14 Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test additional E. coli concentrations during rain events and determining the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and storm water pipes, and in Cladophora algae mats. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring Ecolab sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Additional sampling for pathogens, especially testing to determine the specific source of Campylobacter should be done. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Recommended: considering measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. Required: post wet weather beach swimming advisory sign at the beach for 24 hours after all rain events of ¼ inches with 24 hours. The wet weather beach swimming advisory is required to protect public health immediately after rain events that are likely to result in closure E. coli levels, since the current method of determining E. coli levels in beach water takes a minimum of 18 hours to process. Door County Beaches Located on Green Bay There are 8 monitored beaches located on the Green Bay side of the peninsula (Fish Creek Park, Ephraim Beach, Sister Bay Park, Ellison Bay Park, Egg Harbor Park, Murphy Park, Nicolet Bay, and Haines Park) (Map 1, pg 2). These beaches have significantly higher mean E. coli concentrations than the beaches located on Lake Michigan, Washington/Rock Islands, and inland lakes in Door County (Figure 4, pg 44). Beaches located on Green Bay had a significantly lower mean E. coli than beaches located in the Sturgeon Bay Canal. Seven (87%) of the 8 beaches on Green Bay have storm water pipes/streams that outlet on or near the beaches. Fish Creek Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 88 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Fish Creek beach, and 3 (3.4%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and none exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In E. coli samples were taken, and 5 (8.8%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and 1 (1.8%) test exceeded the closure level. In E. coli samples were taken, and 5 (9%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and 3 (5%) test exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Fish Creek beach show that the beach has a storm water pipe that outlets storm water directly onto the beach. Storm water runs off from the parking lot and connecting streets onto the beach. There are two storm water pipes that outlet water upstream from the mouth of a creek (Fish Creek), located in the eastern corner of the bay. There are also several storm water pipes and runoff areas at the marinas located on the western end of the bay. The bathroom facility at this beach consists of a portable outhouse and wastewater from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach is treated by a municipal waste water treatment facility. Rain Event E. coli Sampling E. coli concentrations were tested during 1 rain event in 24 and 1 rain event in 25 at Fish Creek Beach (Figure 16, pg 53). E. coli concentrations were tested at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after.5 inches of rain within 24 hours. The E. coli levels exceeded the advisory and closure levels within 24 hours in both sampled rain events. Overall the rain event results indicate that E. coli levels exceed the advisory level and closure level after a rain event. There were significant correlations between rainfall 24, 48 or 72 hours prior to high E. coli MPN/1mL and E. coli levels in a monitoring beach water sample. This may indicate that there is a relationship 6

15 between elevated E. coli levels and rain events for up to 72 hours after the rain event (Table 2, pg 5). Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was a correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25 (Table 6, pg 6). E. coli Levels in Beach Sands Overall the E. coli levels in the sand were fairly low (Figure 26, pg 61). There were occasions when the E. coli levels in the sand were above the beach water advisory level of 235 MPN/1mL. The swash zone samples were typically higher in E. coli than the sand samples taken up shore of in sand located 6-12 underwater. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Pathogen Testing in Beach Water There were no pathogens (Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter) found in the beach water at Fish Creek beach in 25. E. coli Identity/Sources The antibiotic resistance testing and the genetic fingerprinting of E. coli isolates collected in 24 and 25 from Fish Creek beach indicate that E. coli isolates are from multiple sources, human, avian, dog and other unidentified sources (Figure 41, pg Figure 41: Quanti-Trays with positive fluorescence for E. coli). This indicates that the E. coli is not coming from one obvious source, but instead it is accumulating from many sources and being transported to the beach. This finding takes the emphasis off of the remediation of one source and places it on remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. The delivery system at Fish Creek Beach consists mainly of storm water pipe and parking lot runoff discharging on the beach. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Fish Creek beach are storm water from storm water outfall pipes located near the beach, and parking lot runoff, and re-suspension caused by wave activity of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test additional E. coli concentrations during rain events and determining the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and storm water pipes, and in Cladophora algae mats. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring Ecolab sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. No additional water samples need to be taken at Fish Creek beach for pathogens unless a problem arises that indicates a need. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Recommended: considering measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. Required: post wet weather beach swimming advisory sign at the beach for 24 hours after all rain events of ¼ inches with 24 hours. The wet weather beach swimming advisory is required to 7

16 protect public health immediately after rain events that are likely to result in closure E. coli levels, since the current method of determining E. coli levels in beach water takes a minimum of 18 hours to process. Ephraim Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 86 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Ephraim beach, and none of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory (235 E. coli /1ml of water) or closure levels (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 57 E. coli samples taken, and none of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory or closure levels. In E. coli samples were taken, and 3 (5%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and 1 (2%) test exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Ephraim beach show that the beach has multiple storm water pipes that discharge around the bay and three streams that outlet water, one in the southwestern and two in the northeastern regions of the bay. Storm water runoff from the parking lot and connecting streets discharges through a relatively small storm water pipe near the beach. There bathroom facility at this beach consists of two flush toilets. The wastewater from these toilets and from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach is treated by a municipal wastewater treatment facility. Rain Event E. coli Sampling In 24 and 25 E. coli concentrations were tested at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after.25 inches of rain within 24 hours. The E. coli levels exceeded the advisory and closure levels within 24 hours in 4 sampled rain events (Figure 15, pg 52). Overall the rain event results indicate that E. coli levels exceed the advisory level and closure level after a rain event. There were significant correlations between rainfall 24, 48 or 72 hours prior to high E. coli MPN/1mL and E. coli levels in a monitoring beach water sample. This may indicate that there is a relationship between elevated E. coli levels and rain events for up to 72 hours after the rain event (Table 2, pg 5). Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 elevated Ecolab counts at Ephraim beach are related to wind out of the N, W, NW, NE, and SW (long and onshore) more than when out of the E, SE, and S (offshore) (Table 5, pg 59). There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. E. coli Levels in Beach Sands Overall the E. coli levels in the sand were fairly low (Figure 27, pg 62). There were occasions when the E. coli levels in the sand were above the beach water advisory level of 235 MPN/1mL. The swash zone samples were typically higher in E. coli than the sand samples taken up shore of in sand located 6-12 underwater. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). 8

17 Pathogen Testing in Beach Water There were no pathogens (Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter) were found in the Ephraim beach water in 25. E. coli Identity/Sources The antibiotic resistance testing and the genetic fingerprinting of E. coli isolates collected in 24 and 25 from Ephraim beach indicate that E. coli isolates are from multiple sources, human, avian, dog and other unidentified sources (Figure 41, pg 74). This indicates that the E. coli is not coming from one obvious source, but instead it is accumulating from many sources and being transported to the beach. This finding takes the emphasis off of the remediation of one source and places it on remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. The delivery system at Ephraim beach consists mainly of culvert streams, storm water pipes and parking lot runoff discharging on the beach. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Ephraim beach are stream discharge, storm water from parking lot/street runoff and re-suspension caused by wave activity of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test additional E. coli concentrations during rain events and determining the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and storm water pipes, and in Cladophora algae mats. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring Ecolab sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. No additional water samples need to be taken for pathogens unless a problem arises that indicates a need. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Recommended: considering measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. Required: post wet weather beach swimming advisory sign at the beach for 24 hours after all rain events of ¼ inches with 24 hours. The wet weather beach swimming advisory is required to protect public health immediately after rain events that are likely to result in closure E. coli levels, since the current method of determining E. coli levels in beach water takes a minimum of 18 hours to process. Sister Bay Park Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 85 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Sister Bay beach, and 4 (4.7%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and none exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In E. coli samples were taken, and 3 (5.4%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and 1 (1.8%) test exceeded the closure level. In E. coli samples were taken, and 3 (5%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and no tests exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Sister Bay beach show that the beach has one storm water pipe that outlets directly onto the beach and multiple storm water pipes and runoff areas that outlet in the southwestern and northeastern regions of the bay. The bathroom facility at this beach consists of two flush toilets. The wastewater from these toilets and from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach is treated by a municipal wastewater treatment facility. 9

18 Rain Event E. coli Sampling E. coli concentrations were tested during 1 rain event in 24 and 1 rain event in 25 at Sister Bay beach (Figure 2, pg 55). E. coli concentrations were tested at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after.5 inches of rain within 24 hours. The E. coli levels exceeded the advisory in both sampled rain events and exceeded the closure levels in 1 rain event within 24 hours. Overall the rain event results indicate that E. coli levels increase during rain events and exceed the advisory level and closure level after a rain event. There were no significant correlations between rainfall 24, 48 or 72 hours prior to high E. coli MPN/1mL and E. coli levels in a monitoring beach water sample. This may indicate that there is a relationship between elevated E. coli levels and rain events for up to 24 hours after the rain event (Table 2, pg 5). Impact of Wind and Waves Elevated Ecolab counts at Sister Bay beach are related to wind out of the N, W, and NW (onshore) more than when out of the E, SE, S, and SW (offshore) (Table 5, pg 59). There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. E. coli Levels in Beach Sands The E. coli levels in the sand were never above the beach water advisory level of 235 MPN/1mL (Figure 34, pg 64). Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Pathogen Testing in Beach Water No pathogens (Shigella, Salmonella, and Campylobacter) were found in the Sister Bay beach water in 25. E. coli Identity/Sources The antibiotic resistance testing and the genetic fingerprinting of E. coli isolates collected in 24 and 25 from Sister Bay beach indicate that E. coli isolates are from multiple sources, human, avian, dog and other unidentified sources (Figure 41, pg 74). This indicates that the E. coli is not coming from one obvious source, but instead it is accumulating from many sources and being transported to the beach. This finding takes the emphasis off of the remediation of one source and places it on remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. This delivery system at Sister Bay beach consists mainly of storm water pipes and impervious surface runoff discharging on and near the beach. Additional E. coli concentrations and isolates need to be taken from the storm water pipe. Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. The delivery system at the beach consists mainly of storm water pipes and impervious surface runoff discharging near the beach. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Sister Bay beach are storm water from storm water outfall pipes and impervious runoff areas, and re-suspension caused by wave activity of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments. 1

19 Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test additional E. coli concentrations during rain events and determining the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and storm water pipes, and in Cladophora algae mats. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring Ecolab sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. No additional water samples need to be taken at Sister Bay beach for pathogens unless a problem arises that indicates a need. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Recommended: considering measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. Required: none at this time. Ellison Bay Park Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 89 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Ellison Bay beach, and 3 (3.4%)of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and 1 (1.1%) exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In E. coli samples were taken, and 5 (8.6%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and 1 (1.7%) test exceeded the closure level. In E. coli samples were taken, and 3 (5%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and no tests exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Ellison Bay beach show that the beach has a storm water pipe that outlets water onto the beach and several other storm water pipes within the bay to the north of the beach. Storm water runs off from the parking lot on to the beach. The bathroom facility at this beach consists of several flush toilets. The wastewaters from these toilets and from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated by onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Rain Event E. coli Sampling There were no rain event E. coli water samples taken at Ellison Bay beach. There were no significant correlations between rainfall 24, 48 or 72 hours prior to high E. coli MPN/1mL and Ecolab (Table 2, pg 5). Impact of Wind and Waves Elevated Ecolab counts are related to wind out of the E, W, NW (barrier) than when out of the S, and SW (offshore) at Ellison Bay beach (Table 5, pg 59). There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. E. coli Levels in Beach Sands The E. coli levels in the sand were never above the beach water advisory level of 235 MPN/1mL (Figure 33, pg 64). Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Pathogen Testing in Beach Water Shigella and Salmonella pathogens were not found at Ellison Bay beach in 25, but Campylobacter was found in 33% of the samples taken in 25 (Table 11, pg 72). The 11

20 pathogens tests done could not identify individual strains of Campylobacter. Therefore it is not known if the Campylobacter was from a human or avian source. However the Campylobacter that was found did not match any of the known human strains. E. coli Identity/Sources The antibiotic resistance testing and the genetic fingerprinting of E. coli isolates collected in 24 and 25 from Sister Bay beach indicate that E. coli isolates are from multiple sources, human, avian, dog and other unidentified sources (Figure 4, pg 71). This indicates that the E. coli is not coming from one obvious source, but instead it is accumulating from many sources and being transported to the beach. This finding takes the emphasis off of the remediation of one source and places it on remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. This delivery system at Ellison Bay beach consists mainly of storm water pipes and impervious surface runoff discharging on and near the beach. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Ellison Bay beach are storm water from the storm water pipe that is on the beach, shoreline and parking lot runoff caused by rainfall, and re-suspension caused by wave activity of potentially contaminated beach sediments. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test additional E. coli concentrations during rain events and determining the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and storm water pipes, and in Cladophora algae mats. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring Ecolab sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Additional sampling for pathogens, especially testing to determine the specific source of Campylobacter should be done. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Recommended: considering measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. Required: none at this time. Egg Harbor Park Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 87 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Egg Harbor beach, and 3 (3.4%)of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and 1 (1.1%) exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 57 E. coli samples taken, and 8 (14%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and 1(1.8%) exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water). In 25 there were 56 E. coli samples taken, and 3 (5%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and 1(2%) exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water). Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Egg Harbor beach show that storm water runs off the parking lot onto the beach. There are also several storm water pipe outlets located in the bay surrounding the beach. The bathroom facility at this beach consists of several flush toilets. The wastewaters from these toilets and from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated at a municipal wastewater treatment facility. 12

21 Rain Event E. coli Sampling E. coli concentrations were tested during 3 rain events in 25 at Egg Harbor beach (Figure 14, pg 52). E. coli concentrations were tested at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after.5 inches of rain within 24 hours. The E. coli levels exceeded the advisory in 1 sampled rain event and exceeded the closure levels in 1 rain event within 24 hours. Overall the rain event results indicate that E. coli levels increase during rain events and exceed the advisory level and closure level after a rain event. There were no significant correlations between rainfall 24, 48 or 72 hours prior to high E. coli MPN/1mL and E. coli levels in a monitoring beach water sample. This may indicate that there is a relationship between elevated E. coli levels and rain events for up to 24 hours after the rain event (Table 2, pg 5). Impact of Wind and Waves At Egg Harbor wind out of the E, W, NW (barrier/on) is more related to elevated Ecolab levels than when out of the S and SW (offshore) (Table 5, pg 59). There was a correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 38). Pathogen Testing in Beach Water No pathogen testing was done at Egg Harbor beach. E. coli Identity/Sources The antibiotic resistance testing and the genetic fingerprinting of E. coli isolates collected in 24 and 25 from Egg Harbor beach indicate that E. coli isolates are from multiple sources, human, avian, dog and other unidentified sources (Figure 41, pg 74). This indicates that the E. coli is not coming from one obvious source, but instead it is accumulating from many sources and being transported to the beach. This finding takes the emphasis off of the remediation of one source and places it on remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. This delivery system at the beach consists mainly of storm water pipes and impervious surface runoff discharging on and near the beach. Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. The delivery system for Egg Harbor is direct impervious surface runoff. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Egg Harbor beach are storm water from the runoff area and re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments by wave activity. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test additional E. coli concentrations during rain events and determining the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and storm water pipes, and in Cladophora algae mats. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring Ecolab sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Additional sampling for pathogens, especially testing to determine the specific source of Campylobacter should be done. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Recommended: consider measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. Required: none at this time. 13

22 Murphy Park Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 86 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Murphy beach, and 1 (1.2%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 59 E. coli samples taken, and 7 (11.9%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level and 4 (6.8%) exceeded the closure level. In 25 there were 57 E. coli samples taken, and 6 (11%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level and 2 (4%) exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Murphy beach show that the beach has an impervious run off area and an intermittent stream that both outlet storm water on to the beach. There are also several other storm water pipe outlets located in the bay north of the beach. The bathroom facility at this beach consists of several concrete pit toilets. Wastewater from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach is treated by onsite wastewater treatment systems. Rain Event E. coli Sampling E. coli concentrations were tested during 3 rain events in 25 at Murphy Park beach (Figure 18, pg 54). E. coli concentrations were tested at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after.5 inches of rain within 24 hours. The E. coli levels exceeded the advisory in 3 sampled rain events and exceeded the closure levels in 2 rain events within 24 hours. Overall the rain event results indicate that E. coli levels increase during rain events and exceed the advisory level and closure level after a rain event. There was a correlation between rainfall 24 hours prior to high E. coli MPN/1mL and E. coli levels in a monitoring beach water sample. There were no significant correlations between rainfall that fell 48 to 72 hours prior to high E. coli MPN/1mL and E. coli levels in a monitoring beach water sample. This may indicate that there is a relationship between elevated E. coli levels and rain events for up to 24 hours after the rain event (Table 2, pg 5). Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was a correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25 (Table 6, pg 6). E. coli Levels in Beach Sands Overall the E. coli levels in the sand were fairly low. There were occasions when the E. coli levels in the sand were above the beach water advisory level of 235 MPN/1mL. The swash zone samples were typically higher in E. coli than the sand samples taken up shore of in sand located 6-12 underwater. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Pathogen Testing in Beach Water Shigella and Salmonella pathogens were not found at Murphy Park beach in 25, but Campylobacter was found in 25% of the samples taken in 25 (Table 11, pg 72). The pathogens tests done could not identify individual strains of Campylobacter. Therefore it is not known if the Campylobacter was from a human or avian source. However the Campylobacter that was found did not match any of the known human strains. 14

23 E. coli Identity/Sources The antibiotic resistance testing and the genetic fingerprinting of E. coli isolates collected in 25 from Murphy Park beach indicate that E. coli isolates are from multiple sources, human, avian, dog and other unidentified sources (Figure 41, pg 74). This indicates that the E. coli is not coming from one obvious source, but instead it is accumulating from many sources and being transported to the beach. This finding takes the emphasis off of the remediation of one source and places it on remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. This delivery system at the beach consists mainly of storm water pipes and impervious surface runoff discharging on and near the beach. Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Murphy beach are storm water from the runoff area, stream, and resuspension of potential near shore contaminated beach sediments by wave activity. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment are most likely from both storm water and fecal droppings in the beach sediments and on the parking lot. There is also a potential for individual onsite wastewater treatment systems that are in close proximity to the beach to fail and contribute E. coli to the beach. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test additional E. coli concentrations during rain events and determining the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and storm water pipes, and in Cladophora algae mats. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Additional sampling for pathogens, especially testing to determine the specific source of Campylobacter should be done. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Recommended: considering measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. Required: post wet weather beach swimming advisory sign at the beach for 24 hours after all rain events of ¼ inches with 24 hours. The wet weather beach swimming advisory is required to protect public health immediately after rain events that are likely to result in closure E. coli levels, since the current method of determining E. coli levels in beach water takes a minimum of 18 hours to process. Nicolet Bay Beach Peninsula State Park Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 86 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Nicolet beach, and 1 (1.2%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and 2 (2.3%) exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 37). In 24 there were 58 E. coli samples taken, and 4 (6.9%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level and 2 (3.4%) exceeded the closure level. In 25 there were 56 E. coli samples taken, and 5 (9%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level and 1 (2%) test exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Nicolet beach show that the beach has an impervious run off area that outlets storm water from the parking lot on to the beach during heavy rainfall. There bathroom facility at this beach consists of several flush and pit toilets. The wastewaters from these toilets and from the campsites that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated at Peninsula State Park s wastewater treatment facility. 15

24 Rain Event E. coli Sampling There was a significant correlation between rainfall 24 hours prior to high E. coli MPN/1mL and E. coli levels in a monitoring beach water sample. There were no significant correlations between rainfall hours prior to high E. coli MPN/1mL and E. coli levels in a monitoring beach water sample. This may indicate that the rain events at Nicolet Bay beach have an impact on E. coli levels immediately after a rainfall and for up to 24 hours and rainfall that occurs hours prior to high E. coli levels may have no impact on the E. coli levels (Table 2, pg 5). Impact of Wind and Waves At Nicolet Bay beach in 25 when the wind is out of the N, NE, and E (onshore) E. coli counts are elevated more than when out of the S, SW, and W (offshore) (Table 5, pg 59). There was a correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25 (Table 6, pg 6). E. coli Levels in Beach Sands The E. coli levels in the sand were never above the beach water advisory level of 235 MPN/1mL (Figure 32, pg 63). Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Pathogen Testing in Beach Water Shigella and Salmonella pathogens were not found at Nicolet Bay beach in 25, but Campylobacter was found in 25% of the samples taken in 25 (Table 11, pg 72). The pathogens tests done could not identify individual strains of Campylobacter. However the Campylobacter that was found did not match any of the known human strains. E. coli Identity/Sources The antibiotic resistance testing and the genetic fingerprinting of E. coli isolates collected in 25 from Nicolet Bay beach indicate that E. coli isolates are from multiple sources, human, avian, dog and other unidentified sources (Figure 41, pg 74). This indicates that the E. coli is not coming from one obvious source, but instead it is accumulating from many sources and being transported to the beach. This finding takes the emphasis off of the remediation of one source and places it on remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. This delivery system at this beach consists mainly of impervious surface runoff discharging on and near the beach. Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. The delivery system consists of beach sediment sheet flow. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Nicolet beach are storm water from the runoff area and re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments by wave activity. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test additional E. coli concentrations during rain events and determining the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and storm water pipes, and in Cladophora algae mats. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste 16

25 survey. Additional sampling for pathogens, especially testing to determine the specific source of Campylobacter should be done. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Recommended: considering measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. Required: none at this time. Haines Park Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 18 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Haines beach, and none of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) or closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In E. coli samples were taken, and 2 (12.5%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and none exceeded the closure level. In 25 there were 14 E. coli samples taken, and none exceeded the advisory or the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Haines beach show that the beach has a stream that outlets water onto the beach. The bathroom facility at this beach consists of a portable outhouse. The wastewaters from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated by onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. Impact of Birds Bird counts were not correlated with E. coli. The Avian Waste survey was not conducted at Haines Beach. Summary The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Haines beach are the stream outlet and resuspension caused by wave activity of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment are most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments. E. coli concentrations of beach sediments need to be tested. There is also a potential for individual onsite wastewater treatment systems that are in close proximity to the beach to fail and contribute E. coli to the beach. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Currently there are no beach management recommendations or requirements. Door County Beaches on Lake Michigan There are 1 monitored beaches located on the Lake Michigan side of the peninsula (Sturgeon Bay Recreational Canal Park, Portage Park, Whitefish Bay, Whitefish Dunes State Park, Lakeside Park, Anclam Park, Baileys Harbor Ridges Park, Sandy Bay Park, Newport State Park, and Europe Bay Park) (Map 1, page 2). These beaches have significantly higher mean E. coli 17

26 concentrations than the beaches located on Washington/Rock Islands, and inland lakes in Door County (Figure 4, page 54). Beaches on Lake Michigan have a significantly lower mean E. coli than beaches on Green Bay and in the Sturgeon Bay Canal. Three of the ten beaches on Lake Michigan have storm water pipes/streams that outlet on or near the beaches. Whitefish Dunes State Park Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 87 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Whitefish Dunes beach, and 8% (7 tests) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and 2.3% (2 tests) exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 56 E. coli samples taken, and 1 (1.8%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and closure levels. In 25 6 E. coli samples were taken, and 5 (8%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and 3 (5%) tests exceeded the closure levels. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Whitefish Dunes State Park beach show that the beach has no storm water pipe outlets or streams that deliver water directly unto the beach property. A stream outlets water from Clark Lake in the southwestern end of the bay in which the beach in located. There is a small potential for water to runoff from the parking lot onto the beach water during very heavy rainfalls. The bathroom facilities at this beach consist of concrete pit and flush toilets. The wastewaters from these bathrooms and from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated by individual onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Rain Event E. coli Sampling E. coli concentrations were tested during 1 rain event in 24 and 2 rain events in 25 at Whitefish Dunes beach (Figure 22, pg 56). E. coli concentrations were tested at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after.5 inches of rain within 24 hours. The E. coli levels exceeded the advisory in 2 of the 3 sampled rain events within 24 hours. Overall the rain event results indicate that E. coli levels increase during rain events and exceed the advisory level during some rain events. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. E. coli Levels in Beach Sands Overall the E. coli levels in the sand were fairly low (Figure 28, pg 62). There were occasions when the E. coli levels in the sand were above the beach water advisory level of 235 MPN/1mL. The swash zone samples were typically higher in E. coli than the sand samples taken up shore of in sand located 6-12 underwater. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Pathogen Testing in Beach Water No pathogens (Shigella, Salmonella, and Campylobacter) were found in the Whitefish Dunes beach water in 24. No additional water samples need to be taken at Whitefish Dunes beach for pathogens unless a problem arises that indicates a need. 18

27 E. coli Identity/Sources The antibiotic resistance testing and the genetic fingerprinting of E. coli isolates collected in 24 from Whitefish Dunes beach both indicate that a very large amount of the E. coli isolates were from avian sources, and a very small amount were from human, dog and deer sources (Figure 41, pg 74). The antibiotic resistance testing and the genetic fingerprinting of E. coli isolates collected in 25 from Whitefish Dunes beach indicate that E. coli isolates are from multiple sources, human, avian, dog and other unidentified sources. This indicates that the E. coli is not coming from one obvious source, but instead it is accumulating from many sources and being transported to the beach. This finding takes the emphasis off of the remediation of one source and places it on remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. The delivery system for Whitefish Dunes State Park is the stream and sheet flow from beach. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Whitefish Dunes beach are re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity and storm water from parking lot runoff. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Currently there are no beach management recommendations or requirements. Baileys Harbor Ridges Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 88 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Baileys Harbor beach, and 4 (4.5%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and 1 (1.1%) exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In E. coli samples were taken, and 5 (8.9%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and 1 (1.8%) test exceeded the closure level. In E. coli samples were taken, and 1 (2%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and no tests exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Baileys Harbor beach show that the beach has several storm water pipes that outlet water in the western corner and southern side of the bay. There are two streams that outlet in the west and east corner of the bay. Storm water runs off from the parking lot onto the beach during heavy rainfall. The bathroom facility at this beach consists of two toilets. The wastewaters from these toilets and from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated by a municipal wastewater treatment facility. Rain Event E. coli Sampling E. coli concentrations were tested during 4 rain events in 25 at Baileys Harbor Ridges beach (Figure 13, pg 51). E. coli concentrations were tested at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after.5 inches of rain within 24 hours. The E. coli levels exceeded the closure level (1, MPN/1mL of water) in 2 of the 4 sampled rain events within 24 hours. 19

28 Overall the rain event results indicate that E. coli levels increase during rain events and exceed the closure level during some rain events. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was a correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25 (Table 6, pg 6). E. coli Levels in Beach Sands Overall the E. coli levels in the sand were fairly low (Figure 24, pg 61). There were occasions when the E. coli levels in the sand were above the beach water advisory level of 235 MPN/1mL. The swash zone samples were typically higher in E. coli than the sand samples taken up shore of in sand located 6-12 underwater. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Pathogen Testing in Beach Water No pathogens (Shigella, Salmonella, and Campylobacter) were found in the Baileys Harbor Ridges beach water in 25. No additional water samples need to be taken at Baileys Harbor Ridges beach for pathogens unless a problem arises that indicates a need. E. coli Identity/Sources The antibiotic resistance testing and the genetic fingerprinting of E. coli isolates collected in 25 from Baileys Harbor Ridges beach indicate that E. coli isolates are from multiple sources, human, avian, dog and other unidentified sources (Figure 41, pg 74). This indicates that the E. coli is not coming from one obvious source, but instead it is accumulating from many sources and being transported to the beach. This finding takes the emphasis off of the remediation of one source and places it on remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. This delivery system at this beach consists mainly of stream, storm water pipe and impervious surface runoff discharging on and near the beach. Additional E. coli concentrations and isolates need to be taken from the storm water pipe. Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Baileys Harbor beach are storm water from nearby storm water pipes, stream outlets, and parking lot runoff; and re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. E. coli concentrations of beach sediments need to be measured. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment is most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments and on the parking lot. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test additional E. coli concentrations during rain events and determining the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and storm water pipes, and in Cladophora algae mats. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: 2

29 Recommended: considering measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. There are no beach management requirements at this time. Portage Park Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 24 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Portage beach, and 1 (4.2%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and none exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In E. coli samples were taken, and 1 (3.4%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and 1 (3.4%) test exceeded the closure level. In E. coli samples were taken, and 6 (18%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and 2 (6%) test exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Portage beach show that the beach has no storm water pipes that outlet water onto the beach or the surrounding bay. The Sturgeon Bay canal outlets water near the southern end of the beach. There are no bathroom facilities at this beach. The wastewaters from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated by onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Impact of Wind and Waves Elevated E. coli counts at Portage Park beach are related to wind out of the N and S (long shore) more than out of the SW, W, NW, NE, E, and S (offshore and onshore) (Table 5, pg 59). There was a correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25 (Table 6, pg 6). Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Portage beach are from the re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity, and the canal water that outlets near the beach and that may have high E. coli concentrations. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment is most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments. There is also a potential for individual onsite wastewater treatment systems that are in close proximity to the beach to fail and contribute E. coli to the beach. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test additional E. coli concentrations during rain events and determining the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and storm water pipes, and in Cladophora algae mats. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Additional sampling for pathogens, especially testing to determine the specific source of Campylobacter should be done. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Currently there are no beach management recommendations or requirements. 21

30 Newport State Park Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 86 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Newport beach, and 2 (2.3%)of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and none exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 56 E. coli samples taken, and 1(1.8%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level and none exceeded the closure level. In 25 there were 56 E. coli samples taken, and none of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory or closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Newport Beach show that the beach has no storm water pipes or streams that discharge to the beach or surrounding bay. There bathroom facility at this beach consists of several concrete pit toilets. The wastewaters from these toilets and from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated by individual onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was a correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25 (Table 6, pg 6). Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. However the lack of both storm water pipes and large storm water runoff areas indicate the only delivery system is runoff from near shore sediments. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Newport Beach are from the re-suspension of potential near shore contaminated beach sediments by wave activity. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment are most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments and on the parking lot. There is also a potential for individual onsite wastewater treatment systems to fail, but there are no systems in close proximity to the beach. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Recommended: considering measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. There are no beach management requirements at this time. Lakeside Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 42 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Lakeside beach, and 2 (4.8%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and 1 (2.4%) exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, 22

31 pg 41). In 24 there were 32 E. coli samples taken, and 4 (12.5%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level and none exceeded the closure level. In 25 there were 29 E. coli samples taken, and 2 (5%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level and 1 (2%) exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Lakeside beach show that the beach has a storm water pipe and an impervious run off area that outlets storm water on the beach. There bathroom facility at this beach consists of several concrete pit toilets. The wastewaters from these toilets and from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated by individual onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Rain Event E. coli Sampling E. coli concentrations were tested during two rain events on 5/21/4 and 8/9/4. E. coli concentrations for all of the samples exceeded the advisory level on 5/21/4 (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after.5 inches of rain within 24 hours) (Figure 17, pg 53). On 8/9/4 the E. coli levels did not exceed the advisory level at any of the sampling times. Additional beach water samples need to be taken to determine E. coli concentrations during various rain events and beach sediments need to be tested for E. coli. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. E. coli Levels in Beach Sands Overall the E. coli levels in the sand were fairly low (Figure 3, pg 63). There were occasions when the E. coli levels in the sand were above the beach water advisory level of 235 MPN/1mL. The swash zone samples were typically higher in E. coli than the sand samples taken up shore of in sand located 6-12 underwater. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. The primary delivery system is a storm water pipe. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Lakeside beach are storm water from the storm water pipe, runoff area and re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment are most likely from both storm water and fecal droppings in the beach sediments and on the parking lot. There is also a potential for individual onsite private wastewater treatment systems in close proximity to the beach to be failing and contributing E. coli to beach sediment and water. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test additional E. coli concentrations during rain events and determining the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and storm water pipes, and in Cladophora algae mats. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian 23

32 waste survey. Additional sampling for pathogens, especially testing to determine the specific source of Campylobacter should be done. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Recommended: considering measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. Required: post wet weather beach swimming advisory sign at the beach for 24 hours after all rain events of ¼ inches with 24 hours. The wet weather beach swimming advisory is required to protect public health immediately after rain events that are likely to result in closure E. coli levels, since the current method of determining E. coli levels in beach water takes a minimum of 18 hours to process. Europe Bay Park Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results There are three sample locations at Europe Bay beach. In 23 there were 39 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at 2 of the 3 sampling sites at Europe Bay beach and 4 samples taken at the third sampling site. In 23 there was 1 (2.6%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) total between the three sampling sites (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 28 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at all 3 sampling sites at Europe Bay beach, and 1 (3.6%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level and none exceeded the closure at each of the three sampling sites. In 25 there were 28 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at all 3 sampling sites at Europe Bay beach, and none of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory or the closure level at each of the three sampling sites. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Europe Bay beach show that the beach has an impervious run off area that outlets small amount of storm water from the road and parking lot on to the beach during heavy rainfall. The bathroom facility at this beach consists of several concrete pits. The wastewater the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated by onsite wastewater treatment systems. Impact of Wind and Waves At Europe 1 elevated E. coli counts are related to wind out of the NE, E, and SE (onshore), more than when out of the SW, W, and N (long shore and off shore) (Table 5, pg 59). There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Summary Overall these results indicate that the emphasis should be on the remediation of the delivery system that is transporting the accumulation of many sources to the beach. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Europe Bay beach are storm water from the parking lot/road during heavy rainfall and by the re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment are most likely from both storm water runoff and fecal droppings in the beach sediments and on the parking lot. There is also a potential for individual onsite private wastewater treatment systems in close proximity to the beach to be failing and contributing E. coli to beach sediment and water. 24

33 Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Recommended: considering measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. There are no beach management requirements at this time. Sturgeon Bay Recreational Area Canal Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 42 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Sturgeon Bay Canal beach, and 1 (2.4%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and none exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 28 E. coli samples taken, and none of the tests exceeded the advisory or closure level. In 25 there were 32 E. coli samples taken, and 4 (13%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level and 2 (6%) exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Sturgeon Bay Canal beach show that the beach has no storm water pipes that outlet water onto the beach or the surrounding bay. The Sturgeon Bay canal outlets water near the northern end of the beach. There are no bathroom facilities at this beach. The wastewaters from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated by onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Impact of Wind and Waves Elevated E. coli counts are related to wind out of the NE and SW (long shore), at Sturgeon Bay Rec. Canal more than when out of the E, SE, and S (onshore) (Table 5, pg 59). There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Summary The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Sturgeon Bay Canal beach are from the resuspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity, and the canal water that outlets near the beach and that may have high E. coli concentrations. E. coli concentrations of beach sediments need to be measured. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment is most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian 25

34 counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: There are no beach management recommendations or requirements at this time. Sandy Bay Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 39 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Sandy Bay beach, and none of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) or closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 25 E. coli samples taken, and none of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level or closure level. In 25 there were 28 E. coli samples taken, and none of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory or closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Sandy Bay beach show that the beach has a stream and a large groundwater spring that both outlet water onto the beach. The bathroom facilities at this beach consist of concrete pit toilets. The wastewaters from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated by onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Summary The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Sandy Bay beach are the stream and spring outlets and re-suspension caused by wave activity of near shore contaminated beach sediments. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment is most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: There are no beach management recommendations or requirements at this time. 26

35 Anclam Park Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 36 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Anclam beach, and 1 (2.8%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and none exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In E. coli samples were taken, and 1 (3.5%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and none exceeded the closure level. In E. coli samples were taken, and 1 (4%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and none exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics at Anclam beach show that the beach has a storm water pipe that discharges water onto the beach and several storm water pipes north of the beach. Storm water runs off from the parking lot onto the beach. There bathroom facility at this beach consists of flush toilets. The wastewaters from these toilets and from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated by a municipal wastewater treatment facility. Rain Event E. coli Sampling E. coli concentrations were tested during four rain events on 6/7/5, 7/25/5, 8/8/5, and 8/1/5. E. coli concentrations for all of the samples exceeded the advisory and closure levels at different time increments within the 24 hour testing period (Figure 12, pg 51). Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. E. coli Levels in Beach Sands The E. coli levels in the sand were never above the beach water advisory level of 235 MPN/1mL (Figure 29, pg 62). Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Summary The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Anclam beach are storm water from nearby storm water pipes and stream outlets, shoreline and parking lot runoff, and re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment is most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments and on the parking lot. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test additional E. coli concentrations during rain events and determining the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and storm water pipes, and in Cladophora algae mats. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Additional sampling for pathogens, especially testing to determine the specific source of Campylobacter should be done. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: Recommended: considering measures to reduce storm water runoff to the beach. 27

36 Required: post wet weather beach swimming advisory sign at the beach for 24 hours after all rain events of ¼ inches with 24 hours. The wet weather beach swimming advisory is required to protect public health immediately after rain events that are likely to result in closure E. coli levels, since the current method of determining E. coli levels in beach water takes a minimum of 18 hours to process. Other Water Quality Concerns: Several observations were made of algal blooms late in the summer of 24 at Anclam beach. In September one sample was taken of the material in the algal bloom and Microcystis was found in the sample. The presence of Microcystis indicates a cyanobacterial bloom. Skin rashes are one general symptom of swimming in cyanobacterial blooms. Microcystis is a blue green algae species that produces the Microcystin toxin. High levels of the Microcystin toxin have been known to cause nausea, vomiting, and liver problems in humans. The levels of Microcystis or presence of Microcystin were not determined at Anclam beach. Generally it is recommended that people avoid swimming in algal blooms. It is recommended that additional water samples be taken during algal blooms to determine the presence and quantity of Cyanobacteria and Cyanobacterial toxins and the potential threat of these bacteria and toxins to public health. Whitefish Bay Beach monitoring samples for E. coli MPN/1mL of water were taken at Whitefish Bay once per week for 14 weeks. There were no samples above the advisory of closure level in 25 (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). Overall the tests and data analysis done thus far for the beach contamination source identification project at Whitefish Bay beach do not determine what the source(s) of E. coli contamination are. Continued beach monitoring is recommended for this site. Currently there are no beach management recommendations. Door County Beaches on Washington and Rock Island There are five beaches monitored on Washington Island (Sand Dunes Park, School House Beach, Gialison Park, Jackson Harbor, Percy Johnson Park), and Rock Island (Rock Island State Park) (Map 1, pg 2). The beaches located on Washington/Rock islands are impacted by weather, wave, and wind conditions from both the Green Bay and Lake Michigan water bodies. These beaches have significantly lower mean E. coli concentrations than the beaches located on the Sturgeon Bay Canal, Green Bay and Lake Michigan (Figure 12, pg 51). The mean E. coli levels on the island beaches grouped with the mean E. coli levels from the inland lakes, both types of beaches had the lowest E. coli concentration means in Door County. None of the island beaches have a storm water delivery system (storm water pipes or streams) that brings storm water directly to the beach. Several of the beaches have runoff areas that contribute storm water from the beach parking lot. The potential sources of E. coli at all of the island beaches include the resuspension of beach sediments that potentially contain E. coli contamination from fecal droppings on the beach sediments, and or the potential of individual failing onsite private septic treatment systems that are in close proximity to the beaches that could contribute E. coli. Sand Dunes Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 4 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Sand Dunes beach, and 1 (2.5%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and none exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 14 E. coli samples taken, and none of the E. coli tests exceeded the 28

37 advisory level or closure level. In 25 there were 14 E. coli samples taken, and none of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level or closure level. Physical Features Surveys of the physical characteristics of Sand Dunes beach show that there are no storm water pipes or streams that discharge water onto the beach. There are no bathroom facilities at this beach. The wastewater from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach is treated by onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Summary Overall the tests and data analysis done thus far for the beach contamination source identification project at Sand Dunes beach do not determine the source(s) of E. coli contamination. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Sand Dunes beach are the re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment is most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments. There is also a potential for individual onsite private wastewater treatment systems in close proximity to the beach to be failing and contributing E. coli to beach sediment and water. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: There are no beach management recommendations or requirements at this time. School House Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 4 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at School House beach, and 2 (5%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and none exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 14 E. coli samples taken, and no E, coli levels over the advisory levels. In 25 there were 14 E. coli samples taken, and no E, coli levels over the advisory levels. Physical Features School house beach is a cobble beach with a % slope. Surveys of the physical characteristics of School House beach show that the beach has no storm water pipes or streams that outlet water to the beach or surrounding bay. Water runoff from the parking lot and connecting streets discharge to the beach water during moderate to heavy 29

38 rainfall. The beach substrate is rock so the runoff potential is much great than the sand beaches. The bathroom facility at this beach consists of two concrete pit toilets. The wastewaters from these toilets and from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated with onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Summary Overall the tests and data analysis done thus far for the beach contamination source identification project at School House beach do not determine the source(s) of E. coli contamination. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at School House beach are from storm water runoff from the parking lot and washing of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. E. coli in the beach sediment are most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments and on the parking lot. There is also a potential for individual onsite private wastewater treatment systems in close proximity to the beach to be failing and contributing E. coli to beach sediment and water. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: There are no beach management recommendations or requirements at this time. Percy Johnson Memorial Park Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 39 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Percy beach, and 1 (2.6%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 14 E. coli samples taken, and no E, coli levels over the advisory levels. In 25 there were 14 E. coli samples taken, and no E, coli levels over the advisory levels. Physical Features Percy Johnson beach has a sand cobble mix with a % slope. Surveys of the physical characteristics of Percy beach show that the beach has no storm water pipes or streams that outlet water to the beach or surrounding bay. Storm water runoff occurs from the parking lot and connecting streets outlets onto the beach water during moderate to heavy rainfall. The wastewaters from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated with onsite private wastewater treatment systems. 3

39 Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Summary Overall the tests and data analysis done thus far for the beach contamination source identification project at Percy beach do not determine the source(s) of E. coli contamination. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Percy beach are re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment is most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments and on the parking lot. There is also a potential for individual onsite private wastewater treatment systems, in close proximity to the beach, to be failing and contributing E. coli to beach sediment and water. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: There are no beach management recommendations or requirements at this time. Gialison Park Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 38 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Gialison beach, and none of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) or closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 1 E. coli samples taken and none of the E. coli levels were over the advisory level. In 25 there were 14 E. coli samples taken and none of the E. coli levels were over the advisory level. Physical Features Gialison beach has sand with a % slope. Surveys of the physical characteristics of Gialison beach show that the beach has no storm water pipes or streams that outlet water to the beach or surrounding bay. Water runoff from the parking lot and connecting streets outlets to the beach water during moderate to heavy rainfall. There are no bathroom facilities at this beach. The wastewaters from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated with onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was a correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25 (Table 6, pg 6). Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 31

40 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Summary Overall the tests and data analysis done thus far for the beach contamination source identification project at Gialison beach do not determine the source(s) of E. coli contamination. the immediate potential sources of E. coli at Gialison beach are storm water from parking lot, street, and beach runoff, and re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. Potential E. coli concentrations of beach sediments need to be measured. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment is most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments and on the parking lot. There is also a potential for individual onsite private wastewater treatment systems, in close proximity to the beach, to be failing and contributing E. coli to beach sediment and water. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: There are no beach management recommendations or requirements at this time. Jackson Harbor Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 39 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Jackson Harbor beach, and 1 (2.6%) of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) and none exceeded the closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 14 E. coli samples taken and none of the E. coli levels were over the advisory level. In 25 there were 15 E. coli samples taken and 1 (7%) of the tests exceeded the advisory and none exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Jackson Harbor beach is a cobble beach with a % slope. Surveys of the physical characteristics of Jackson Harbor beach show that the beach has no storm water pipes or streams that outlet water to the beach or surrounding bay. A parking lot and marina areas contribute storm water runoff to the northwestern corner of the bay the beach is within. There are several concrete pit toilets at this beach. The wastewaters from the residents that are within the entire bay of the beach are treated with onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). 32

41 Summary Overall the tests and data analysis done thus far for the beach contamination source identification project at Jackson Harbor beach do not determine the source(s) of E. coli contamination. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Jackson Harbor beach are from storm water runoff from marina area and re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment is most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments. There is also a potential for individual onsite private wastewater treatment systems, in close proximity to the beach, to be failing and contributing E. coli to beach sediment and water. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: There are no beach management recommendations or requirements at this time. Rock Island Beach Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 14 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Rock Island beach, and none of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) or closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 14 E. coli samples taken and none of the E. coli levels were over the advisory level. In 25 there were 14 E. coli samples taken and none of the E. coli levels were over the advisory level. Physical Features Rock Island beach is a cobble beach with a % slope. Surveys of the physical characteristics of Rock Island beach show that the beach has no storm water pipes or streams that outlet water to the beach or surrounding bay. There are no bathroom facilities at the beach. The wastewater from the campsites and all other bathroom facilities on the island is treated with an onsite private wastewater treatment system that is not within proximity of the beach. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Summary Overall the tests and data analysis done thus far for the beach contamination source identification project at Rock Island beach do not determine the source(s) of E. coli contamination. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Rock Island beach are from the re-suspension and washing of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. 33

42 Potential E. coli in the beach sediment is most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: There are no beach management recommendations or requirements at this time. Inland Lake Beaches There are three inland lakes monitored in Door County (Clark, Kangaroo, and Europe). These beaches have significantly lower mean E. coli concentrations than the beaches located on the Sturgeon Bay Canal, Green Bay and Lake Michigan (Figure 4, pg 44). The mean E. coli levels at the inland lake beaches grouped with the mean E. coli levels from the island beaches, both types of beach had the lowest E. coli mean levels in Door County. One (33%) of the inland lake beaches has a storm water pipe that brings storm water directly to the beach. All of the beaches have runoff areas that contribute storm water from the beach parking lot. Clark Lake Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 16 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Clark Lake beach, and no of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) or closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 54 E. coli samples taken and none of the E. coli levels were over the advisory level or closure levels. In 25 there were 15 E. coli samples taken and 1 (7%) of the E. coli tests was over the advisory level and none of the E. coli levels were over the closure level. Physical Features Clark Lake beach is a sand beach with a % slope. Surveys of the physical characteristics of Clark Lake beach show that the beach has no storm water pipes or streams that outlet water to the beach. There is a stream that flows into the lake on the northwestern shoreline and flows from the lake just west of the beach. The bathroom facility at this beach consists of a portable outhouse and wastewater from the residents the lake is treated by onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). Summary Overall the tests and data analysis done thus far for the beach contamination source identification project at Clark Lake beach do not determine the source(s) of E. coli contamination. The 34

43 immediate potential sources of E. coli at Clark Lake beach are from the re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment is most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments. There is also a potential for individual onsite private wastewater treatment systems, in close proximity to the beach, to be failing and contributing E. coli to beach sediment and water. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: There are no beach management recommendations or requirements at this time. Kangaroo Lake Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 16 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Kangaroo Lake beach, and no of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) or closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 15 E. coli samples taken and 1 (6.6%) of the E. coli levels were over the advisory level and none exceeded the closure level. In 25 there were 14 E. coli samples taken and 1 (7%) of the E. coli levels were over the advisory level and none exceeded the closure level. Physical Features Kangaroo beach is a cobble/stone beach with a % slope. Surveys of the physical characteristics of Kangaroo Lake beach show that the beach has no storm water pipes or streams that outlet water to the beach. There is a runoff area that drains storm water from the street on to the beach. There are no bathroom facilities at this beach. The wastewater from the residents on the lake is treated by onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). It is recommended that avian counts continue during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and that avian waste survey be discontinued. Summary Overall the tests and data analysis done thus far for the beach contamination source identification project at Kangaroo Lake beach do not determine what the source(s) of E. coli contamination are. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Kangaroo Lake beach are from the street runoff and the re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments caused by wave activity. Potential E. coli in the beach sediment is most likely from fecal droppings in the beach sediments. There is also a potential for individual onsite private wastewater treatment 35

44 systems, in close proximity to the beach, to be failing and contributing E. coli to beach sediment and water. Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: There are no beach management recommendations or requirements at this time. Europe Lake Public Health Beach Monitoring Results In 23 there were 16 samples for E. coli taken in the monitoring program at Europe Lake beach, and no of the E. coli tests exceeded the advisory level (235 E. coli /1ml of water) or closure level (1, E. coli /1ml of water) (Table 1, pg 38 and Figure 2, pg 41). In 24 there were 2 E. coli samples taken and none of the E. coli levels were over the advisory or closure level. In 25 there were 15 E. coli samples taken and none of the E. coli levels were over the advisory or closure level. Physical Features Europe Lake beach is a sand and cobble beach with a % slope. Surveys of the physical characteristics of Europe Lake beach show that the beach has a storm water pipe that drains storm water onto the beach from the immediate roadway leading to the beach. There is a runoff area that drains storm water from the street to boat launch at the beach. The bathroom facility at this beach consists of a portable outhouse and wastewater from the residents the lake is treated by onsite private wastewater treatment systems. Impact of Wind and Waves In 25 there was no correlation found between elevated E. coli counts and wind. There was no correlation between elevated E. coli counts and wave height in 25. Impact of Birds There was no correlation between bird counts or the amount of bird waste and E. coli in 24 or 25, indicating that the number of birds present at the time of water sampling, and the amount of bird waste calculated in the survey may not have a significant effect on the E. coli concentrations at the beach (Table 7 and Table 8, pg 66). It is recommended that avian counts continue during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and that avian waste survey be discontinued. Summary Overall the tests and data analysis done thus far for the beach contamination source identification project at Europe Lake beach do not determine what the source(s) of E. coli contamination are. The immediate potential sources of E. coli at Europe Lake beach are from the storm water runoff and the re-suspension of potentially contaminated near shore beach sediments cause by wave activity Recommendations for additional source identification work: Test the identity of E. coli in the near shore beach sands and in Cladophora algae mats if mean E. coli level increases, or if beach swimming advisory and closures increase. Continue avian 36

45 counts during the beach monitoring E. coli sample collection, and discontinue the avian waste survey. Beach management recommendations and requirements for the 26: There are no beach management recommendations or requirements at this time. Beach Project Methodology and Results Beach Monitoring Program Primary Responsibility of Door County Public Health Department Monitoring Methodology There are two major reasons to implement a beach bacteria-monitoring program. The first reason is to protect swimmers from exposure to waterborne pathogens, like viruses and bacteria that may make them sick. The presence of E. coli indicates the presence of human and or animal fecal matter in the water. If E. coli counts are high enough that there is a risk of human illness then a beach advisory or closure can be issued. Another reason to monitored E. coli in beach water is to assist in identifying pollution sources that may exist somewhere in the beach watershed. The beach monitoring program consists of taking a water sample in 24 inches of water at the center of 29 public beaches in Door County. The Door County Public Health Department contracted with the Microbiology Department at the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh to collect and analyze the water samples for E. coli. The Idexx Colisure E. coli test was used to determine the level of E. coli at the monitored beaches. The Idexx Colisure E. coli test takes 18 hours to determine E. coli levels and reveals E. coli Most Probable Number (MPN) per 1 ml of water. If the E. coli levels were found to exceed the advisory or closure levels an advisory or closure sign was posted at the beach. The advisory and closure E. coli standards were set by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources according to a statistical probability that swimmers may become ill from swimming in water with E. coli levels of these magnitudes. The advisory E. coli level is 235 Most Probable Number (MPN) of E. coli colonies in a 1 ml water (E. coli /1ml of water). This level is based on the probability that 8 out of 1, people will become ill from swimming. The closure E. coli level is 1, E. coli /1ml of water and is based on the probability that 14 out of 1, people will become ill from swimming. A sign is posted at the beach to indicate the E. coli count, see Figure 1. Figure 1: Door County Health Department beach monitoring for E. coli public information signs. 37

46 The Stop Closed: sign appears on a 5 foot high post if there are more than 1, colonies of E. coli per liter of water and the Warning Water Quality Today is Poor appears in the same way if there are more that 235 colonies of E. coli per liter of water. Monitoring occurs from mid May to mid September. The monitored beaches were prioritized by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and DCPHD to determine the frequency of weekly monitoring. High priority beaches are typically monitored 4-5 days per week, medium priority beaches are monitored 2-3 days per week and low priority beaches are monitored one day per week. Monitoring Results The percentage of beach advisories and closures is different at each of the 29 monitored beaches in Door County. See Table 1 and Figure 2 for beach monitoring results Table 1: E. coli testing May - September, Door County, WI Beach Anclam Baileys Clark Egg Harbor Ellison Bay Ephraim Europe Lake Europe Bay 1 Europe Bay 2 Year # Samples # Advisory # Closure % % Advisories Closure 3% % 4% % 3% % 5% 1% 9% 2% 2% % % % % % 7% % 3% 1% 14% 2% 5% 2% 3% 1% 9% 2% 5% % % % % % 5% 2% % % % % % % % % 4% % % % % % 4% % % % 38

47 Table 1 Continued: E. coli testing May -September, Door County, WI Europe Bay 3 Europe Lake Fish Creek Gialison Haines Park Jackson Harbor Kangaroo Lakeside Murphy Newport State Park Nicolet Bay Otumba Park Percy Johnson Portage Park % 3% 4% % % % % % % % % % 3% % 9% 2% 9% 5% % % % % % % % % 13% % % % 3% % % % 7% % % % % % 7% % 5% 2% 13% % 7% 3% % 1% 12% 7% 11% 4% 2% % 2% % % % 1% 2% 7% 3% 9% 2% 5% % 1% 3% 11% 4% 3% 3% % % % % 4% % 3% 3% 18% 6%

48 Table 1 Continued: E. coli testing May -September, Door County, WI Rock Island Sand Dune Sandy Bay School House Sister Bay Sturgeon Bay Rec. Canal Sunset (Sturgeon Bay) Whitefish Bay Whitefish Dunes % % % % % % 3% % % % % % % % % % % % 5% % % % % % 5% % 5% 2% 5% % 2% % % % 13% 6% 1% 1% 21% 2% 21% 7% % % 8% 2% % 2% 8% 5% 4

49 Figure 2: E. coli testing May - September Door County, WI 16% 14% 12% 1% 8% % A dv i sor i es % Closure 6% 4% 2% % Anclam Baileys Clark Egg Harbor Ellison Bay Ephraim Europe Lake Europe Bay 1 Europe Bay 2 Europe Bay 3 Fish Creek Gialison Haines Park Figure 2 Continued: E. coli testing May -September, Door County, WI 25% 2% 15% % A dv i sor i es % Closure 1% 5% % Newport St ate Park Nicolet Bay Otumba Park Percy Johnson Portage Park Rock Island Sand Dune Sandy Bay School House Sist er Bay Sturgeon Bay Rec. Canal Sunset Whit ef ish Whitefish (Sturgeon Bay) Bay Dunes 41

50 Beach Contamination Source Identification Program Primary Responsibility of Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department (SWCD) Overall Beach Contamination Source Identification Methodology The overall goal of this project is to identify sources of beach pollution so that pollution abatement efforts can be effective and efficient. In 24 and 25 SWCD used the data collected in 23 to determine the locations for additional water sampling. Water and sand samples were taken at various beaches to determine: Presence of pathogens (Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter); Spatial distribution and concentrations of E. coli in beach water, beach sand, and storm water; E. coli concentrations during and after rain fall events (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after rain events of at least.25 inches within 24 hours); Genetic identity of E. coli that was isolated from water samples to determine human vs. animal E. coli sources; and Antibiotic resistance of E. coli was tested to determine human vs. animal E. coli sources. Rain data were also collected in proximity of every monitored beach in Door County and an Avian Waste Survey was conducted at 11 beaches. Ambient conditions were recorded at the time the water sample was taken for beach monitoring (number of birds, weather, wind direction, wave height, and water/air temperatures). The purpose of collecting ambient conditions at the beach (rainfall, bird populations, and algae presence) was to determine which one or combination of these parameters is the most correlated to E. coli concentrations at the beach. The purpose of testing the E. coli isolates collected from the water and sand samples was to determine whether the source(s) of E. coli found in beach waters were from a human source or an animal source. Beach water was tested for pathogens to determine the presence of other substances that may have been a threat to human health. For this interim beach report statistical analysis was done for all 29 beaches on data collected in 24 and 25 on the following parameters: rainfall from 3 locations in Door County, wind direction, wave height, barometric pressure, beach location E. coli distribution, seasonal E. coli distribution, and bird populations. E. coli concentrations in beach water during and after rain events were analyzed at 11 beaches. Spatial distribution of E. coli in beach sand was analyzed at 12 beaches. An avian waste survey was conducted at 13 beaches. Data collection and analysis was done on: spatial distribution of E. coli at 11 beaches, presence of pathogens at 1 beaches, and analysis of E. coli isolates for genetic identity and 2 beaches and antibiotic resistance profiles at 9 beaches. E. coli concentrations in storm water pipe systems were determined at Otumba Park and Ephraim Beach. These municipalities contributed the funds for storm water pipe/system testing, see Appendix A. SWCD contracted the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Microbiology Department to collect and analyze the water samples taken in 24 and 25. Another component to the source identification project is the data organization and statistical analysis. The summary statistics presented in this interim report were obtained from several partnering research institutions. Further statistical investigations will be done by recreational water quality specialists. The statistical data sets developed in 25 will be used to determine the 26 sampling methods. 42

51 LogE. coli Specific Source Identification Methodology and Results Impact of Physical Features/Conditions Impact of Beach Location An analysis of beaches in 24 and 25 by location indicated that beaches located in Sturgeon Bay (Sunset and Otumba) had significantly higher counts than other beach locations. These other locations included, in order of decreasing overall mean E. coli, beaches on Green Bay, Lake Michigan, Washington/Rock islands, and inland lakes (Kangaroo, Europe, Clark). The inland lake and island beaches grouped together, but all other groups were significantly different from one another. The percentage of E. coli concentrations above the advisory level were also higher at beaches in Sturgeon Bay, followed by in descending order beaches on Green Bay, Lake Michigan, inland lakes and Washington/Rock islands (Figures 3 & 4). Figure 3: Mean E. coli count for categories of beaches in 24. Error bars indicate + 1 S.E. (Lake= Anclam, Bailey, Europe, Lakeside, Newport, Portage, Sandy Bay, Sturgeon Bay Canal, Whitefish Dunes; Bay= Egg Harbor, Ellison Bay, Ephraim, Fish Creek, Haines, Murphy, Nicolet, Otumba, Sister Bay; Inland Lake= Clark, Europe, and Kangaroo Lakes; Island= Gialison, Jackson Harbor, Percy Johnson, Rock, Sand Dune and School House; Sturgeon Bay = Otumba, Sunset) Lake Bay Inland lake Island Sturgeon Bay location 43

52 Figure 4: Mean E. coli MPN/1mL by Location in 25. Error bars indicate + 1 S.E. (Lake= Anclam, Bailey, Europe, Lakeside, Newport, Portage, Sandy Bay, Sturgeon Bay Canal, Whitefish Dunes; Bay= Egg Harbor, Ellison Bay, Ephraim, Fish Creek, Haines, Murphy, Nicolet, Otumba, Sister Bay; Inland Lake= Clark, Europe, and Kangaroo Lakes; Island= Gialison, Jackson Harbor, Percy Johnson, Rock, Sand Dune, and School House; Sturgeon Bay= Otumba, Sunset) Number of Beaches/Category Lake = 12 Bay = 8 Island = 6 Canal =2 175 E.coli MPN/1mL Lake Bay Island Inland Canal Beach Location Seasonal Impact In 24 E. coli counts at Door County beaches generally increased over the course of the summer, a pattern seen at many other Lake Michigan beaches. The data was statistically smoothed in order to reveal overall patterns and trends. A pattern of gradual buildings and dramatic decreases is indicated in the overall mean E. coli counts. This is a pattern not commonly seen but that gives evidence of memory of E. coli counts. It is generally accepted that previous E. coli counts have little relationship to the next day s count, which is a common criticism of the current standards for beach monitoring. The pattern seen at Door County beaches is uncommon and it indicates that E. coli counts may build gradually over time, sometimes resulting in beach closure events. The percentage of E. coli concentration above the advisory level also increased from June to August in 24 (Figures 5, 6 & 7). In 25 E. coli counts at Door County beaches county-wide over the course of the summer were higher in June and July and significantly lower in August. The reason for this change in seasonal effect from 24 to 25 is not known. 44

53 Figure 5: Mean E. coli count for all beaches over the summer Mean Log E. coli /1/4 8/3/4 8/26/4 8/24/4 8/2/4 8/18/4 8/16/4 8/13/4 8/11/4 8/9/4 8/5/4 8/3/4 7/31/4 7/29/4 7/27/4 7/23/4 7/21/4 7/19/4 7/15/4 7/13/4 7/8/4 7/6/4 7/2/4 6/3/4 6/28/4 6/24/4 6/22/4 6/18/4 6/16/4 6/14/4 6/12/4 6/1/4 6/8/4 6/4/4 6/2/4 5/31/4 date Figure 6: Entire County Mean E. coli MPN/1mL in Beach Water in E.coli MPN/1mL /31/25 6/2/25 6/6/25 6/8/25 6/12/25 6/14/25 6/16/25 6/21/25 6/23/25 6/27/25 6/29/25 7/1/25 7/5/25 7/7/25 7/12/25 7/14/25 7/16/25 7/19/25 7/21/25 7/25/25 Date 45 7/27/25 7/29/25 8/2/25 8/4/25 8/7/25 8/9/25 8/11/25 8/15/25 8/17/25 8/19/25 8/22/25 8/24/25 8/26/25 8/29/25 8/31/25

54 Figure 7: Seasonal Countywide Average E. coli MPN/1mL Beach Levels in E. coli MPN/1mL June E.coli Ave July E.coli Ave. August E.coli Ave. Month Spatial E. coli Sampling Methodology In 24 and 25, samples were taken at several beaches at water depths of 3cm, 6cm, and 12cm. Spatial sampling across the length of the beach was conducted at the same beaches, and there was no difference in site location among left, middle, and right samples at any of the beaches. Spatial E. coli Sampling Results In 24 and 25, samples were taken at several beaches at water depths of 3cm, 6cm, and 12cm. E. coli counts were significantly different at all three depths for Ephraim (24 only), Fish Creek, Otumba, Whitefish Dunes, Anclam, Lakeside, and Sunset (Sturgeon Bay) beaches, with the highest counts in shallow (3 cm) of water, and the lowest counts in deep (12 cm) of water (Figure 8). These results may suggest that the E. coli originates from the shore and washes into beach water. There was no significant difference among depths at Sister Bay, Baileys Harbor Ridges Ellison Bay, and Ephraim (25 only). Spatial sampling across the length of the beach was conducted at the same beaches, and there was no difference in site location among left, middle, and right samples at any of the beaches except for Sister Bay (Figure 9). These results imply that the source of E. coli does not originate from one side of the beach versus another. These results may be an indication of how well the beach water mixes. 46

55 Figure 8: Depth Sampling of E. coli - Door County, WI, Log1 Mean E.coli MPN/1mL cm 3 cm 6 cm Anclam Bailey's Harbor Ridges Ellison bay Ephraim Fish Creek Lakeside Murphy Nicolet Otumba Sister Bay Sunset Whitefish Dunes Beach Figure 9: Comparison of E. coli counts at center, left, and right at 5 subject beaches in 25. Error bars indicate + 1 S.E. of the mean Log1 Mean E.coli MPN/1mL Left Center Right.5. Anclam Bailey's Harbor Ridges Ellison bay Ephraim Fish Creek Lakeside Murphy Nicolet Otumba Sister Bay Sunset Whitefish Dunes Beach 47

56 Rainfall Quantity Methodology Three rainfall locations were selected for analysis for this interim report: Sturgeon Bay, Sister Bay, and Egg Harbor. In 25 rainfall countywide was also compared to E. coli levels collected from beach monitoring water samples. Rainfall Quantity Results There was no significant difference between rainfalls at each location according to a paired samples t-test. All three of these locations had similar rainfall daily totals and were highly correlated with one another. Although this reveals that rainfall was not driving the high E. coli counts for the county as a whole, it is a driving force at individual beaches. E. coli counts at beaches and associated storm water outfalls were correlated, and outfalls are affected by rain events. Therefore, rainfall likely has an effect on the beaches directly affected by storm water outfalls. Mean rainfall for each of the three locations was calculated and graphed with mean E. coli count for all of the monitored beaches (Figures 1 & 11). There tends to be an increase in E. coli when it rains, but there are also increases in E. coli when there is no rain. This indicates that rain is one, but not the only, driving factor in high E. coli levels. Figure 1: Rainfall at three monitoring stations compared to mean E. coli count (log1) at Door County Beaches in 24. Samples from all of the monitored Door County beaches and also mean rainfall for the three rain stations was combined. Mean rainfall (cm) / Log E. coli(/1cfu) Sturgeon Bay rain Egg Harbor rain Sister Bay rain mean rain Log E. coli 8/19/4 8/17/4 8/15/4 8/13/4 8/11/4 8/9/4 8/5/4 8/3/4 7/31/4 7/29/4 7/27/4 7/23/4 7/21/4 7/19/4 7/15/4 7/13/4 7/8/4 7/6/4 7/2/4 6/3/4 6/28/4 6/24/4 6/22/4 6/18/4 6/16/4 6/14/4 6/12/4 6/1/4 6/8/4 6/4/4 6/2/4 5/31/4 date 48

57 Figure 11: Rainfall at three monitoring stations compared to mean E. coli count (log1) at Door County Beaches in 25. Samples from all of the monitored Door County beaches and also mean rainfall for the three rain stations was combined. E.coli MPN/1mL /31/25 6/3/25 6/6/25 6/9/25 6/12/25 6/15/25 6/18/25 6/21/25 6/24/25 6/27/25 6/3/25 7/3/25 7/6/25 7/9/25 7/12/25 7/15/25 7/18/25 7/21/25 Date E.coli Sturgeon Bay Rain Egg Harbor Rain Sister Bay Rain 7/24/25 7/27/25 7/3/25 8/2/25 8/5/25 8/8/25 8/11/25 8/14/25 8/17/25 8/2/25 8/23/25 8/26/25 8/29/25 Rainfall conditions 24, 48, and 72 hours before beach monitoring E. coli levels to determine if there was a delayed affect of rain on beach water quality. Correlations between E. coli levels and rainfall that occurred 24, 48, and/or 72 hours prior to the high E. coli sample may indicate that the rainfall has a direct effect and impact on E. coli levels that results in beach advisory E. coli levels Rainfall (in.) At Egg Harbor, Ephraim, and Fish Creek beaches there was a correlation between high E. coli MPN/1mL of water and rainfall that occurred 24, 48, and 72 hours prior to the high E. coli sample (Table 2). At Ellison Bay, Sister Bay, Otumba Park, and Sunset Park beaches there was no correlation between high E. coli MPN/1mL of water and rainfall that occurred 24, 48, and 72 hours prior to the high E. coli sample. At Murphy Park beach there was a correlation between high E. coli MPN/1mL of water and rainfall that occurred 24 hours prior to the high E. coli sample. At Nicolet Bay beach there was a correlation between high E. coli MPN/1mL of water and rainfall that occurred 24 hours prior to the high E. coli sample. 49

58 Table 2: Significant Correlations E. coli MPN vs. 24hrs PPT 25. Beach Rainfall Hours Prior to High E. coli Sample Correlation Coefficient P-Value Egg Harbor Ellison Bay Ephraim Fish Creek Murphy Nicolet Sister Bay Otumba Sunset P-value, Alpha les than.5 = significant correlation Rain Event Beach Water Sampling Methodology E. coli concentrations were measured at Whitefish Dunes, Otumba Park, Fish Creek, Ephraim, Sister Bay, Lakeside, Murphy, Egg Harbor, Anclam, Sunset, and Baileys Harbor Ridges beaches hourly for 4 hours, and at 8, 12, and 24 hours after various rainfall events of at least.25 inches of rain within 24 hours. Rain Event Beach Water Sampling Results Overall E. coli concentrations were elevated beyond the advisory levels at most sampled beaches and beyond the closure level at some sampled beaches within 24 hours of rainfall events of at least.25 inches (Figures 12-22). 5

59 Figure 12: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Anclam beach 25. E. coli MPN Sample Hour 6/7/25 7/25/25 8/8/25 8/1/25 Figure 13: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Baileys Harbor Ridges beach 25. E. coli MPN Sample Hour 6/7/25 7/25/25 8/8/25 8/1/25 51

60 Figure 14: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Egg Harbor beach 25. E. coli MPN Sample Hour 7/25/25 8/1/25 8/26/25 Figure 15: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Ephraim beach 25. E. coli MPN Sample Hour 6/21/24 8/18/24 6/7/25 8/8/25 52

61 Figure 16: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Fish Creek beach 25. E. coli MPN Sample Hours 8/18/24 6/7/25 Figure 17: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Lakeside Park beach 25. E. coli MPN Sample Hours 5/31/24 8/9/24 6/7/25 7/25/25 8/8/25 8/1/25 53

62 Figure 18: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Murphy Park beach 25. E. coli MPN Sample Hours 7/25/25 8/1/25 8/26/25 Figure 19: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Otumba Park beach E. coli MPN Hours 6/12/24 6/17/24 7/4/24 7/4/24 7/6/24 7/21/24 8/24/24 8/1/25 8/26/25 54

63 Figure 2: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Sister Bay beach 25. E. coli MPN Sample Hours 6/21/24 8/8/25 Figure 21: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Sunset Park beach 25. E. coli MPN Sample Hours 6/12/24 6/17/24 7/4/24 7/6/24 7/21/24 8/1/25 8/26/25 55

64 Figure 22: Rain Event E. coli MPN/1mL of water Whitefish Dunes beach 25. E. coli MPN Sample Hours 5/31/24 6/7/25 8/1/25 The Door County Public Health Department will be requiring several beaches in Door County to post beach swimming advisory signs on the beach after.25 inches of rain has fallen within 24 hours. The Wet Weather Beach Swimming Advisories are required when a beach has either of the following E. coli counts recorded during rainfall beach water monitoring events by the Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department. 1. A minimum of 1% of the rain event beach water samples for E. coli exceed the closure level (1, MPN/1mL of water) during more than 1 sampled rain event, OR 2. A minimum of 8% of the rain event beach water samples for E. coli exceed the advisory E. coli level of 235 MPN/1mL of water in a minimum of 3 sampled rain events. Wet Weather Beach Swimming Advisories will be required by the Door County Public Health Department for Fish Creek beach, Murphy County Park, Anclam Park, Ephraim beach, Lakeside Park, Sunset Park (Sturgeon Bay), and Otumba Park (Table 3). Swimming advisories will be required at these beaches in 26 because all of these beaches had either a minimum of 1% of the rain event beach water samples for E. coli exceed the closure level (1,MPN/1mL of water) during more than 1 sampled rain event, OR a minimum of 8% of the rain event beach water samples for E. coli exceed the advisory E. coli level of 235MPN/1mL of water in a minimum of 3 sampled rain events. The specifications for posting a Wet Weather Beach Swimming Advisory will be given to beach managers by mid May 26 for the 26 swimming season. Egg Harbor, Sister Bay, and Whitefish Dunes State Park beaches will not be required to post swimming advisory signs after rain events because they did not meet the minimum criteria (Table 3). However, all three beaches have had E. coli levels exceed the advisory or closure level during rain event sampling so posting swimming advisories for 24 hours after ¼ of rain within 24 hours is encouraged. 56

65 Table 3: Wet Weather Beach Swimming Advisories Determination % E. coli above advisory % E. coli above closure Required Wet Weather Beach Swimming Advisory # of sampled Beach rain events Sister Bay 2 1% 5% Not required at this time yes Fish Creek 2 1% 1% Required yes Egg Harbor 3 66% 33% Not required at this time yes Murphy Park 3 1% 67% Required yes Whitefish Dunes 3 3% % Not required at this time yes Anclam Park 4 1% 75% Required yes Ephraim 4 1% 1% Required yes Baileys Harbor Ridges 4 5% 25% Not required at this time yes Lakeside Park 6 83% 67% Required yes Sunset Park 7 86% 29% Required yes Otumba Park 8 1% 5% Required yes E. coli Levels: Advisory = 235 MPN/1mL of water Closure = 1, MPN/1mL of water Recommend further rain event sampling The rain event results indicate that the presence of a storm water outfall and/or a stream outlet in close proximity to a beach may cause a significant increase in E. coli concentrations. Impervious runoff areas can also be considered part of water delivery systems to the beach. For example areas of curbed streets that drain storm water to a parking lot and or boat launch near the beach or bay. See Appendix A for E. coli testing methodology and results for storm water pipes and catch basins, and streams near Otumba Park beach in Sturgeon Bay and Ephraim Beach. Wind Methodology In 24 comparison among beaches indicated that wind direction influenced E. coli counts at beaches on the Green Bay side of the peninsula. Specifically, counts were lower during an offshore wind (p<.5). All beaches were coded to indicate direction for offshore, onshore, and along shore winds; additionally, the presence of a barrier to interrupt wind flow was categorized. Wind Results Wind direction has been widely cited as having an influence on E. coli counts, with onshore winds typically associated with higher E. coli counts. These results are likely due to the resuspension of sediments along the shore that likely contain high counts of E. coli. The other categories of beaches (Lake Michigan side, island, and inland lakes) showed no significant difference in E. coli counts relative to wind direction. The presence of barriers (piers, jetties, or other structures) at individual beaches was taken into account in these analyses because barriers will interrupt the wind pattern as it relates to this analysis. Table 4 shows that there is a statistically significant decrease in mean E. coli in beach water on the Green Bay side of Door County when there is an offshore wind. 57

66 Table 4: Mean E. coli in beach water on the Green Bay side of Door County in various wind conditions in 24. BAY N Subset for alpha=.5 offshore barrier alongshore onshore Significance In 25 comparisons were made between beaches to determine if there were correlations between E. coli levels and wind at individual beaches. Significant correlations were found between wind and high E. coli levels at Sunset Park (Sturgeon Bay), Europe Bay Town Park Sample site #1, Sturgeon Bay Recreational Canal Area, Otumba Park, Ellison Bay, Egg Harbor, Ephraim, Nicolet, Sister Bay, and Portage Park (Table 5). The E. coli levels at each of these beaches reacted differently to various wind directions and types. Wind directions were classified into wind types at each beach based on if the wind was an onshore, offshore, long shore and barrier (wind block). The beaches listed in Table 5 have a significant (alpha=.5) differences in E. coli concentrations with respect to wind direction based in a T-Test. No analysis for Gialison, Jackson Harbor, Schoolhouse, Sand Dune, Rock Island, and Percy Johnson due to insufficient data. If a beach is not listed, there was no significant difference in E. coli with respect to wind direction. In the Difference Found column the statements mean that the wind direction listed has a statistically significant relationship with elevated E. coli. 58

67 Table 5: T-Test Correlation between Door County Beach Water Samples E. coli MPN/1mL of water and Wind Direction/Type Beach Difference Found p value Sunset N-S greater than NE-E-SE.3 Wind Type Barrier > offshore Europe 1 NE-E-SE greater than SW-W-N.11 Wind Type Onshore > long/offshore Sturgeon Bay Rec. Canal NE-SW greater than E-SE-S.5 Wind Type Long shore > onshore Otumba E greater than N-NE-NW.2 E greater than W.26 Wind Type Long shore> onshore/barrier Ellison E-W-NW greater than S-SW.5 Wind Type Barrier > onshore Egg Harbor N-SW greater than E-S.35 NE-E-NW greater than E-S.9 NE-E-NW greater than N-SW.1 Wind Type Ephraim N-W-NW greater than E-SE-S.6 NE-SW greater than E-SE-S.6 Wind Type Long/onshore > offshore Nicolet N-NE-E greater than S-SW-W.2 Wind Type Onshore > offshore Sister Bay N-W-NW greater than E-SE-S-SW.8 Wind Type Onshore > offshore Portage N-S greater than SW-W-NW.24 N-S greater than NE-E-S.5 Wind Type Long shore > onshore/offshore Wave Height Methodology In 24 and 25 wave height was measured by the samplers monitoring beaches for E. coli and in 24 by the NOAA-operated buoy located in Lake Michigan near the northeastern tip of the Door County peninsula. Wave Height Results In 24 wave height was positively correlated with E. coli counts at all beaches (R=.234, p<.1). In 25 wave height was positively correlated with high E. coli counts at Baileys Harbor Ridges, Newport State Park, Portage Park, Egg Harbor, Fish Creek, Sunset (Sturgeon Bay), Gialison, and Rock Island (Table 6). These correlations indicate that as the wave heights increase it is likely that the E. coli levels may also increase. 59

68 Table 6: Correlation between Wave Height and E. coli Levels in 25 Correlation Coefficient P- Value Beach Baileys Harbor Ridges Newport State Park Portage Park Egg Harbor.575. Fish Creek.638. Sunset (Sturgeon Bay) Gialison Beach Rock Island E. coli Concentrations in Beach Sand Sand Sampling Methodology Beach sands were sampled above the swash zone, in the swash zone and in 6 and 12 inches in water to determine E. coli levels. Three replicate samples were taken in each sample location. Sunset (Sturgeon Bay), Otumba, Baileys Harbor Ridges, Ephraim, Fish Creek, and Whitefish Dunes beach sands were sampled weekly in 25. Anclam, Lakeside, Murphy, Nicolet, Ellison Bay, Sister Bay and beach sands were sampled once in June and once in August in 25. Sand Sampling Results Preliminary results indicate that levels of E. coli in the sand are relatively low. The following beaches had at least one sand sample in which the E. coli levels were above the beach water monitoring advisory level (235MPN/1mL): Sunset, Baileys Harbor Ridges, Otumba, Fish Creek, Ephraim, Whitefish Dunes, Lakeside and Murphy beaches (Figures 23-34). The E. coli levels in sand samples taken from Anclam, Nicolet, Ellison Bay and Sister Bay beaches were all below the beach water monitoring advisory level (235MPN/1mL). Additional work is being done in 26 to determine the source of E. coli in sand. Figure 23: Sunset Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels 25. E.coli CFU/g E.coli MPN/1mL Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 1 Week 11 Week 12 Time Upshore Swash Wet MPN 6

69 Figure 24: Baileys Harbor Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels 25. E.coli CFU/g E.coli MPN/1mL Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 1 Week 11 Week 12 Time Upshore Swash Wet MPN/1mL Figure 25: Otumba Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels 25. E.coli CFU/g Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 1 Week 11 Week 12 Time Upshore Swash Wet MPN/1mL E.coli MPN/1mL Figure 26: Fish Creek Beach Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels 25. E.coli CFU/g Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 1 Week 11 Week 12 Time Upshore Swash Wet MPN/1mL E.coli MPN/1mL 61

70 Figure 27: Ephraim Beach Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels 25. E.coli CFU/g Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Time Week 8 Week 9 Week 1 Week 11 Week 12 Upshore Swash Wet MPN/1mL E.coli MPN/1mL Figure 28: Whitefish Dunes State Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels 25. E.coli CFU/g E.coli MPN/1mL Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 1 Week 11 Week 12 Time Upshore Swash Wet MPN/1mL Figure 29: Anclam Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels 25. CFU/g June upshore August upshore June swash August swash June wet August wet June special E.coli MPN/1mL Sand Sample Locations E.coli CFU/g E.coli MPN/1mL June E.coli MPN/1mL August 62

71 Figure 3: Lakeside Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels 25. CFU/g June upshore August upshore June swash August swash June wet August wet MPN/1mL Sand Sample Locations E.coli CFU/g E.coli MPN/1mL June E.coli MPN/1mL August Figure 31: Murphy Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels 25. CFU/g June upshore August upshore June swash August swash June wet August wet MPN/1mL Sand Sample Locations E.coli CFU/g E.coli MPN/1mL June E.coli MPN/1mL August Figure 32: Nicolet Bay Beach Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels 25. CFU/g June upshore August upshore June swash August swash Sand Sample Locations June wet E.coli CFU/g E.coli MPN/1mL June E.coli MPN/1mL August August wet MPN/1mL 63

72 Figure 33: Ellison Bay Beach Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels 25. CFU/g June upshore August upshore June swash August swash June wet August wet MPN/1mL Sand Sample Locations E.coli CFU/g E.coli MPN/1mL June E.coli MPN/1mL August Figure 34: Sister Bay Park Sand E. coli Levels vs. Water E. coli Levels 25. CFU/g June upshore August upshore June swash August swash June wet August wet MPN/1mL Sand Sample Locations E.coli CFU/g E.coli MPN/1mL June E.coli MPN/1mL August Impact of Biological Factors Biological factors were examined for their effect on E. coli concentrations at all monitored beaches including the number of gulls, amount of gull waste and algal mass present at the time of the water sampling. Bird Count Methodology The total number of birds was recorded at the time of water sampling for the beach monitoring program in 24 and 25. Avian Waste Survey Methodology The avian waste survey determined the number and percentage of bird waste, dropping, at 12 of the beaches that were monitored for E. coli, including Whitefish Dunes, Fish Creek, Egg Harbor, Murphy Park, Sunset, Otumba, Sister Bay, Ephraim, Portage Park, Ellison Bay and Newport State Park. The survey was conducted to determine the potential for avian waste to be a source of E. coli contamination on the beach. 64

73 Using the bird count method alone does not account for the birds that are present at the beach when the samplers are not there. Bird waste is a source of E. coli, so counting the waste is another way to determine the potential for the waste to be a significant source of E. coli at each of the surveyed beaches. In comparing the bird count and bird waste survey results there are different beaches that show up as having the largest bird populations, indicating that the combination of both surveys is needed to determine the most accurate populations. Avian waste was counted in nine 4 X 4 plots, 15 feet apart, in a transect area of 1/4 mile by 4 adjacent to the swash zone (shoreline). The avian waste counts where extrapolated to determine waste counts per transect area. Survey data does not represent the total amount of bird waste on the beach. The use of the same transect size allows the amount of avian waste to be compared between beaches (Figure 35). Figure 35: Example of Avian Waste Survey transect and sample plot areas in Otumba Park Beach Red Polygon represent the transect area and the green squares represent the sample plots. Bird Count and Avian Waste Survey Results Overall, gulls accounted for the majority of the birds at each beach. The influence of gull presence was quite pronounced at several beaches and was significantly correlated with E. coli counts in the water (R 2 =.365). Correlation between numbers of gulls and E. coli counts are often difficult to find, although it is widely suspected that gulls are directly influencing bacterial counts (Figure 35). In 24 Pearson Correlations show a correlation between avian waste amounts and E. coli at Ephraim and Newport beaches, indicating that as the amount of avian waste increased E. coli concentrations also increased (Table 7). There were strong correlations between bird count numbers and E. coli concentrations at Ellison Bay Otumba Park, and Whitefish Dunes State Park beaches, and a moderate correlation at Sister Bay beach, indicating that as the number of birds counted is related to E. coli concentrations. 65

74 Beach In 25 Pearson Correlations show no correlations between avian waste amounts and E. coli in beach water samples, indicating that as the amount of avian waste may have no effect on E. coli concentrations (Table 8). There were strong correlations between bird count numbers and E. coli concentrations at Egg Harbor beach, and a moderate correlation at Whitefish Dunes beach, indicating that as the number of birds counted is related to E. coli concentrations. Table 7: Pearson Correlation of Avian Waste, Bird Counts, and E. coli Levels in 24. (Alpha.5) Avian Waste vs. Bird Counts Avian Waste vs. Bird Counts - p-value Avian Waste vs. E. coli Avian Waste vs. E. coli - p-value 66 Bird Count vs. E. coli Bird Count vs. E. coli - p- value Notes Baileys Harbor High bird levels. Egg Harbor Ellison Bay Ephraim Fish Creek Newport Otumba Higher goose levels. Sister Bay Higher goose and Sunset Whitefish Dunes Avian Waste is total waste counted per 144 ft 2 Good to Excellent Correlation Moderate Correlation Beach Table 8: Pearson Correlation of Avian Waste, Bird Counts, and E. coli Levels in 25. (Alpha.5) Avian Waste vs. Bird Counts Avian Waste vs. Bird Counts - p-value Avian Waste vs. E. coli Avian Waste vs. E. coli - p-value Bird Count vs. E. coli Bird Count vs. E. coli - p- value duck levels. Mostly Gull waste. High levels. Mean Log E. coli Baileys Harbor Egg Harbor Ellison Bay Ephraim Fish Creek Murphy Newport Na an an na Nicolet Otumba Portage Sister Bay Sunset Whitefish Dunes

75 Avian Waste is total waste counted per 144 ft 2 Good to Excellent Correlation Moderate Correlation Algae Impact Study Methodology Cladophora is a natural alga that is native to Wisconsin. It grows attached to rocks on the lake bottom. When it detaches, either from wave action or die off it washes up onto beaches and decays (Figure 36). As Cladophora washes up on the beach it also brings a variety of other aquatic vegetation and zebra mussels that have detached from rocks and become entangled in the algae. On the beach the decaying algae provides shade and carbohydrates that may promote the growth of E. coli. Figure 36: Cladophora glomerata structure A Cladophora distribution survey was conducted at all 28 beaches monitored for E. coli in Door County. The distribution was determined at the time of water sample collection for beach monitoring. The survey methods were developed by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. The water samplers rated the amount of Cladophora at the beach based on the following scale: None Cladophora not present anywhere on the beach. Low Cladophora minimally present in patches on the beach. Moderate Cladophora noticeably present on the beach and a nuisance. 67

76 High Cladophora covers beach in wind rows. Water samples for E. coli MPN/1mL of water were taken in 25 in and around Cladophora mats at as a preliminary study to determine the amount of E. coli that is in and around the algae mats at the beach and the potential for E. coli to wash off the mats and result in elevated E. coli levels in beach water samples. Algae Impact Study Results There are many other species of aquatic plants that are typically in Cladophora mats. The quantity of these species was not determined. In Table 9 the general distribution of algae on the beaches is summarized by grouping the observations into two categories: none to low and moderate to high. The percentage of none to low algae group occurred more than 6% of the time at 1 beaches. The moderate to high group occurred at 13 beaches more than 6% of the time. At the remaining 5 beaches both groups occurred about equally. Overall this indicates that there is a potential for Cladophora mats to impact beach water at several beaches. Table 9: Cladophora Distribution Survey Percentages of Total Samples Beach none-low med-high Anclam 4 6 Baileys Clark 1 Egg Ellison Ephraim Europe Europe Europe Europe Lake Fish Creek Gialison 7 3 Haines Jackson Harbor Kangaroo Lake 94 6 Lakeside Murphy Newport Nicolet Otumba Percy Portage Rock Sand Dunes Sandy Bay

77 School 1 SturRecCanal 4 6 Sister Bay 9 91 Sunset Whitefish In 25 a summary of relationships between Cladophora observations and E. coli levels were made at beaches during summer 25 (Table 1). Cladophora observations were put at =none, 1=low, 2=moderate, and 3=high (per DNR suggestions and visual chart). Actual E. coli monitoring data was used. Linear regression analysis was utilized to arrive at F and p values. Egg Harbor was the only location where there was a correlation between Cladophora levels and E. coli levels. Table 1: Summary of relationships between Cladophora observations and E. coli levels at beaches during summer 25. Beach F value P value Anclam Bailey s Harbor Egg Harbor Ellison Ephraim Europe Europe Europe Fish Creek Gialison Haines Jackson Harbor Ridges.16.9 Lakeside Murphy Newport Nicolet Otumba Percy Johnson Portage Park Rock Island Sand Dune Sandy Bay Schoolhouse Sister Bay Sturgeon Bay Rec. Canal Sunset Whitefish Bay Whitefish Dunes The preliminary study showed that E. coli concentrations were relatively high in the Cladophora mats at all four beaches and it was high around the mats at beaches (Figures 36-39). 69

78 Figure 37: Lakeside Park 25 E. coli samples in Cladophora Mats E. coli MPN/1mL 5 Date 7/21/25 1M Lft of Mat 1M Rt of Mat 1M Away 5M Lft of Mat 5M Rt of Mat 5M Away 1M Lft of Mat 1M Rt of Mat 1M Away Mat Proper 1M Lft of Mat 1M Rt of Mat 1M Away 5M Lft of Mat 5M Rt of Mat 5M Away 1M Lft of Mat 1M Rt of Mat 1M Away Mat Proper Figure 38: Murphy Park 25 E. coli samples in Cladophora Mats E. coli MPN/1mL 1 5 1/1/19 1/2/19 Date 1/3/19 1/4/19 1/5/19 1/6/19 1/7/19 Mat Proper 1M Away 1M Rt of Mat 1M Lft of Mat 5M Away 5M Rt of Mat 5M Lft of Mat 1M Away 1M Rt of Mat 1M Lft of Mat 1M Lft of Mat 1M Rt of Mat 1M Away 5M Lft of Mat 5M Rt of Mat 5M Away 1M Lft of Mat 1M Rt of Mat 1M Away Mat Proper 7

79 Figure 39: Whitefish Dunes State Park 25 E. coli samples in Cladophora Mats E.coli MPN/1mL /24/25 6/29/25 7/2/25 Date of Sample 7/27/25 8/3/25 8/8/25 1M Away 1m Rt of Mat 1M Lft of Mat Mat Proper 1M Away 1m Rt of Mat 1m Lt of mat 5m Away 5m Rt of M at 5M Lft of Mat Mat Location 1M Lft of Mat 1m Rt of Mat 1M Away 5M Lft of Mat 5m Rt of Mat 5m Away 1m Lt of mat 1m Rt of Mat 1M Away Mat Proper Figure 4: Anclam Park 25 E. coli samples in Cladophora Mats E. coli MPN/1mL 1 Mat Proper 1M Away 1M Rt of Mat 1M Lft of Mat 5M Away 5 5M Lft of Mat 1M Away 5M Rtof Mat Sample Location 1M Rt of Mat 6/23/25 Date 6/29/25 7/11/25 1M Lft of Mat 1M Lft of Mat 1M Rt of Mat 1M Away 5M Lft of Mat 5M Rtof Mat 5M Away 1M Lft of Mat 1M Rt of Mat 1M Away Mat Proper 71

80 Further Study on Impacts of Algae at the Beach Starting in 27 there will be a three year study done around the Great Lakes by a partnership of University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, University of Minnesota, and the United States Geologic Survey to determine the impacts of Cladophora mats on E. coli concentrations in beach water. There will be several beaches in Door County that will be included in this study. Pathogen Presence - Methodology The beach waters of Sunset (Sturgeon Bay), Nicolet, Murphy, Ellison Bay, Baileys Harbor, Ephraim, Fish Creek, Otumba, Sister Bay and Whitefish Dunes beaches were monitored weekly for pathogens which commonly cause gastrointestinal (GI) tract disease in humans. Water samples were collected in the center of the beach in 24 inches of water and analyzed for Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. Pathogen Presence - Results The beach waters of Sunset (Sturgeon Bay); Nicolet, Murphy, Ellison Bay, Baileys Harbor, Ephraim, Fish Creek, Otumba, Sister Bay, and Whitefish Dunes beaches were monitored weekly for pathogens which commonly cause GI tract disease in humans. Water samples were collected in the center of the beach in 24 inches of water and analyzed for Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. Salmonella and Shigella were not detected at any of the beaches. Campylobacter was detected at Otumba Park Beach in 69% of the samples in 24 and 36% in 25. In 25 Campylobacter was found at Sunset Park (Sturgeon Bay) in 42%, Ellison Bay in 33%, Murphy Park 25%, and Nicolet Bay Beach in 25% of the samples (Table 11). There was no correlation between detection of Campylobacter and elevated E. coli concentrations in water samples. Campylobacter comes from a variety of sources, including birds, humans, and cattle. Campylobacter that was found did not match any of the known human, bovine, or poultry strains. Additional testing to determine the specific source of Campylobacter needs to be done. Additional water samples for pathogens do not need to be taken at Ephraim, Fish Creek, Sister Bay, Baileys Harbor Ridges, or Whitefish Dunes beaches unless a problem arises Table 11: Pathogens detected from five selected beaches in Door County during summer 24 and 25. ND= not detected from any sample for the entire summer. TNTC= too numerous to count. Beach Salmonella Shigella Campylobacter E. coli Ephraim 24 Fish Creek 24 Otumba Park 24 & 25 ND ND ND ND ND ND 6/1/24 ND ND Low 6/17/24 ND ND Moderate 365.4/1ml 6/24/24 ND ND Moderate 13.4/1ml 7/8/24 ND ND TNTC 79.6/1ml 7/15/24 ND ND TNTC 27.1/1 ml 7/22/24 ND ND TNTC 46.7/1 l 7/29/24 ND ND TNTC 52.1/1 ml 8/11/24 ND ND TNTC 88.4/1 ml 8/26/24 ND ND TNTC 35.5/1 ml 6/28/25 ND ND TNTC 859.1/1ml 7/5/25 ND ND TNTC 184.7/1ml 7/12/25 ND ND TNTC 17.3/1ml 72

81 7/26/25 ND ND TNTC 146.5/1ml 8/23/25 ND ND TNTC 99/1ml Sister Bay 24 ND ND ND Whitefish Dunes 24 Baileys Harbor Ridges 25 Ellison Bay 25 ND ND ND ND ND ND 6/14/25 ND ND /1ml 7/5/25 ND ND /1ml 7/12/25 ND ND /1ml 8/9/25 ND ND /1ml Murphy Park 25 7/5/25 ND ND /1ml 7/12/25 ND ND /1ml 8/9/25 ND ND TNTC 24/1ml Nicolet Beach 25 ND ND /1m 7/5/25 TNTC l 7/12/25 ND ND /1ml 8/2/25 ND ND /1ml Sunset (Sturgeon Bay) 25 6/14/25 ND ND /1ml 6/21/25 ND ND /1ml 6/28/25 ND ND /1ml 7/12/25 ND ND /1ml ND ND /1m 8/16/ l Determining the Identity of E. coli Contaminating Door County Beaches E. coli isolates were collected from beach water samples at Baileys Harbor Ridges, Ellison Bay, Ephraim, Fish Creek, Murphy Park, Nicolet, Otumba, Sister Bay, Sunset (Sturgeon Bay), and Whitefish Dunes beaches and were used for determining the identity of the E. coli. The goals in identifying E. coli found on these beaches were to determine if the E. coli was from a human or animal (avian, dog, cattle) source. E. coli is commonly used as in indicator of beach contamination because it is associated with fecal material. The common threat to swimmer s health comes from the pathogens and other toxins that are commonly found in waters with high E. coli concentrations, not the E. coli itself. The use of both antibiotic resistance and genetic fingerprinting tests increases the overall validity of the results. E. coli Identity Methodology Both tests require the recovery of E. coli isolates from solid fecal samples and beach water samples. Throughout the summer, E. coli isolates were recovered from fecal matter collected from the beaches, human samples from wastewater treatment facilities. Water isolates were recovered from E. coli positive wells in the Quanti-trays throughout the summer (Figure 4). A total of 13+ E. coli isolates were recovered 73

82 Antibiotic Resistance Methodology E. coli from human sources typically has a higher resistance to the majority of the antibiotics because humans have been subjected to a larger quantity and variety of these antibiotics. If the E. coli has a low resistance to the antibiotics the source is usually not human. Other potential non human sources of E. coli include birds, dogs, cattle, deer and other animals depending on the beach location. Quanti-Trays with positive fluorescence for E. coli were pierced in the back and a 1µl lapful of organism was extracted and plated on EMB agar. Isolates were confirmed as E. coli, by traditional biochemical testing and the API 2E. Figure 41: Quanti-Trays with positive fluorescence for E. coli Antibiotic resistance testing was done on E. coli recovered from Ephraim, Fish Creek, Sister Bay, Otumba Park (Sturgeon Bay), and Whitefish Dunes State Park. Two methods were used to look at the antibiotic resistance of E. coli isolates. One method utilized 16 different antibiotics and the classic Kirby-Bauer antibiotic sensitivity testing techniques to determine antibiotic resistance and sensitivity (Table 12). 74