Geologic Sequestration of CO 2 in Midwestern USA Learning from Field Validation Studies

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Geologic Sequestration of CO 2 in Midwestern USA Learning from Field Validation Studies Neeraj Gupta, Ph.D. Senior Research Leader Energy Systems Battelle, Columbus, Ohio gupta@battelle.

1 Geologic Sequestration of CO 2 in Midwestern USA Learning from Field Validation Studies Neeraj Gupta, Ph.D. Senior Research Leader Energy Systems Battelle, Columbus, Ohio gupta@battelle.org, Funded by USDOE, AEP, Ohio Coal Development Office, and Many Others Gasification Technologies Council, San Francisco, CA, Oct. 9-11, Carbon technology markets are still in early emergence Market Maturity Carbon pricing mechanism set Successful demos Regulatory requirements set Regional sites identified Pilot Demonstrations Regional Market Solutions Global carbon pricing markets emerge Successful regional operations Regulatory /liability frameworks set China & Indian acceptance of CCS Global / Commercial CCS Trials Pilot Early pilot trials Expansion to trials at scale Nascent capture technologies trials Monitoring and verification trials Competing Regulatory structures Regional Markets Initial business models emerge Regulatory /liability framework emerge EOR plays advance Regional sites established Verification protocols First commercial services in operation Full Comm mercial Business model consolidation Integrated carbon services Efficient capture technologies Firm regulatory / liability framework Subsurface rights established 2 1

Major Components of CCS Value Chain Enterprise Strategic Planning Carbon foot print analysis Source

screening Process optimization and integration Surface Transport Analysis of CO 2 transport properties

Monitoring (inspection, corrosion analysis etc.

implementation Injection operations Measurement Mitigation and Verification MMV design, implementation

Mountaineer DOE Regional Partnership Program (Basalt Demonstration) FutureGen 2.

2 Major Components of CCS Value Chain Enterprise Strategic Planning Carbon foot print analysis Source reduction analysis Asset opportunity screening Capture Development of new capture concepts Applications screening Process optimization and integration Surface Transport Analysis of CO 2 transport properties Process optimization and integration System design support Compression and processing Pipeline transport Monitoring (inspection, corrosion analysis etc.) Subsurface and Injection Site characterization Permitting and NEPA Well field design and implementation Injection operations Measurement Mitigation and Verification MMV design, implementation and operation Data analysis 3 Battelle Carbon Management Selected Public-Private and Consulting Efforts Mountaineer DOE Regional Partnership Program (Basalt Demonstration) FutureGen 2.0 Regional Characterization and Basin-Scale Modeling Direct Industry Projects AEP, Mountaineer RWE DEA CRIEPI, Japan CCS, Mitsubishi, JCoal etc. Major oil companies Major steel company Packaging company 4 2

AEP Mountaineer Plant Initial DOE Funded Project has grown

Generator Mountaineer Plant Project Location New Haven, WV

2003) 5 Product Validation Facility (PVF) at AEP s

gas Utilities Chilled Pipeline & Ammonia/ CO 2 Storage

Injection Wells & 3 Monitoring Wells 20 MW (electric) slip

CO 2 Started engineering, planning, and permitting in Sep 07

3 AEP Mountaineer Plant Initial DOE Funded Project has grown into a Globally Visible Integrated CCS Project 1,300 MW Generator Mountaineer Plant Project Location New Haven, WV 9,000 ft deep test well (c.2003) 5 Product Validation Facility (PVF) at AEP s Mountaineer Plant 2009 Startup Mountaineer Plant (WV) Flue gas Utilities Chilled Pipeline & Ammonia/ CO 2 Storage Secondary Compression CO 2 Capture (Battelle) (Alstom) MMV 2 Injection Wells & 3 Monitoring Wells 20 MW (electric) slip stream from FGD outlet System capacity >100k tonnes/year of CO 2 Started engineering, planning, and permitting in Sep 07 Started construction 2Q 2008, in operation ~ 1 Sep 09 Major workover and monitoring in late 2010 Injection completed during mid

CO 2 Sequestration at Mountaineer Plant ~150,000

operations WMMS (Well Monitoring & Maintenance System)

Pump House and Flow Metering Approximately 37,000 tonnes

Ridge zone 7 7 AEP Mountaineer CCPI - Project Definition

4 CO 2 Sequestration at Mountaineer Plant ~150,000 man-hours of safe drilling, completion, and workover operations WMMS (Well Monitoring & Maintenance System) Building Well Field AEP-1, AEP-2, & MW-3 CO 2 Booster Pump House and Flow Metering Approximately 37,000 tonnes CO 2 injected, with majority of injection in the Copper Ridge zone 7 7 AEP Mountaineer CCPI - Project Definition Phase Test well drilled in 2011 to evaluate geologic continuity in the area 8 4

Vuggy Dolomite in Copper Ridge - Thin but Very High Permeability Zones 8370 8345 9 Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Developing the Infrastructure for Wide Scale

Search of potential storage locations and CO 2 sources Found potential for 100 s of years of storage WESTCARB SWP MGSC MRCSP Validation Phase (2005-2010) SECARB 20

benefits Baseline region for sources and sinks Establish monitoring and verification protocols Address regulatory, environmental, and outreach issues Validate

5 Vuggy Dolomite in Copper Ridge - Thin but Very High Permeability Zones Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Developing the Infrastructure for Wide Scale Deployment (Source : US DOE) Seven Regional Partnerships 400+ distinct organizations, 43 states, 4 Canadian Provinces Characterization Phase ( ) BIG SKY PCOR Search of potential storage locations and CO 2 sources Found potential for 100 s of years of storage WESTCARB SWP MGSC MRCSP Validation Phase ( ) SECARB 20 injection tests in saline formations, depleted oil, unmineable coal seams, and basalt Engage regional, state, and local governments Determine regional sequestration benefits Baseline region for sources and sinks Establish monitoring and verification protocols Address regulatory, environmental, and outreach issues Validate sequestration technology and infrastructure Development Phase ( ) 9 large scale injections (over 1 million tons each) Commercial scale understanding Regulatory, liability, ownership issues 10 5

6 MRCSP Geologic Test Sites Aligned with major geologic provinces Geo Test Sites Phase II Michigan Basin Phase III 11 Cincinnati Arch Site East Bend Station, Duke Energy 1,000 tonnes CO 2 injected in Copper Ridge 3000 Eau Claire Shale Mt. Simon 4000 Middle Run 12 6

Duke Energy East Bend Station 650 MW coal-burning

River Monitoring program primarily included pressure

baseline VSP Drilling Operation Summer 2009 13

EOR infrastructure from DTE and Core Energy 600 T/d

Gas Processing Plant Injection Test Well Antrim Gas

1,000 2,000 Monitoring Well 5000 Foot Deep Test Well

Limestone Injection Target: Bass Islands Dolomite

Injection well head 6,000 7,000 180 feet of core taken

7 Duke Energy East Bend Station 650 MW coal-burning power plant situated on1,800 acres along the Ohio River Monitoring program primarily included pressure and temperature, along with shallow groundwater and baseline VSP Drilling Operation Summer Michigan Basin, Gaylord, Michigan Leverages existing EOR infrastructure from DTE and Core Energy 600 T/d Compressor Gas processing plant, source of pure CO 2 Gas Processing Plant Injection Test Well Antrim Gas Well Depth (ft bgs) 0 CO 2 Pipeline Niagara EOR Wells 1,000 2,000 Monitoring Well 5000 Foot Deep Test Well Drilled in November 2006 Confining Layer: Amherstburg Limestone Injection Target: Bass Islands Dolomite 3,500 ft 3,000 4,000 5,000 Target Storage Formation Injection well head 6,000 7, feet of core taken ~60,000 Tonnes CO 2 injected and monitored during ,000 9,000 10,000 Well Column 14 7

Michigan Monitoring Portfolio Example PFT Tracer Survey Surface Gas

Wireline Monitoring Downhole Pressure Brine Chemistry and Fluid

MRCSP Michigan Basin Field Test Preliminary Modeling Site Drilling

Modeling Monitoring Data Conceptualize Design Calibrate

8 Michigan Monitoring Portfolio Example PFT Tracer Survey Surface Gas Meters System Monitoring Acoustic Emissions i Cross-Well Seismic Wireline Monitoring Downhole Pressure Brine Chemistry and Fluid Sampling 15 Evolution of Models Over Project Phases Example from MRCSP Michigan Basin Field Test Preliminary Modeling Site Drilling Site Specific Calibration to Based on Regional Data & Testing Modeling Monitoring Data Conceptualize Design Calibrate Characterize Monitor Validate Communicate

Proactive Outreach was Key to Successful Execution at Each Site 17 MRCSP Michigan Class V Permit Process New Class VI Permitting

MDOGD permit issued Drilling Apply to USEPA Region 5 for UIC Class V permit Permit application is reviewed by USEPA Public Comment

commence Includes coordination with other agencies and statutes: - Endangered Sp

Fish and Wildlife Service) - National Historic Preservation Act (Michigan State Historic Preservation Office) -Wild and Scenic

9 Proactive Outreach was Key to Successful Execution at Each Site 17 MRCSP Michigan Class V Permit Process New Class VI Permitting has Added Significantly Complexity for Demonstration Projects Develop project plan Apply to MDOGD for oil production well permit MDOGD permit issued Drilling Apply to USEPA Region 5 for UIC Class V permit Permit application is reviewed by USEPA Public Comment Period (at least 30 days) on draft decision Permit issued (or denied) Internal integrity demonstrated Injection is authorized to commence Includes coordination with other agencies and statutes: - Endangered Species Act (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) - National Historic Preservation Act (Michigan State Historic Preservation Office) -Wild and Scenic Rivers Act -Coastal Zone Management Act (Michigan Coastal Management Program Injection is completed Apply to USEPA to plug or convert well Key: MRCSP USEPA R5 MDOGD Completed In progress Future USEPA R5 terminates permit (well is plugged) USEPA R5 converts permit (UIC Class II) State issues production permit 18 9

Michigan s Deep GCS Reservoir Formations As

formations 19 Proximity of MRCSP Phase III

III site in close proximity of gas processing

Injection Goal: 1 million metric tons of CO 2

retention Key Local Participants: Core CO 2

DTE Energy, and Western Michigan University

10 Michigan s Deep GCS Reservoir Formations As much as 16,000 ft of Paleozoic sedimentary rock strata Multiple potential storage opportunities in saline and oilbearing formations 19 Proximity of MRCSP Phase III Site to Natural Gas Processing Facility Phase III site in close proximity of gas processing plants and compression facility and EOR sites Injection Goal: 1 million metric tons of CO 2 and characterize and monitor CO 2 storage and retention Key Local Participants: Core CO 2 Services (CO 2 provider), Core Energy (EOR), DTE Energy, and Western Michigan University (Geo Survey) Compressor Gas Processing Plants Compressor Building 20 10

MRCSP Phase III Characterization Well Drilling - March 2011 for St.

of Natural Resources Independent rig inspection and safety oversight However, Class VI UIC requirements for postinjection monitoring

Therefore a new strategy is needed to meet the objectives 21 Working with the Core Energy s Existing Permits allows Project to Meet

11 MRCSP Phase III Characterization Well Drilling - March 2011 for St. Peter Sandstone Drilling with site access and drilling permit from Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources Independent rig inspection and safety oversight However, Class VI UIC requirements for postinjection monitoring and financial assurance are difficult for demonstration ti projects! Therefore a new strategy is needed to meet the objectives 21 Working with the Core Energy s Existing Permits allows Project to Meet its Goals Dover 33 Dover 35 Dover 36 Charlton 30/31 Chester 5 Chester 2 Charlton 6 Chester 16 Chester 27A Core Energy Existing Pipeline Core Energy Compressor Core Energy has tentatively agreed to let MRCSP monitor several reefs to develop scientific knowledge concerning reef geology, capacity, injectivity, etc

MRCSP Phase III Large-Scale Testing Niagaran Reef Trend East

0 Commercial-scale, Leading Edge Oxy-Combustion Repowering with

Mt. Simon Sandstone up to 5000 depth Initial pipeline routing

started in early October to confirm site suitability and develop

12 MRCSP Phase III Large-Scale Testing Niagaran Reef Trend East Canton Fields 23 FutureGen 2.0 Commercial-scale, Leading Edge Oxy-Combustion Repowering with pipeline transport to Morgan County, Illinois site Storage in the Mt. Simon Sandstone up to 5000 depth Initial pipeline routing study completed Conceptual storage and monitoring design completed FutureGen 2.0, Test Well, October 5, 2011 Characterization well drilling started in early October to confirm site suitability and develop permitting and design parameters Extensive stakeholder involvement to build technology support Battelle is the geologic storage contractor for the FutureGen Alliance

issues for large-scale CO 2 storage Geologic characterization, pipeline

and Ohio Coal Development Office Geostatistical Analysis Geology

Ohio Valley Characterization Leveraging with Oil and Gas Activities

$Ohio Valley, near a large-fraction of coal-fired generation Plans to use$

13 Arches Province Mt. Simon Sandstone Regional Simulation Project Regional geologic model for the Mt. Simon Sandstone along the Arches province to determine the infrastructure issues for large-scale CO 2 storage Geologic characterization, pipeline routing analysis, and reservoir simulations completed Funded by US DOE and Ohio Coal Development Office Geostatistical Analysis Geology Numerical Model Geocellular Model Log Data Geotechnical Data 25 Upper Ohio Valley Characterization Leveraging with Oil and Gas Activities Partnered with local oil/gas and brine-disposal company Location in Upper Ohio Valley, near a large-fraction of coal-fired generation Plans to use regional seismic Raynor D #1 Jarrell #1 AEP #1 Miley J #1 Burger FEGENCO #1 Frankovitch GM #1 is ~14,000 feet deep, the deepest in Ohio. It adds significant new data on the deep sediments in the Ohio Valley 26 13

Large-Scale Projects - Only Way Forward is Learning from Field Tests Complexity and Cost can increase substantially as demonstration scale increases due to: Stakeholder concerns (NIMBY) Site access

More rigorous permitting, long-term monitoring needs larger-3d seismic, more wells, more coring, logging, preinjection testing, geomechanical assessment Larger, more complex site models Well design

14 Large-Scale Projects - Only Way Forward is Learning from Field Tests Complexity and Cost can increase substantially as demonstration scale increases due to: Stakeholder concerns (NIMBY) Site access agreements, storage rights, land purchase - Should we pay storage fee to landowners? More rigorous permitting, long-term monitoring needs larger-3d seismic, more wells, more coring, logging, preinjection testing, geomechanical assessment Larger, more complex site models Well design and materials for longer-term tests Risk management, liability, insurance, long-term stewardship planning 27 Summary - Developing Geologic Storage Technology in Midwest Battelle/MRCSP Test Well Drilling, Northern Michigan, March 2011 Executed drilling of more than 10 CO 2 storage test wells in the Region Several geologic storage injection permits completed and closed Developing regional geologic data through piggyback testing in the region Midwestern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership tests CO 2 storage work at AEP Mountaineer site, from site characterization to operations, including discovery of new storage targets of regional significance EOR is proving to be a bridge to largescale CO 2 Storage in saline formations 28 14

CO 2 Utilization and Storage Technology Update

CO 2 Utilization and Storage Technology Update Neeraj Gupta, Ph.D. Senior Research Leader, Carbon Management Energy Systems Battelle, Columbus, Ohio gupta@battelle.org, 614-424-3820 Work Presented here