Additional data tables. Table Additional file 1-1. Building statistics of Kuopio in year Apartment houses Commercial

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1 Additional data tables Table Additional file 1-1. Building statistics of Kuopio in year Building Floor area Apartment houses Commercial Detached houses Educational Health and social sector Industrial Leisure houses Offices Other Public Row houses Sports TOTAL

2 Table Additional file 1-2. Building statistics of Basel in year Building class Floor area Number of buildings Residential building with one dwelling Residential building with two dwellings Residential building with three ore more dwellings Residential building for communities Hotels Other buildings for short host stay Office building Retail and wholesale trade buildings Public transport stations, communication related buildings Garage Industry Storage buildings Cultural and leisure related buildings Museum, libraries Schloos, Universities, Science buildings Hospitals and other health related buildings Sports halls (buildings) Agricultural buildings

3 Church and other cultural buildings All other buildings TOTAL

4 Table Additional file 1-3. Energy demand of buildings in Kuopio in year Building type Heat (kwh/m2/a) User electricity (kwh/m2/a) Total electricity (kwh/m2/a) Detached houses Row houses Apartment houses Commercial Offices Health and social sector Public Sports Educational Industrial Other

5 Table Additional file 1-4. Energy demand of buildings in Basel in year Use Building type Space heating demand (kwh/m2) Warm water demand (kwh/m2) Electricity demand (kwh/m2) Working Commercial building Industry Old buildings < Mixed use Buildings < Villas < Multifamily house < Social flats > Building towers Residential Flats Flats since Single-family house New buildings

6 Table Additional file 1-5. Energy saving potentials of different renovations in Basel and Kuopio. Renovation Relative saving (%) Renovation details General 15 General renovation Windows 15 New windows and doors Technical systems 50 New windows, sealing of building's sheath, improvement of building's technical systems Sheath reform 65 New windows, sealing of building's sheath, improvement of building's technical systems, significant reform of building's sheath

7 Table Additional file 1-6. PM 2.5 and CO 2 emission factors for different fuels and burners (mg/mj). Direct CO 2 is what comes out of the stack. We also calculated CO 2 official where biofuels (wood and waste) were assumed to be carbon neutral. Burner Fuel PM 2.5 Direct CO 2 Description and assumptions Domestic Wood 140 ( ) Other stoves and ovens. Karvosenoja et al Domestic Light oil Light oil <5 MW Emission factors for burning processes. Light oil 267 kg /MWh Domestic Other sources Same as oil. Domestic Gas For PM 2.5 : one third of that of oil. For CO 2 : 3/4 of that of oil. Wood plant ( MW). Karvosenoja et al., 2008 Peat MW Heavy oil MW fuildized bed Gas For PM 2.5: one third of that of oil. For CO 2 : 3/4 of that of oil. Coal Same as peat. Waste Same as wood. Grid Electricity % of large-scale burning (because of nuclear and hydro). Heavy oil 279 kg /MWh. Officially, electricity is not CHP but requires a double amount of coal to produce it.

8 Table Additional file 1-7. An example of an output table (data.frame in R) from the model: the first rows (out ot 67680) of the modelled building stock for Basel. Row Time City_area Building Heating Renovation RenovationPolicy buildingsresult buildingssource Buildings with partial residential use None Active renovation Formula Multiplefamily houses None Active renovation Formula Multiplefamily houses None Active renovation Formula Residential buildings with subsidiary use None Active renovation Formula Residential buildings with subsidiary use None Active renovation Formula Singlefamily houses None Active renovation 72 Formula