Ground Water Management in Bangladesh: Policy and Institutional Arrangement in Bangladesh

Transcription

1 National Workshop On Groundwater Management in IWRM Dhaka, Bangladesh Course Contents Ground Water Management in Bangladesh: Policy and Institutional Arrangement in Bangladesh Dr. Kazi Matin Ahmed, Professor Department of Geology University of Dhaka Groundwater Demand and Use Groundwater Occurrences Groundwater Development Constraints Case Studies: Arsenic Dhaka City Coastal Area Existing Policies Institution and Capacity Requirements for Management Groundwater : source of drinking water for 97% of the population Self Sufficiency in Rice Production Current access to safe water: 80% 1

2 Irrigation and Groundwater DTW STW LLP Region Demand for Groundwater in 2025 (WARPO Data) SMAs Population in millions Other Towns Rural Areas Total SW m 3 /s GW m 3 /s Irrigated Area ('000 Hectres) Irrigation Season SW SC NW NC NE SE EH Total Geological Background Nepal The Bengal Basin Geology of Bangladesh Physiographic Stratigraphy References: Books on Geology of Bangladesh BGS Report on Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Bangladesh Groundwater Task Force Report Indian Shield Himalayan Mountains Shillong Massif 2

3 Occurrence of Groundwater: Geology & Landform Quaternary Geology of the Bengal Basin System Nature of s Sediments Workshop on IWRM, Dhaka, April 3

4 System Units UNDP, 1982 Aggarwal et al., 2000 BGS & DPHE, 2001 JICA, 2002 GWTF, Upper/ Composite 2 Main 3 Deep 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Upper Shallow Lower Shallow Deep Upper Mid Deep Upper Holocene Middle Holocene Late Pleistocene -Holocene Groundwater Regions (UNDP, 1982) 4 Plio- Pleistocene Hydrogeological Zones Zone Geomorphology I Teesta Fan 26 Zone I INDIA 26 Groundwater Zones (MPO, 1985) II III IV V Deltaic Plains Pleistocene Uplands Sylhet-Mymensingh Depressions Coastal Plains Zone III Zone III INDIA (W e s t B e n g a l) A Zone II Zone V Zone IV INDIA B Zone VI B a y o f B e n g a l VI Complex Geology

5 Spatial variability in seasonality and trends Seasonal groundwater flow dynamics c a b Dhaka v Highest and lowest groundwater levels are observed in September and April respectively v higher seasonal fluctuations are observed in the Brahmaputra and upper Ganges floodplains Groundwater levels are referenced to the PWD Declining Water Levels Seasonal trend decomposition Seasonal-Trend decomposition procedure based on Loess (STL) Original time series Seasonal component Trend component Residual component 5

6 Major findings: current trends v Rapid declines (>1 m/year) in shallow groundwater levels in and around Dhaka urban/industrial abstraction is drawing from long-term storage; low permeability of surface geology impedes direct recharge to shallow aquifer Change in long-term GW storage v Steady declines in groundwater levels ( cm/year) occur in the NW, north-central and SW districts due to intensive abstraction for dry-season groundwater-fed irrigation v Declining groundwater levels ( cm/year) during wet periods indicate the shallow aquifers are not completely recharged in many parts of the country v Rising groundwater levels (0-10 cm/year) are observed in southern deltaic and estuarine areas and these are associated with the sea level rise and local recharge Development Constraints As in West Bengal, India Presence of arsenic High salinity Excessive dissolved chemical and radioactive elements Lowering of water level Occurrences of gravel Occurrences of biogenic methane Pollution from various sources Overexploitation of groundwater Hilly Terrain Other Physical Constraints 6

7 Map of Arsenic Occurrence Survey Survey Over 5 million wells tested! v Most severely affected areas are in the southern part of the deltaic plains v Some contamination in the north east, northwest is least contaminated v Hills in the southeast safe v Distribution is controlled by surface geology v Deeper wells are mostly safe Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh Arsenicosis Patients 7

8 What if all the wells were tested? Percentage of tes 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% BAMWSP 272 UNICEF/ DPHE 20 UNICEF/ DPHE 172 Total Tested 464 Projection 464 Safe 71% 91% 92% 73% 84% Unsafe 29% 9% 2% 27% 16% About 16% of 10 million wells would exceed the drinking water standard (50 ppb) if all wells were tested How many wells are untested today? Recent data collected from 35 affected Upazila in demonstrate that about 30% wells are untested 1.5M wells untested in affected areas up to 4.4M people unknowingly exposed How many people drink water containing >50 ppb As? Understanding Depth Distributions GOB,

9 Sources of Arsenic Safe Water Arsenic Removal Technologies A Household ARTs: Alcan, Nelima, Read F, Shawdesh, Sono B - Community ARTs: Sidko Sono Sidko MAGC/ALCAN READ-F 34 Pond Sand Filter Dug Wells and Ring Wells Rain Water Harvesting (UNICEF PHOTOS) 9

10 Deep Tube Wells Rural Piped Water Systems (GOB, 2002) (GOB, 2002) Arsenic Situation Analysis 2009 Arsenic Exposure Situation 2009 In 2009, about 5.6, 22 and 35 million people are exposed to >200, >50, > 10 ug/l As in drinking water. Health implications: 1 in 14 adult deaths attributable to arsenic exposure, or about 43,000 to 56,000 deaths per year Economic implications: ~0.5% of annual GDP in lost income 10

11 Community based Testing Program (A) Sediment Samples and Color Coding (B) WHITE (W) OFF-WHITE (OW) BLACK (B) RED (R) New kit, UNICEF (US$85/300 tests) Data entry in the field directly on handheld Garmin GPS Map76Cx (US$164 ea.) Google Earth for quality control Mozumder et al, 2011 (A) Sediment samples from SASMIT-8 (HARIAN) (B) Assigning project hypothesis colors with the help of a Munsell Soil Color Chart OVEREXPLOITATION AND CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER IN DHAKA MEGACITY Dhaka: The Fastest Growing Megacity UNICEF 11

12 Physical Growth of Dhaka UNICEF Water Demand and Supply 14% Ground Water Surface Water Dhaka Water Works 86% 12

13 Depletion rate: m/y Max depletion at Tejgaon, Khilgaon Piezometric level :55-73 m (IWM, 2008). Groundwater EC of Dhaka City (2005) Contour showing Depth to GW table of Upper Dupi Tila as on June, 2007 (Source: IWM) GW hydrograph of Upper Dupi Tila demonstrates a steady down ward slope. Increased build up areas, reduced vertical recharge and deepening of wells Site Specific Artificial Recharge Technique Map Rules for selecting sites of definite artificial recharge methods No of Locatio ns 6 Clay thickness (m) Method Trench pit Injection well Dug well Lateral trench with vertical shaft 0 10 Spreading Technique Retention pond with well En-echelon Dam Check dam Dhaka has high potential for Artificial Recharge 13

14 9/5/2013 Saline Groundwater in Coastal s BRACKISH GROUNDWATER IN COASTAL PLAIN AQUIFERS Legend 0 cm SLR (Area 9239 sqkm) 32 cm SLR (Area sqkm) 88 cm SLR (Area sqkm) Water Logging Due to Storm Surge Lack of Local Fresh Water 14

15 Field Exploration for Site Selection Site Layout for Two Locations Chandipur School Compound Pond Layout plan of the MAR Test Site at DPHE Compound, Assasuni, Satkhira Layout plan of the MAR Test Site at Deb Prosad s home, Gangarampur, Batiaghata Exploratory Drilling Collection of Cuttings Schematic Designs for Two Sites Large Diameter Well Drilling Methods Rotary Drilling Percussion Drilling Schematic cross-section of MAR test site for rain and pond water infiltration in Assasuni Schematic cross-section of MAR test site for pond water infiltration in Batiaghata 15

16 Installation and Completion of Infiltration Wells Abstraction Sites in Khulna District Abstraction Sites in Satkhira District Abstraction Sites in Bagerhat Districts 16

17 Common Practices: Unmanaged GW Development Demand driven planning Government planning procedure Feasibility studies for large projects Impact assessment not yet common Public consultation not practiced Private sector development mostly uncontrolled Requirements for Management of GW C Institutional development C Policies and practices CIntegration of water supply and sanitation/waste disposal in land use planning C Legal aspects C Research needs C Government s role in groundwater management C Lack of awareness and people s participation C Enhancement of Local capabilities Local Capability Good set of policies Many organizations involved in groundwater Lack of appropriate professionals Lack of general awareness about groundwater as a resource Lack of specific legal framework to protect groundwater along with monitoring and surveillance Lack of guidelines for groundwater development projects Lack of a body to specifically look into groundwater issues Lack of research capabilities National Policies National Water Policy (1999): The GoB places increasing emphasis on the proper management of the country's water resources. It conforms to internationally accepted principles of integrated water resources management, such as laid down in the Dublin-Rio statements. National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation (1998): This policy calls for nationwide access to safe drinking water and sanitation services at an affordable cost (sanitation is defined as sewage disposal, solid waste management and storm water drainage). The objective is to improve public health and produce a safer environment by reducing water-borne disease and contamination of surface water and groundwater. National Environment Policy (1992): The policy highlights the need to maintain ecological balance and overall development through protection and improvement of the environment and protect the country against natural disasters. It seeks to identify and regulate activities that pollute and degrade the environment to ensure environmentally sound development in all sectors. 17

18 National Arsenic Policy and Mitigation Strategy National Arsenic Policy access to arsenic-safe water for drinking and cooking will be ensured; - all patients will be managed effectively; - public awareness will be raised about impact of arsenic contaminated water; - capacity will be built at all levels for implementation of mitigation options, surveillance and monitoring of water quality and diagnosis and management of patients; - impact of arsenic on agriculture will be assessed. WARPO BWDB LGED DPHE WASA DoE C-EGIS Organizations Involved in Groundwater According to the National Water Policy, WARPO is the apex institution for macro level integrated water resources management, including policy making and approval of large water development plans. Major project implementing agency for large water development schemes and activities (barrages, dams, reservoirs, irrigation schemes, drainage systems, bulk water supply, flood control, dredging, and channel regulation). Major implementing agency responsible for smaller scale water development schemes. Major implementing agency for water and sanitation in rural areas and smaller municipalities. Responsible for water supply sewerage and drainage in Dhaka (DWASA) and Chittagong (CWASA) Major agency for EIA, environmental control and enforcement of environmental regulation. Major support institutions involved in compiling, handling and analysis of data pertaining to water resources, hydraulic and hydrological modelling and impact assessment of water resources planning. Legal Aspects National Water Management Plan Year Nameof Act/Ordinance MainAgency MainIssues Item Output 1876 The Bengal IrrigationAct BWDB Concerns various aspect of irrigation, and levy of water rates 1872 Bangladesh Water and Power Development Board's Order 1983 Irrigation Water rates Ordinance 1983 Bangladesh Irrigation Water Rate Ordinance 1985 Ground Water Management Ordinance BWDB Assigns control of all surface and ground water resources to BWDB BWDB/BADC Imposition of water rates for irrigation and drainage. BWDB/BADC Imposition of water rates for drainage and irrigation MLRGD&C Assigns power to control tubewells to the Thana irrigation committee, sitting installation and spacing of minor irrigation department 1992 Water Resource Planning Act WARPO Provides guidelines for the development of water resources Plan Institutions Instruments a. A consensus document setting out a consolidated set of goals and objectives, and issues and options, for the NWMP, based on the National Water Policy, in the policies of related sectors and the Bangladesh Water and Flood Management strategy b. A priority water management programme for the period up to 2005, within the context of a long-term Water Management Programme up to These two programmes will identify inputs, outputs and impacts for both structural and nonstructural measures to be implemented nationally and for each of six regions. c. An investment portfolio of environmentally sustainable national, regional and subregional projects, as prepared sector agencies, screened by WARPO for inclusion in the above programme. a. A well-trained and operational WARPO b. A National Water Sector Database (NWSD) and meta-database, established within WARPO and accessible to the public for a reasonable fee, with procedures and guidelines for data collection, storage, analysis, maintenance and dissemination a. A people's participation and consultation system, fully established and operational, with the necessary procedures and guidelines. b. Criteria and procedures to be used to screen projects for inclusion in the portfolios for the national and regional programmes 18

19 Policy Implementation The National Water Resources Council (NWRC) is the highest body and coordinates all water resources management activities, including formulate policies, provide directions for optimal development and utilization of the national water resources. The Council was established in 1983 (as the National Water Council). The Executive Committee of the National Water Resources Council that is responsible for supporting the NWRC in terms of directives, guidance and advice on all matters relating to the planning, management, and coordination of water resources across all sectors. It will also guide water management institutions at the national, regional and local levels in the formulation and implementation of policies and plans for improved water management. Water Act 2013 Water Act 2013: Salient Features Water Act 2013 is based on the National Water Policy, and designed for integrated development, management, extraction, distribution, usage, protection and conservation of water resources in Bangladesh. The new law has provided the right framework for better management of water resources in the country. The formation of the high-powered National Water Resources Council (henceforth termed as the Council) with the prime minister as the head implies the importance the government is paying to the management of this precious resource. An Executive Committee under the Ministry of Water Resources will implement the decisions taken by the Council. Ownership and Abstractions As per this Act, all forms of water (e.g., surface water, ground water, sea water, rain water and atmospheric water) within the territory of Bangladesh belong to the government on behalf of the people. The private landowners will be able to use the surface water inside their property for all purposes in accordance with the Act. A worthwhile initiative is the requirement for permits/licenses for large scale water withdrawal by individuals and organizations beyond domestic use. Without prior permission issued by the Executive Committee, no individuals or organizations will be allowed to extract, distribute, use, develop, protect, and conserve water resources, nor they will be allowed to build any structure that impede the natural flow of rivers and creeks. The priority order as depicted in the Act is as follows: drinking water>domestic usage>irrigation>fish culture> biodiversity>wildlife>instream flow>industry>salinity control>power generation>recreation>miscellaneous. 19

20 Management of Water Resources Act recognizes the significance for managing all forms of water resources in the context of natural flow of surface water and recharge of groundwater. The Act provides the legal framework for development, management, extraction, distribution, usage, protection, and conservation of water resources. However, the Act falls short in making a commitment by the government to ensure the quality of water for various beneficial uses. Groundwater in the Act definition: Section 2(18) - good Groundwater definition: Section 2(26) - good Types of Water: Section 3(1-b) - good Integrated use of SW, GW and RW: Section 4(2-g) - good Safe Yield of s: Section 4(19-2) good Conclusions Groundwater very important for socio-economic developments Resource values not properly appreciated Reviews of existing polices and possible integrations Institutional reform and capacity building new body needed Legal aspects groundwater protection regulations under the Water Act 2013 Thank you all! 20