Material Flow Analysis (MFA) projects on aluminium a NTNU
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1 NRC Dialog Meeting, 12 January, 2009 IndEcol Material Flow Analysis (MFA) projects on aluminium a NTNU Daniel B. Müller 1. Context of aluminium industry 2. Recycling challenges 3. Research gaps 4. Projects and partners
2 Context of aluminium industry: Three large trends 1. Population growth and industrialization/urbanization moves materials from the ground into products in use 2. Globalization moves materials around the world (trade) 3. Climate Change policies for GHG emission reduction
3 Context of aluminium industry: climate change Aluminium production causes about 1% of global CO 2 emissions. Greenland Ice Sheet is melting with increasing speed Goal Norwegian government: carbon neutral by 2030 No specifics on how, except purchase of carbon offsets Obama is president of the U.S.A. Raising expectations for renewal of Kyoto-Protocol in Copenhagen Dec. 2009
4 Global population growth Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects as Assessed in 2008 Population growth takes place mainly in less developed countries. Urbanization / industrialization as well.
5 Material flows in developing countries A traditional mine A young city Industry 1. Young cities are material sinks
6 Material flows in industrialized countries A traditional mine A future mine Industry 1. Young cities are material sinks 2. Mature cities are material sinks and sources Opportunity: Recycling of Al saves 95% of energy Role of Norwegian Al industry? Challenge: Urban (secondary) deposits are poorly understood Quantities, qualities, dynamics
7 Challenges of aluminium recycling 1. Globalization of metal cycles geopolitical impacts (e.g., role of China in Africa ) global supply chain is hardly understood (incomplete patchwork knowledge) international trade and embedded energy / emissions limits policy making for industry and governments 2. Sourcing of scrap Secondary resource deposits are poorly explored Quantity: Limited availability compared to primary resources Quality: Different types of scrap (alloying / tramp elements) 3. Sinking of scrap How to develop a high-quality product from scrap? (Separation of scrap vs. refining ) Markets for downcycled aluminium? can become limiting factor for recycling!
8 Sourcing of scrap: GARC model Source: GARC Stock in use poorly understood ( secondary resource exploration ) Quantities, dynamics Unidentified losses end-of-life (1.7 Tg compared to 2.1 Tg old scrap) Landfilled? Exported? Obsolete stock accumulation?
9 European aluminium flow production / manufacturing Source: Scacchetti 2008, based on GARC data
10 Vehicle engine blocks The last sinks of Al down-cycling Limited possibilities for aluminium refining recycling requires excellent separation of scrap types otherwise: downcycling (tramp element accumulation loss of quality) Scrap from other applications Cast alloy production Engine blocks Al stock Scrap from engine blocks
11 Dynamic model for aluminium in car stock
12 Parameter estimation for Norway Population Casting alloy per vehicle Vehicles per person Lifetime vehicles
13 Engine blocks: turning into a shrinking Al sink? Other scrap Cast alloy production Engine blocks Al stock Scrap from engine blocks
14 Metal cycle project at NTNU Steering Committee Ketil Heggestad (Hydro) Marlen Bertram (IAI) Jean-Pierre Birat (ArcelorMittal / Worldsteel) Hans-Joerg Weddige (ThyssenKrupp) Magnus Ericsson (Raw Material Group) Thomas Graedel (Yale University) Faye Duchin (RPI) Prof. Daniel Mueller Prof. Helge Brattebø Prof. Kjell Øren Al External partners Fe Dynamics PhD Hydro MSc students Cand. S. Pauliuk MSc students Multi-level emissions Cand. Gang Liu MSc students Dr. Tao Wang MSc students USGS Raw Materials Group UN Statistics National Statistics Offices Manufacturer Associations NTNU IndEcol, Metallurgy NILU Yale University Carnegie Mellon University Cambridge University
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