NSave Nature to Survive

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1 ISSN: : Special issue, Vol. 3; ; 2010 NSave Nature to Survive GENERATION, COMPOSITION AND DISPOSAL PRACTICE OF SOLID WASTE IN BURLA N.A.C. OF ORISSA Banani Das and Sanjat Kumar Sahu Solid Waste Composition Generation Disposal Paper presented in International Conference on Environment, Energy and Development (from Stockholm to Copenhagen and beyond) December 10-12, 2010, Sambalpur University 753

2 NSave Nature to Survive BANANI DAS AND SANJAT KUMAR SAHU P. G. Department of Environmental Sciences, Sambalpur University Jyoti Vihar , Sambalpur, Orissa E- mail: ABSTRACT A study was undertaken in the year 2008 to quantify the generation, composition and disposal practice of solid waste in Burla N. A. C. of Orissa. The N. A. C. covers an area of 19 sq. km. It is divided into 15 wards with a total population of 40,289. Field questionnaire and personal interview techniques were adopted to gather relevant information from the 15 families in each ward on random basis.some information was collected from secondary sources. Besides these, physico- chemical composition and generation of solid wastes were also measured.the results revealed that 80% people of Burla were literate, which is very high in comparison to national average of 58% as per 2001 census. Of total families surveyed, 25%, 36% and 39% were under low (<Rs.1000/-), middle (>RS.1000/-<Rs. 3000/-) and high per capita income groups (>Rs. 3000/-) respectively.the organic matter constitutes a major percentage of solid waste (42.4%) with 54.8% moisture and 46.4% other solids. Further, low income group produces higher quantity of biodegradable waste (48.05%) compared to middle (44.84%) and higher income group (38.43%). The waste was alkaline in nature (ph 7.6) with low nitrogen (0.75%) and available phosphorous content (0.04%), moderate potassium (0.54%) and high organic carbon content (42.64%). Daily per capita generation of solid waste in Burla N.A.C. amounted to 450 g and daily generation of total waste was quintal (19.02 tons). The survey further revealed that 95% of the family disposed their waste on land and 5% take care to compost the organic fraction of the waste. On the basis of present findings recommendations are also given for proper management of solid waste in Burla N.A.C. *Corresponding author 754

3 DISPOSAL PRACTICE OF SOLID WASTE INTRODUCTION Industrial developments, urbanization, improvement in health care are all synonymous with one undesirable co-development the growing problem of solid waste generation and its safe disposal.this is most conspicuous in urban settings, where large unmanageable quantities of urban solid wastes are produced. Solid waste management involves various activities associated with generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes in an environmentally compatible manner adopting principles of economy, aesthetics, energy and conservation. India, being a populated country, the problem of solid waste management is becoming severe day by day. Cities and adjoining suburban areas in India have a poor standard of service in respect of collection and disposal, which is posing potential threat to the community health and environment (Ghani, 2002). Many reports are available relating to solid wastes problem in India. Kumar (1985), Alba et al., (1997) and Reddy et al., (2002) have studied characterization and management of solid waste. Muttamara and Leong (1996) have reported detailed information on environmental monitoring and impact assessment of solid waste disposal site. Bhide (1990) studied ground water pollution due to solid waste. Shekdar (1989) and Jagannatha et al., (2002) analyzed solid waste management system in some Indian cities. By contrast, report pertaining to the works on solid waste problems in Orissa is less (Behera 2003; Pati 2003). Keeping this in view a work was undertaken in the year 2008 to study the generation, composition and disposal practice of solid waste in Burla N. A. C. of Orissa. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study site The Burla Notified Area Council (N.A.C.) is located in the Sambalpur district of Western Orissa. It covers an area of 19 sq. km. There are 15 wards under Burla N. A. C. The area under each ward with its total population is given in Table-1. Data Collection The present study was based on primary and secondary data collection. Field questionnaire and personal interview techniques were adopted to gather relevant information from the 15 families in each ward on random basis.quantitative information were obtained with regard to population, family size, income, education, amount of waste generation etc. while, descriptive analysis of the data were made with regard to the source, composition and ways of disposal of solid waste. Some information were collected from secondary source i.e., books, reports, official published data and other unpublished records. Physico- chemical analysis Besides primary and secondary data, physico- chemical composition of solid wastes like moisture content( by oven ), total solids( by physical balance), volatile solids and ash content( by muffle furnace), ph( by ph meter), organic carbon( by Walkley and Black rapid titration method ), nitrogen( Persulphate oxidation method), available phosphorous( by ammonium molybdate method) and potassium( by flame photometer) and C: N ratio were analyzed as per Hesse (1971) and Jackson (1973). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Education Education is of prime importance for all round development of human being. It not only enhances the mental ability, skill and knowledge but also improves the socio-economic and ethical status of the people. The people in the present study were classified into five educational groups: illiterate, primary, matriculation, graduate and post-graduate. Out of 225 families surveyed (15 families each from 15 wards) 20% were illiterate, 24% had education up to matriculation, 34% up to graduate and 22% up to post -graduate and above. The results further revealed that 80% people of Burla are literate, which is very high in comparison 755

4 BANANI DAS AND SANJAT KUMAR SAHU Table 1: Area and Population of Different Wards of Burla N. A. C. Ward Area Population No. of family surveyed 1 University Campus, Mahatabnagar, Mishra Pada, Laprosy Colony 2 Golkunda, Basant Bihar, Ram Bihar, Jagruti Bihar, Railway Colony, Madiya Dunguri, University Boys Hostel 3 Contractor Colony, Guala Pada, Dhobi Pada, Baler Pada Gandhi Pada, Bhakti Mandap, Govt. G Type Qrs., Gurudwara Area, Veterinary Hospital Area 5 Vishnu Mandir Pada, Talpada, Daily Market Area, G.B. Market Jhupdi, Vishnu Mandir Front 6 Govt. F Type Qrs. Aatachakki Pada, Daily Market Post Office Area 7 1 R Colony, Canal Pada, V.S.S. Medical Pediatrics Hospital Area, Bharati Club Area,Power House Club Area, Soil Conservation Office Area and Govt. Quarters 8 Mahatab Nagar, Sweeper Colony, Board Colony, Tripathy Pada New Colony Sadaipali, Majhipali, Ashok Nivas Central Line R Colony, Bidyut Colony Govt. Qrs. Pediatrics Ward Front Old Burla, Jharpda, Gourpali, Lala Lajpat Nagar, Dharamsala V.S.S. Medical College Hospital Area, T.B. Hospital Ladies Hostel, Nursing School, Hospital Colony Area 13 Pathan Bandh, Officers Colony, N.A.C. College, Area, Telugu Pada, New UCE Hospital, Kirba 14 Kirba UCE, Balak School, MCL Anand Vihar, Mahandi Pada, Panitanki Pada 15 V.S.S. Medical College Area, D.F.C. Guest House, 5 R Medical House, Medical Hostel, Shakti Nagar, P.W.D. Office Area Total 40, Table 2: Family Size of Different Households Surveyed in Burla N. A. C Ward no Family size under different category surveyed Doctor Other Business Contractor Daily wages Professional Service Average to national average of 58% as per 2001 census. Family Size Education has tremendous effect on size of the family. Higher the education smaller is the family size. In the present study the family under doctor category had the minimum family size (3.7 per family), whereas, the daily wage category had the maximum (6.2 per family) family size (Table-2). 756

5 DISPOSAL PRACTICE OF SOLID WASTE Table 3: Physical Composition of Solid Waste of Burla N. A. C. Ward Organic waste (%) Recyclable waste (%) Others (%) Total (%) Average Table 4: Physical Composition of Solid Waste According to Income Status of the Different Households (or Families) in Burla N. A. C. Composition of Solid waste (%) Income Status of Family Low income Middle income High income (<Rs.1000) (>1000 < 3000) (>3000) Organic Waste Recyclable Waste Paper Plastic Glass Metal Other Waste Table 5: Chemical Composition of Solid Waste of Burla N. A. C. Parameter Value Moisture content (%) 54.8 Total solids (%) 46.4 Volatile solids (% TS) 49.8 Ash (% TS) 50.2 Table 6: Nutrient Analysis of the Solid Waste of Burla NAC Characteristics Percentage ph 7.6* Organic carbon Nitrogen 0.75 Phosphorous 0.04 Potassium 0.54 C: N ratio 55.38* * Except ph & C: N ratio Income Status Economic condition reflects the standard of living of the people. In the present study the people have been categorized into three income groups based on per capita income: low income group (<Rs.1000/-) middle income group(>rs.1000/-<rs. 3000/-) and high income group(>rs. 3000/-).Out of total families surveyed, 25%,36% and 39% were under low, middle and high income groups respectively. 757

6 BANANI DAS AND SANJAT KUMAR SAHU Table 7: Daily Per capita and Daily Total Generation of Solid Waste in Burla N.A.C. Ward Population Organic waste Recyclable waste Others Total (Quintal / day) Kg/ capita/ day (Quintal/day) (Quintal / day) (Quintal /day ) Composition of Solid Waste Physical composition of the solid waste of Burla NAC revealed that organic waste constitutes a major percentage of the total waste (42.4%), where as recyclable waste (plastic, glass, metal, paper) constitutes only 3.3%.The other waste like construction and demolition waste, ash and other inert materials constitutes 54.3% (Table- 3). The physical composition of solid waste was also measured according to income status of different families.the data revealed that low income group produces higher quantity of biodegradable waste (48.05%) as compared to middle (44.84%) and higher income group (38.43%). On the other hand production of recyclable waste showed a reversible trend with respect to income status of the families (Table-4). The chemical composition of the solid waste of Burla N.A.C. revealed that the waste had 54.8% moisture and 46.4% solid contents. Of the solid content volatile solids and ashes represented 50% each (Table-5). Organic waste is a major constituent of solid waste as revealed from the physical composition of Burla NAC. So the waste can be a potential source of nutrient. In the present study the waste was found to be alkaline in nature (ph 7.6) with low nitrogen (0.75%) and available phosphorous content (0.04%) and moderate potassium content(0.54%).the organic carbon was 42.64% with C: N ratio 54.38%. (Table-6). The present finding corroborates the report of Reddy et al., (2002). Generation of solid waste The daily solid waste generation of different wards (taking 15 families into consideration in each ward) was estimated. Based on this figure and total population of each ward, daily per capita generation of waste has been quantified and given in the Table- 7. As evident from the Table the solid waste generation per capita per day amounts to 450g. Presently the waste generated per capita per day in towns of India varies between kg with average of 0.5 kg (Ahsan, 1999). Further on the basis of per capita generation, daily generation of total waste in Burla N.A.C. has also been quantified and the Figure amounts to quintal (or tons) (Table- 7). Disposal of solid waste From the household survey of different wards of the Burla N.A.C. it was also revealed that 95% of the family disposed their waste on land and 5% take care to compost the organic fraction of the waste. CONCLUSION From the present investigation, it was observed that the increased quantity of solid waste generation in Burla. N. A. C. is posing a problem for its proper management. The availability of community storage bins 758

7 in Burla N. A. C. is inadequate and people are disposing waste in a haphazard manner. About 95% of the residents in Burla N. A. C. throw their solid waste in near open spaces which is objectionable. Further, the present practice of solid waste collection and transportation is not satisfactory because the refuse collection vehicles are inadequate and of small capacity. Street sweeping is also not carried out regularly; several streets are occasionally swept or not swept at all. The present method of solid waste disposal, i.e., open dumping, burning and low-lying land filling is unacceptable because it is associated health hazard and deterioration of environment So, Burla N. A. C. should pay proper attention towards solid waste management, otherwise the problems of solid waste may become worse in future. It should made compulsory for all the residents to throw the solid waste inside the storage bins and not in open spaces. The house holders should be encouraged to segregate their waste. Number of community storage bins with covering facility needs be increased and placed at suitable points. Use of Polythene Carry bags should be banned. Waste should not be burnt under any circumstances. Open transportation of solid waste needs to be checked. Large capacity and sufficient vehicles should be provided. Street sweeping must be carried out regularly. Workers should be provided with sufficient protective devices. Awareness programme involving citizens, NGO s and N. A. C. officials and other educational organizations should be made from time to time. REFERENCES DISPOSAL PRACTICE OF SOLID WASTE Ahsan, N Solid Waste Management Plan for Indian Megacities. Indian J. of Environmental Prot. 19(2): Alba, N., Gasco, S., Lacorte, T and Baldasano, J. M Characterisation of MSW incineration residues from facilities with different air pollution control systems. J. Air and Water Management Association 47: Behera, L Municipal Solid Waste Management: A case Study in Bargarh Town of Orissa. M. Phil Thesis submitted to Sambalpur University, Orissa, India. Bhide, A. D Ground Water Pollution due to Solid Waste. Ind. J. of Environmental Health( April- June): Ghani, F Solid Waste Management Current Status of Municipalities in Medium Sized Cities. In: Somashekar, R. K. and Iyengar, M. A. R. (Eds) Solid waste Management: Current Status and Strategies for the Future. Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi. pp Hesse, P. R A text book of soil chemical analysis. John Murrey (Publishers) Ltd., London Jackson, M. L Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Jagannatha, V., Suresha, N. and Murthy, K. K Sustainable Community Based Solid Waste Management- Global and Local Lessons. In: Somashekar, R. K. and Iyengar, M. A. R. (Eds) Solid waste Management: Current Status and Strategies for the Future. Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. pp Kumar S Solid Waste Management of Chandigarh City. M. Sc.Engineering Thesis submitted to Punjab University, Chandigarh. Muttamara, S. and Leong, S. T Environmental Management and Assessment of a Solid Waste Disposal Site. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 18: Pati, M Generation and Disposal Practices of Solid Waste in Bolangir Town of Orissa, India. M. Sc. Dissertation submitted to Sikim Manipal University, New Delhi Extension Centre, New Delhi, India. Reddy, R. L., Bhargavi, M. V., Parama, V. R. R. and Kale, R. D Physical and Biochemical Characterisation of Urban Solid Waste. In: Somashekar, R. K. and Iyengar, M. A. R. (Eds) Solid waste Management: Current Status and Strategies for the Future. Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. pp Shekdar, A. V System Analysis of Solid Waste Management: Some studies in the Indian Cities. Ph. D. Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. 759

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