Environmental Technology in Vietnam: Current status and future perspective

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1 Environmental Technology in Vietnam: Current status and future perspective Dr Do Nam Thang Institute of Science for Environmental Management Vietnam Environment Administration

2 Contents 1. Pressure on the environment 2. State of the environment 3. Policy responses 4. Current status of environmental technology 5. Future perspectives

3 Vietnam: some figures Population: 86 mil Reform since 1986 Annual GDP in the last decade: 7.5 %/year

4 1. Pressure Population growth and urbanisation Pop. growth rate: 1% Uneven distribution

5 Rapid urbanisation

6 % Urban population Urban population trend Year

7 Increased transport vehicles Before: bicycle Now: motor bikes and cars

8 Vehicle number (1,000) Increased no. of vehicles Year

9 2. State of the environment Air pollution Soil pollution Water pollution

10 2.1. Soil pollution Due to improper use of pesticides and fertilizers, industrial waste Table 1. Amount of pestice applicationin Vietnam Figure 1. Pesticide residues in soil in Nam Dinh Year Amount (tonne) Average (kg/ha) Before , ,4 0, ,67 1, ,24 2,54

11 2.2. Water pollution

12 Fig 4. Overview of sewerage and drainage system in Hanoi

13 2.2. Water pollution Surface water Pollution sources: industrial and domestic wastewater

14 Share of pollution load (%) 2.2. Water pollution BOD discharge into surface water: Share of industrial and domestic

15 1.2. Water pollution Groundwater: Most of groundwater now is in good quality, ph 6,0-8,0; however, pressure comes from: + Polluted surface water + Improper usage + Salt intrusion

16 1.2. Ô nhiễm nước Coastal water quality Coliform exceeds standards, due to untreated domestic and industrial wastewater from coastal cities Hình 7. COD in coastal water areas ( )

17 1.2. Ô nhiễm nước Water supply Table 3.Water supply in rural areas in Việt Nam Source Percentage Natural Wells 31,2 Drilled wells 33,1 Rivers, lakes 11,0 Springs 7,5 Storm waters 1,6 Supply systems 11,7 Others 3,7

18 1.2. Water pollution Water supply Table 4.Status of sanitary rural water supply 2010 Locality Population receiving sanitary water supply Percentage Nationwide 52,122, Northern mountainous areas Red river delta Northern central area Coastal central area Central highland Southeast area Mekong delta

19 1.3. Air pollution Becoming a problem in some large cities + Dust + CO + SO 2 + Noise Fig.Concentration of PM 10 in some cities

20 1.3. Air pollution Sources: Pollution source + Transport: CO,VOCs, NO 2 + Industry: SO 2, NO 2 + Cement and construction materials: TSP

21 2. Policy responses Resolution 41-NQ/TW ) National strategy on environment 2010 and orientation till 2020 Law on Environmental Protection 2005 Law on Biodiversity Law on efficient use of ener Law on environmental tax

22 Policy responses Decree 67/2003/NĐ-CP on wastewater fees Decree 149/2004/NĐ-CP on issuing persmits on exploitation and usage of water resources and dischage into water sources Decree 137/2005/NĐ-CP on environmental fees of mining activities Decree 80/2006/NĐ-CP on guiding the implementation of Law on Environmental Protection Decree 174/2007/NĐ-CP on environmental deposit of mining activities Decree 04/2009/NĐ-CP on subsidy on environmental activities Decree 117/2009/NĐ-CP on handling environmental violation Decree 29/2011/NĐ-CP on environmental impact assessment, strategic environmental assessment

23 3. Policy responses National water environment coding WATER QUALITY STANDARDS Ambient standards Effluent standards QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on surface water quality QCVN 09:20008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on groundwater quality QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on coastal water quality QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the effluent of natural rubber processing industry QCVN 11:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the effluent of aquatic products processing industry QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the effluent of pulp and paper mills QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the effluent of textile industry QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on domestic wastewater QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on Industrial Wastewater QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT :National Technical Regulation on Wastewater of the Solid Waste Landfill Sites QCQG 28:2010/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on Health Care Wastewater QCVN 29:2010/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation On the Effluent of Petroleum Terminal and Stations

24 3. Policy responses AIR QUALITY STANDARDS Ambient standards Effluent standards QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT: National technical regulation on ambient air quality QCVN 06:20009/BTNMT: National technical regulation on hazardous substances in ambient air QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on Noise QCVN 27:2010/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on Vibration QCVN 02:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the emission of health care solid waste incinerators QCVN 19:2009/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on Industrial Emission of Inorganic Substances and Dusts QCVN 20:2009/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on Industrial Emission of Organic Substances QCVN 21:2009/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on Emission of Chemical Fertilizer Manufacturing Industry QCVN 22:2009/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on Emission of Thermal Power Industry QCVN 23:2009/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on Emission of Cement Manufacturing Industry QCVN 30:2010/BTNMT: National technical regulation on emission of industrial waste incinerators QCVN 34:2010/BTNMT: National technical Regulation on Emission of Refining and Petrochemical Industry of Inorganic Substances and Dusts

25 3. Policy responses SOIL QUALITY STANDARDS QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the allowable limits of heavy metals in the soils QCVN 15:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the pesticide residues in the soils Other standards: QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on Hazardous Waste Thresholds QCVN 31:2010/BTNMT: National technical regulation on enviroment for imported steel scrap QCVN 32:2010/BTNMT: National technical regulation on environment for imported plastic scrap QCVN 33:2010/BTNMT: National technical regulation on evironment for imported paper scrap

26 3. Policy responses Shortcomings of some documents Overlaps Low feasibility Incomplete Unclear

27 4. Environmental technology ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY Environmental monitoring technology Environmental treatment technology

4.1. Environmental monitoring ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING TECHNOLOGY Water Quality Monitoring System Continuous Emission Monitoring System Data acquisition (HARDWARE)

28 4.1. Environmental monitoring ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING TECHNOLOGY Water Quality Monitoring System Continuous Emission Monitoring System Data acquisition (HARDWARE) Communication (MIDDLEWARE) Access to information (SOFTWARE) Sample probe Filter Sample line (umbili cal) Gas conditioning system Calibra -tion gas system Gas analyzers

29 4.2. Waste treatment technology ENVIRONMENTAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY Off-gas treatment Technology Solid waste treatment Technology Waste water treatment Technology

30 4.2.1 Emission treatment Off-gas treatment Technology Dust treatment Hazardous gas treatment Gravity separa -tor Inertial separa - tor Filter separa -tor Stripping tower Electrostatic separator Burning Method Absorp -tion Method Adsorp -tion Method Conden - sation Method Bioche -mistry Method

31 4.2.2 Solid waste treatment Solid waste Household Solid waste Industrial Solid waste Normal solid waste Construction solid waste Hazardous solid waste Medical solid waste

32 4.2.2 Solid waste treatment Solid waste treatment technology Landfill Method Compost Method Incineration Other Methods Shaft furnace Rotary Furnace Fluidized -bed furnace Thermal anneal furnace Method Hydroximex Compres- -sion Method Seraphin Method

33 4.2.3 Water treatment technology Waste water treatment Method Mechanistical Method Chemical Method Physical Chemical Method Biological Method Combining Method

34 4.2.3 Water treatment technology Water supply treatment - Source of water supply: surface water (~60%), groundwater (~40%) - Technology: + Surface water Cogualation + sedimentation + Filter + khử trùng

35 4.2.3 Water treatment technology Water supply treatment + Groundwater treatment technology Air exposure (Iron treatment) + sedimentation+ filter + disinfection

36 3.2.3 Water treatment technology Water supply treatment - Treatment facilities + Sedimentation: vertical, horizontal, centrifugal sedimentation tank + Filter: open filter tank + Disinfection: chlorine, O 3, + Air exposure:

37 4.2.3 Water treatment technology Domestic wastewater treatment - there are 752 towns nationwide - Total wastewater discharge: ~ 3 mil m3 /day - 6 towns have wastewater treatment facilities (Hà Nội, Hồ Chí Minh, Hạ Long, Đà Nẵng, Đà Lạt, Buôn Mê Thuột), capacity: m 3 /day - 12 towns are building new sewage and treatment systems - Main technology: biological treatment (aerobic tank, anaerobic tank, semi aerobic tank)

4.2.3 Water treatment technology Industrial wastewater treatment - 223

38 4.2.3 Water treatment technology Industrial wastewater treatment industrial zones - Total wastewater discharge: ~ m3/ngày đêm - Current status:

39 3.2.3 Water treatment technology Industrial wastewater treatment technology + Group 1 starch processing industry: Biological treatment (aerobic tank, lagoon, anaerobic tank, UASB, ) + Group 2 Fishery products, agricultural products, sugar: aerobic tank, UASB) + Group 3 Textile, paper industries: physical, biological, chemical treatment + Group 4 Mechanics, plating/finishing: physical/chemical + Group 5 Industrial zones: multi stages

40 Textile and dying waste water treatment system m3/day

41 4. Environmental Technology Perspectives Legal documents National Environmental Strategy Cleaner production strategy till 2020 Vietnam environmental industry development program to 2015, vision to 2025

42 4. Environmental Technology Perspectives Orientation Research, application, transfer of clean technology, environmentally friendly technology Develop waste recycling technology Replicate sustainable consumption and production models

43 4. Environmental Technology Perspectives Orientation Develop clean, renewable energy Promote IT Establish and develop environmental industry Promote environmental service

44 4. Environmental Technology Perspectives Criteria for selecting technology 1. Techniques/advancements 2. Cost effectiveness 3. Environmentally friendly 4. Social acceptance

45 State of Appraisal of Environmental Technology in Vietnam At present, Vietnam have not issued guidance/regulation on verification, appraisal of environmental technology (criteria, method, procedure, process). - Ministry of Science and Technology has been assessing some Projects on solid waste treatment, urban wastewater in accordance with specialists review on project document. - Ministry of Construction has assessed urban solid waste treatment technologies such as Seraphin, An sinh-asc, MBT - CD.08) in accordance with specialists review and survey/field visits. - Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment: + Appraises hazardous waste treatment technology. + Researches and develops criteria, methods, procedures for appraisal and assessment of waste treatment technology.

46 Content, criteria and method for appraisal and assessment of the appropriateness of technology Order Content/criteria Max grade Appraisal method I Criteria regarding environmental sustainability 40 1 Level of compliance with regulations on waste water (TCVN/QCVN) 2 Effectiveness of the technology (% pollutants rejected) 15 Compare results of sample analysis 3 Specialist method 3 Life-span, durability of technology, equipments 5 Specialist method in appraise of documents 4 Proportion of domestic technology, equipment 5 Specialist method in appraise of documents 5 Environmental friendly 4 Specialist method in appraise of documents 6 Potential for reuse of exhaust fumes, wastewater after treatment 7 Level of environmental risk and preventive and response measures while technical incident occurred. 2 Specialist method in appraise of documents 2 Specialist method in appraise of documents

47 Order Content/Criteria Max grade Appraisal method II Economic criteria 25 8 Cost of construction and installation of equipments 9 Specialist method in appraise of documents 9 Cost of operation (VND/m3 of wastewater) 9 Specialist method in appraise of documents 10 Cost of repaire and maintainance (equipment and material) 7 Specialist method in appraise of documents

48 Order Content/Criteria Max grade III Technical criteria 25 Appraisal method 11 Space appropriated by the system 2 Specialist method in appraise of documents 12 Time for construction of the system (from constructing till to officially operation) 13 Possibility of superseding the spare parts, equipments 14 Adaptive posibility when increase loading capacity or input wastewater flow 15 Time for training the staffs in charge of operating wastewater treatment system 16 Modern degree, and automation degree of the technology 4 Specialist method in appraise of documents 5 Specialist method in appraise of documents 3 Specialist method in appraise of documents 3 Document of technology 3 Specialist method in appraise of documents 17 Rate of secondary waste treatment 3 Document of technology 18 Possibility of expansion and innovation of technology module 2 Specialist method in appraise of documents

49 Order Content/Criteria Max grade Appraisal method IV Social criteria Appropriateness of the system to ecological landscape 3 Field survey, Specialist method 20 Adaptive possibility of conditions of area, region 4 Specialist method in appraise of documents 21 demand on quantity and ability of staffs operating the system 3 Document of technology TOTAL POINT Obligatory terms: Criteria I Total points: - Total points 50: application prohibited - 50 Total points 70: application acceptable - Total points 70: application encouraged

Pham Thi Nguyet Nga Vietnam Environment Administration (VEA) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)

Current situation of water quality in Vietnam and recent policy responses Pham Thi Nguyet Nga Vietnam Environment Administration (VEA) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) Main content