Wind Turbine Technology Presented to the Austin Chapter of the: IEEE Power Engineering Society by

Transcription

1 Wind Turbine Technology Presented to the Austin Chapter of the: IEEE Power Engineering Society by Jules Campbell Fellow of the Technical Staff, Motorola SPS Advocate, American Wind Energy Association Senior Member, IEEE 2/24/2004

2 Agenda Brief History of Wind Power Evaluating Wind Power U.S. & Texas Resources Modern Wind Turbine Technology Issues with Wind? Is Wind Economical? Conclusions

3 A Brief History of Windpower Photos from Wind Turbine Technology by David A. Speara

4 First Wind Power Generator Wind Generator Dr. Charles Brush Cleveland, OH Rotor Diameter: 17m Power Output: 12 kw

5 Early Small Wind Turbine Jacobs Wind Electric Battery Charger c. 1931

6 Early Large Scale Wind Turbines First Grid Tied turbine Russia 1931: 30m 100kW First > 1 MW Turbine Putnam, VT 1941: 53m MW

7 Darrieus VAWT* Sandia Labs: 17m, experimental *Vertical Axis Wind Turbine FlowWind 170kW, Altamont Pass, CA

8 How Wind Power got a Bad Name! Tehachapi, CA Photo by Henry Richardson, consultant

9 Evaluating Wind Power

10 The Air We Breathe Composition of Air (1m 3 = 1000 liters) Component Formula Quantity Units Cumulative composition (%) Molecular Wt. (g/22.4l) Mass per g/m 3 Cumulative mass (g/m 3 ) Nitrogen N % percent % Oxygen O % percent % Argon Ar % percent % Carbon Dioxide CO % percent % Neon Ne ppm % Helium He 5.24 ppm % Krypton Kr 1.14 ppm % Sulfur dioxide SO 2 1 ppm % Methane CH 4 2 ppm % Hydrogen H ppm % Nitrous Oxide N 2 O 0.5 ppm % Xenon Xe ppm % Ozone O ppm % Nitrogen Dioxide NO ppm % Iodine I ppm % Carbon Monoxide CO trace % Ammonia NH 3 trace % %

11 Weather effects on Air Density Density of Air vs. Temperature Density g/m Conditions used for Turbine Rating. Temperature (F) Temperature (C) Density of Dry Air Density of Saturated Air Max. Water Content Water Content g/m 3

12 Computing Power in the Wind The mass passing through a 1 x 1 m 2 surface is proportional to the speed in m/s Mass = ρ (kg/m 3 )* v (m/s) The Kinetic Energy in the mass is ½ mv 2 Therefore, the power/m 2 is proportional to v 3 Power/m 2 = ½ ρ v 3 = ½ kg/m 3 * m 3 /s 3 Power/m 2 = kg * m 2 /s 2 *1/s*1/m 2 = Joules/s*1/m 2 = W/m 2 Χ m/s 1m 3 1m 2

13 Power in the Wind Power Density (W/m 2 ) 10,000,000 1,000, ,000 10,000 1, Wind Turbine Op Region Wind Power Density vs Wind Speed Diesel Locomotive ~ 3MW 318MPH = 1.7MW/m Fujita F Scale: Tornados Wind Speed (meters/second) F4 F3 F2 F1 F Wind Speed (miles/hour) Energy Density Miles per Hour

14 Wind Power Classes Wind Power Class Classes of Wind Power Density at 10 m and 50 m (a) Wind Power Density 10 m (33 ft) 50 m (164 ft) Speed (b) Wind Power Speed (b) Density (W/m 2 ) m/s (mph) (W/m 2 ) m/s (mph) 1 <100 <4.4 (9.8) <200 <5.6 (12.5) (9.8)/5.1 (11.5) (12.5)/6.4 (14.3) (11.5)/5.6 (12.5) (14.3)/7.0 (15.7) (12.5)/6.0 (13.4) (15.7)/7.5 (16.8) (13.4)/6.4 (14.3) (16.8)/8.0 (17.9) (14.3)/7.0 (15.7) (17.9)/8.8 (19.7) 7 >400 >7.0 (15.7) >800 >8.8 (19.7) (a) Vertical extrapolation of wind speed based on the 1/7 power law (b) Mean wind speed is based on the Rayleigh speed distribution of equivalent wind power density. Wind speed is for standard sea-level conditions. To maintain the same power density, speed increases 3%/1000 m (5%/5000 ft) of elevation. (from the Battelle Wind Energy Resource Atlas) In general, sites with a Wind Power Class rating of 4 or higher are now preferred for large scale wind plants. Research conducted by industry and the U.S. government is expanding the applications of grid- connected wind technology to areas with more moder

15 U.S. & Texas Resources

16 1987 U.S. Wind Atlas

17 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , , , ,000 0 U.S. Wind Power Potential Cummulative Average Wind Energy by State Wind Energy Power Potential > 1200GW Total U.S. Generation 1999 ~ 775 GW > 90% of Windpower resides in Central Plains & Rocky Mt States N o r th D a k o ta Texas Kansas South Dakota M o n ta n a Nebraska W y o m in g Oklahom a M innesota Io w a C o lo r a d o New M exico Id a h o M ic h ig a n N e w Y o r k Illin o is California W is c o n s in M a in e M is s o u r i N e v a d a Pennsylvania Oregon W ashington M assachusetts Virginia W e s t V irg in ia Verm ont Tennessee H a w a ii Alaska Top 10 States! State Cummulative Average Energy by State Data from AWEA & U.S. DOE Cum m ulative Average W ind Energy (M W )

18 Texas Wind Power & Projects Rank 2 Average Power Output 136,000 MW Annual Output 1,191,360,000 kwhr Updated: Jan 12, 2004 Installed Output 1, MW % of resource developed 0.95% Existing Project or Area Location (County) Owner Power Purchaser/ Number Date MW of Online User Turbines Manufacturer Nichols Station Southwest Public Service Southwest Public Service Carter Deleware Mt. Culberson County Oct LCRA Kenetech Fort Davis Wind Farm Fort Davis American Electric Power Sep-99 6 West Texas Utilities Co Zond Deleware Mt. Culberson County American Nat. Wind Power Reliant Energy, HL&P, Jun & Orion Energy LCRA Zond Big Spring I Howard County York Research Apr TXU Vestas V-47 Big Spring II Howard County York Research Jun TXU / York 1.65 Vestas Southwest Mesa Crockett County Cielo Wind Power May American Electric Power NEG Micon (107) Hueco Mt. El Paso County Cielo Wind Power Mar El Paso Electric Vestas V Austin Energy 59 Jul-01 to Reliant Energy 153 King Mt. I, II, & III Upton Co FPL Energy 1.30 Bonus, 60m Dec-01 Texas-New Mexico Power Co Woodward Mt. I & II Pecos County FPL Energy Apr TXU Vestas V-47 Fort Stockton Pecos County Big Wind LP Jul Texas - New Mexico Power Trent Mesa Nolan & Taylor AEP Aug TXU GE Wind (Enron) Indian Mesa Pecos County National Wind Power Dec TXU (31.5MW) LCRA (48.5MW) Vestas V-47 Desert Sky Pecos Co near City Public Services of San AEP Dec Iraan Antonio GE Wind (Enron) Llano White Deer Carson Co Shell Wind Energy Nov SW Public Service Mitsubishi Brazos Wind Ranch Borden& Scurry Cielo Wind Power 4Q TXU & Green Mt. Energy Mitsubishi Sweetwater DKR/ Babcock-Brown 4Q TXU GE Wind Turbine Rating (MW)

19 Modern Wind Turbine Technology

20 Range of Turbine Sizes Turbine Output vs Swept Area for misc. Vendors 6000 Output (kw) Vestas Neg-Micon Mitsubishi Gamesa Eolica GE Wind Bonus Fuhrlander Suzlon RePower Swept Area (m^2) Data from Vendor Websites

21 Common Turbine Characteristics Upwind Design: into the wind Tower height approximately equal to blade diameter: Solid or Annular, with rock fill (patented) Concrete Footing, approx in diameter, deep. Tubular Steel, usually in sections. Turbine Cut-in speed: approx. 3 m/s Rated speed (for max. power): from m/s depends on rotor diameter and siting in high or low wind speed location. Cut-out > 25 m/s, except for short bursts Turbine feathers blades and applies breaks Approximately 30 seconds spin down time.

22 Common Rotor Characteristics 3 Fiberglass Blades Provides Balance in both Horizontal & Vertical directions. Embedded conductor for lightning strikes. Constant RPM, depending on diameter Speed Regulation: Blade Stall and/or Blade Pitch Tip speed mph, varies with model & manufacturer Yaw control: Wind Speed & Direction Sensors cause controller to aim rotor into wind bull gear & motors at top of tower

23 Common Generator Characteristics Types: Assynchronous: Induction Double Fed Induction: Wide slip range Variable Speed: Power Electronic Output RPM: 1200/1800 (60 Hz) Output: Three Phase, 690 V Dual Windings 6/4 pole for low/high wind conditions and related low/high power output Power: 0.66MW-3.6MW Grid Tie : usually soft with thyristors, plus electro-mechanical contactor

24 Wind Farm Electrical Systems Transformer at base of turbine towers connects to kV distribution system within the wind farm. Distribution feeds a multi-mw sub-station to grid

25 Turbine Siting in Arrays XRMR XRMR XRMR Substation Turbine Array 3d 5 to 10d Distribution Lines XRMR XRMR XRMR d Predominant Wind Direction

26 King Mountain Wind Farm (McCamey, TX) m/s 214, 1.3 MW Bonus Turbines providing up to 278 MW of Pollution Free Power, to Austin Energy & elsewhere. Hub Height: 65 meters er t e m ia ers D r et o t m o 0 R 6

27 Bonus 1.3 MW Nacelle Rotor Attach Point Nacelle with Canopy Open Main Shaft & 1 of 4 Yaw Motors Disk Brake & 1.3 MW Generator

28 Bonus 1.3MW Nacelle (typical of industry) 1. Spinner 2. Rotor Hub 3. Blade 4. Pitch Bearing 5. Pitch Gearbox 6. Main Bearing 7. Main Shaft 8. Top Controller 9. Gearbox 10. Brake Disc 11. Brake Caliper 12. Coupling 13. Generator 14. Meterological Sensors 15. Yaw Ring 16. Yaw Bearing 17. Yaw Gearbox 18. Nacelle Bedplate 19. Hydraulics 20. Canopy 21. Generator Fan

29 Rotor Components 60 meter diameter I can t believe I got the whole thing!! Hub, Blade attach & Spinner Angled fins reduce noise, like airplanes

30 Suzlon 0.95 MW Drivetrain Rotor Hub Torque Converter Coupling Removed Main Drive Shaft & Bearing Disk Brake & Gearbox Hydraulic Pump 0.95 MW Generator

31 Suzlon 0.95 MW Rotor Hub Blade Attach Bolt Holes Blade Pitch Controllers Blade Pitch Drive Motor

32 Suzlon 0.95MW Controls Controller Cabinets Vibration Sensors Vibration Analyzers

33 Other Technologies Enercon (Germany) Direct Drive, no RPM step up transmission High Pole Count Ring Generator (e.g. alternator) The Wind Turbine Company (Washington) Down Wind (self yawed or powered yaw) Two Blade, blade tilting to reduce root stress Guyed Tower, aim to lower cost. Clipper Wind Turbines (California) Multiple (8) Generators on common drive reduced production loss Generator swapping requires smaller crane Not in the field yet, concept or in development

34 Other Technologies Enercon 30 m & 112 m (4.5MW) Clipper Drive with 8 generators The Wind Turbine Company 2 Blade, Downwind Photos from Vendor Websites or convention booth

35 Desert Sky Photo Album Site Plan Turbine Control Panel Site Control System readout of Turbine Cubic power curve

36 Sommerset, PA 8 - Nordex N-60, 1.3MW Very Quiet Turbines! Built on top of old strip mine (note dragline in lower right)

37 Stateline Project (WA-OR) 459 x Vestas, V-47 / 660kW Covers 50 sq. mi. BPA Grid AWEA Tour Group Turbine Controller Panel Field of Dreams

38 Issues with Wind Power? Technical Issues: Distance from the Load Weak Power Grid & Capacity Induction Machines & Grid Dips Needs Storage Mechanism for variability Radio Frequency Interference & Reflections People Issues: Must forecast vs. dispatch G.E. 100m/3.6MW Environmentalists & Bird Kills? Feral Cats are worse! Noise Pollution? Most are barely perceptible! Visual Impact? You be the judge! N.I.M.B.Y. Senator Kennedy isn t the only scrooge!!

39 Energy Storage Techniques Pumped Hydro-electric BPA announced plans for 500MW Wind storage Requires geologic formations & water source Compressed Air Typically a cavern, or pressure tanks Some (heat of compression) energy lost in storage. Eliminates compressor losses on Gas turbine Flywheels? Present-day ~ 4MJ or 1-5 seconds vs need or hours Batteries? Large, Heavy, Toxic Materials

40 Energy Storage Techniques PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells) Reversible Electrolysis-Generation > 50% recovery Hydrogen Storage still an issue Doesn t compress easily and only Liquefies at ~3 K Metal-Hydride powders have promise, but require heat input for hydrogen liberation Probable synergy between Wind Power needing hydrogen storage & Fuel Cell Autos needing hydrogen infrastructure. Or generate Hydrogen & burn in combined cycle Gas Turbine/Steam Turbine plant.

41 Small PEMFC Characteristic Energy Input to Drive Liberation of H 2 Gas Generation Electricity Generation Energy Lost as Heat During generation of Electricity Data Taken by author on ~ 4 cm 2 PEMFC.

42 Is Wind Power Economical?

43 2002 Power Generation Costs Construction + Generation: Range, Cents/KWhr Photovoltaic Earth Friendly! Solar (thermal) Nuclear Radioactive Waste Hydro-electric 4 10 Affects Stream Ecology Biomass 6 8 Geothermal 3 8 Coal 4 5 Polluting! Wind 4 5 Natural Gas 3 4 Reduced CO 2, toxics Data from The Environment by Raven & Berg

44 Conclusion Some would say If it ain t broke, don t fix it!? I disagree!

45 Present Day U.S. Generation Sources Chart from: (A Coal Industry Consortium) 70 % of U.S. Energy comes from fossil fuels: large discharges of CO 2, e.g. greenhouse gas. large discharges of air pollutants (e.g. causing unaccounted health problems)

46 Input-Output of a typical 500MW Coal Plant Gozintas 1,430,000 Tons of Coal 146,000 Tons of Limestone 2.2 Billion Gallons of Water Gozoutas 3.5 Billion kwhr! 3.7 Million Tons of CO 2 Plus all these Nasties!!! Data from: Union of Concerned Scientists 2002 Gozoutas (cont d) 10,000 Tons of SO 2 10,200 Tons on NO X 500 Tons Small Particulates 220 Tons Hydro-Carbons 720 Tons CO 125,000 Tons Ash 193,000 Tons Sludge As, Pb, Cd, Hg, U, etc. Approx. 65% Waste Heat

47 Deaths Attributed to Power Plants! >1100 GW!! Region holds > 90% of U.S. Wind Resource

48 Does Wind make sense? U.S. Electric Generation in 1999 was 775 GW. The Estimated U.S. Wind Resource is 1200 GW! 37.8E15 KWhr annually, or 37.8E19 Joule 1 Million Tons of Oil = 7.8 Million Barrels = 1E15 Joule = 1 peta-joule So, The Estimated U.S. Wind Resource is equivalent to: 37.8 Billion Tons of Oil, or 295 Billion Barrels of Oil!! E.U. & US DOE have targeted 20% electrical generation from Wind by 2020

49 Acknowledgements American Wind Energy Association Souvenir Calendars for y all! Excellent website information Wind Power Conferences & Project Tours Texas Renewable Energy Industry Assoc. Texas Wind pins for y all! Walter Hornaday, Pres. Cielo Windpower Photos by Author, unless noted.

50 Links to Useful Information American Wind Energy Association European Wind Energy Association National Renewable Energy Lab National Wind Technology Center Cielo Windpower, Austin, Tx. Developer Texas Renewable Energy Industry Assoc Bonus Sturdy & Quiet (< 70 dba) GE Wind, LVRT, Variable Spd., Quiet Low Cost, High Volume, noisier Nordex Built like a Beamer,(< 70dBA) Mitsubishi Wind Turbines Suzlon Torque Converter coupling Enercon Direct Drive, noise > 100dBA Neg-Micon on/presentacion.htm Gamesa Eolica

51 Ref: Energy Equivalence Energy Units cal = 1 J (joule) 1 Ws = 1 J (joule) 1 kwh = 3.60 MJ (mega-joule) M = 1.00E+06 barrels of crude oil in 1 1 toe (tonne oil equivalent) Mtoe (million tonne oil equiv.) = primary energy barrels in total final consumption 1270 m^3 natural gas 2.3 metric tonnes of coal = PJ (peta-joule) P = 1.00E+15 = 7.8 Million Barrels in final consumption Data from European Wind Power site: